How to prepare plastic

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h2 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;"> Plastic </span></h2> <span style="font-size: large;"> Plastics are synthetic resins which are rapidly becoming important in everyday life. These are classified into two types: </span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"> Thermoplastics </span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;">Thermosetting plastics </span><br /> <br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Thermoplastics </span></h3> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;"> These are the plastics which can easily be softened when heated and become hard when cooled with a little change in their properties. When heated they melt and form a fluid which can be moulded into any desired shape and then cooled to get the desired product. Common examples are polythene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride etc. </span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Thermosetting Plastics</span></h3> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;"> These are the plastics which undergo permanent change on heating. When heated they get highly cross linked to form hard, infusible products. Common examples are bakelite, melamine etc.</span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;"> Methods of preparation and uses of plastics </span></h3> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Polythene</span></h4> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;"> It is prepared by the polymerization of ethjfrie under high pressure and in the presence of traces of oxygen (0.01 %) </span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;"> nCH2 = CH2 ► —{-H2C— CH2)t- </span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;">It is used in the manufacture of pipes, laboratory apparatus, bottles, buckets, toys and electrical insulators. </span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;">  Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) </span></h3> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;">It is prepared by the polymerization of vinyl chloride (CH2=CHCI) in an autoclave PVC is used: in the manufacture of rain coats and hand bags. for artificial flooring. as a good insulating material for wires and other electrical goods. </span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Polystyrene </span></h3> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;"> It is prepared by the polymerization of styrene in the presence of benzoyl neroxide. It is resistant to shock and chemical action. It is used for: making hot drink cups, toys, combs, etc. making radio and television bodies. Making tiles to be used in covering ceilings and floors. Teflon (Polytetrafluoroethylene) It is prepared by the polyemerization oftetrafluoroethylene. Pressure It is used in the manufacture of non-stick utensils. </span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Bakelite</span></h3> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;"> It is prepared by the polymerization of phenol and formaldehyde. It is used for making combs, fountain pens, formica, tabletops and electrical goods. </span></div> </div>

How to prepare plastic

Abdullah 0 Wednesday, September 30, 2015

 Plastic   Plastics are synthetic resins which are rapidly becoming important in everyday life. These are classified into two types:   Thermoplastics  Thermosetting plastics  Thermoplastics  These …

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Vision of Research

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">  <span style="color: black; font-size: large;">Vision of Research </span></h2> <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li><span style="font-size: small;">Dedicated to academic achievement across a broad range of disciplines, and to  innovation and improvement</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">Research-intensive, supporting both individual scholarship and thematic research of the highest quality</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"> centre for intellectually demanding, research-informed education that nurtures independence of mind and helps students achieve their personal goals and serve society’s needs, both during and after their time here</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">An inclusive and collaborative community of scholarship that attracts and retains people with talent and potential from all walks of life and all parts of the world</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">A stimulating and supportive environment for all students and staff, distinguished by a commitment to high standards.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;"> operating in a sustainable manner</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">engaged with society’s interests, concerns and aspirations</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">a major contributor culturally, environmentally and economically .</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: small;">well led and responsibly run, with an emphasis on consultative decision-making .</span></li> </ol> <div> <div> <h3 style="text-align: left;">  priorities </h3> <h3> </h3> <ol> <li>Be recognised globally for the quality of  research.</li> <li>Create a positive research environment and infrastructure worldwide.</li> <li>Develop  portfolio of flagship and high-impact research, working across and between disciplines to answer important societal questions.</li> <li>Seek, manage and provide professional support for strategic relationships and alliances .</li> <li>Play a leading intellectual role in enterprise, knowledge exchange and economic and social impact agendas.</li> <li>Develop a sustainable portfolio of research informed by evidence-based leadership, management and administration..</li> </ol> <br /></div> </div> </div>

Vision of Research

Abdullah 0 Saturday, September 12, 2015

 Vision of Research Dedicated to academic achievement across a broad range of disciplines, and to  innovation and improvement Research-intensive, supporting both individual scholarship and thematic …

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solved assighnment-unsighned data (assebly language)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div align="left"> <h2 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">   Solved Assighnment</span></span></h2> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg631E3T38WKi1W79dg5QQuomT_lo3ySCSL2VeLMtINqVYHOsJ3lZz6tlQ4K2Qxy9Jk2bmGBrx8mAxXfhqiu_Ql67g3Wqqo90qVL5n63vRka_4zCgqdVyDcq_zllACNrBxwsMky59sa8k8/s1600/allama.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg631E3T38WKi1W79dg5QQuomT_lo3ySCSL2VeLMtINqVYHOsJ3lZz6tlQ4K2Qxy9Jk2bmGBrx8mAxXfhqiu_Ql67g3Wqqo90qVL5n63vRka_4zCgqdVyDcq_zllACNrBxwsMky59sa8k8/s1600/allama.png" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AIOU</td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2 align="center" class="western"> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span></span></span></h2> <h2 align="center" class="western"> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span></span></span></h2> <h2 align="center" class="western"> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span></span></span></h2> <h2 align="center" class="western"> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span></span></span></h2> <h2 align="center" class="western">   </h2> <h2 align="center" class="western"> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span></span></span></h2> <h2 align="center" class="western">   <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">Course:</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Organization and Assembly (3453)</b></span></span></h2> </div> <div align="left"> <h3> <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Q.5 What types of unsigned data representation (with variable) are available in Assembly Language? Write examples of any two of those types.</span></h3>  In <b>unsigned</b> representation, only positive numbers are represented. Instead of the high  being interpretted as the sign of the integer, the high order bit is part of the number. An unsigned number has one power of two greater range than a signed number  of the same number of bits.</div> <center> <table border="0"> <tbody> <tr align="center"><td><i>bit pattern</i></td><td><br /></td><td><br /></td><td><i>two’s comp</i></td><td><i>unsigned</i></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td>000</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr> <tr align="center"><td>001</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr> <tr align="center"><td>010</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr> <tr align="center"><td>011</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>3</td></tr> <tr align="center"><td>100</td><td>-0</td><td>-3</td><td>-4</td><td>4</td></tr> <tr align="center"><td>101</td><td>-1</td><td>-2</td><td>-3</td><td>5</td></tr> <tr align="center"><td>110</td><td>-2</td><td>-1</td><td>-2</td><td>6</td></tr> <tr align="center"><td>111</td><td>-3</td><td>-0</td><td>-1</td><td>7</td></tr> </tbody></table> </center> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="floatrepresentations"></a> <br /> <h3 align="center"> floating point numbers</h3> <div align="left">     Floating point numbers are the computer equivalent of scientific notation or “engineering notation”. A floating point number consists of a fraction (binary or decimal) and an exponent (bianry or decimal). Both the fraction and the exponent each have a sign positive or negative.</div> <div align="left">     In the past, processors tended to have proprietary floating point formats, although with the development of an IEEE standard, modern processors use the same format. Floating point numbers are almost always binary representations, a few early processors had binary coded decimal representations. Many processors (especially early mainframes and early microprocessors) did not have any hardware support for floating point numbers. Even when commonly available it was often in an optional processing unit such as in the IBM 360/370 series or coprocessor such as in the Motorola 680x0 and pre-Pentium Intel 80x86 series.</div> <div align="left">     Hardware floating point support usually consists of two sizes, called <b>single precision</b> for the smaller and <b>double precision</b> for the larger. Usually the double precision format had twice as many bits as the single precision format hence, the names single and double. Double precision floating point format offers greater range and precision, while single precision floating point format offers better space compaction and faster processing.</div> <div align="left">    <span style="color: blue;"> <b>F_floating</b></span><br />  format (single precision floating), DEC VAX, 32 bits, the first bit (high order bit in a register, first bit in memory) is the sign magnitude bit one=negative, zero=positive or zero, followed by 15 bits of an excess 128 binary exponent, followed by a normalized 24-bit fraction with the redundant most significant fraction bit not represented. Zero is represented by all bits being zero allowing the use of a longword CLR to set a F_floating number to zero. Exponent values of 1 through 255 indicate true binary exponents of -127 through 127. An exponent value of zero together with a sign of zero indicate a zero value. An exponent value of zero together with a sign bit of one is taken as reserved which produces a reserved operand fault if used as an operand for a floating point instruction. The magnitude is an approximate range of .29*10^-38 through 1.7*10³⁸. The precision of an F_floating datum is approximately one part in 2²³, or approximately seven  decimal digits).</div> <div align="left">    <span style="color: blue;"> <b>32 bit floating</b> </span><br /> This format single precision floating), AT&T DSP32C, 32 bits, the first bit (high order bit in a register, first bit in memory is the sign magnitude bit (one=negative, zero=positive or zero), followed by 23 bits of a normalized two’s complement fractional part of the mantissa, followed by an eight bit exponent. The magnitude of the mantissa is always normalized to lie between 1 and 2. The floating point value with exponent equal to zero is reserved to represent the number zero (the sign and mantissa bits must also be zero; a zero exponent with a nonzero sign and/or mantissa is called a “dirty zero” and is never generated by hardware; if a dirty zero is an operand, it is treated as a zero). The range of nonzero positive floating point numbers is N = [1 * 2^-127, [2-2^-23] * 2¹²⁷] inclusive. The range of nonzero negative floating point numbers is N = [-[1 + 2^-23] * 2^-127, -2 * 2¹²⁷] inclusive.</div> <div align="left"> <span style="color: blue;">    <b>40 bit floating</b> </span><br /> This format (extended single precision floating), AT&T DSP32C, 40 bits, the first bit (high order bit in a register, first bit in memory) is the sign magnitude bit one=negative, zero=positive or zero, followed by 31 bits of a normalized two’s complement fractional part of the mantissa, followed by an eight bit exponent. This is an internal format used by the floating point adder, accumulators, and certain DAU units. This format includes an additional eight guard bits to increase accuracy of intermediate results.</div> <div align="left">     <span style="color: blue;"><b>D_floating</b></span><br /> This format double precision floating, DEC VAX, 64 bits, the first bit (high order bit in a register, first bit in memory) is the sign magnitude bit one=negative, zero=positive or zero), followed by 15 bits of an excess 128 binary exponent, followed by a normalized 48-bit fraction with the redundant most significant fraction bit not represented. Zero is represented by all bits being zero (allowing the use of a quadword CLR to set a D_floating number to zero). Exponent values of 1 through 255 indicate true binary exponents of -127 through 127. An exponent value of zero together with a sign of zero indicate a zero value. An exponent value of zero together with a sign bit of one is taken as reserved which produces a reserved operand fault if used as an operand for a floating point instruction. The magnitude is an approximate range of .29*10^-38 through 1.7*10³⁸. The precision of an D_floating datum is approximately one part in 2⁵⁵, or approximately 16 decimal digits.<br /> <h4> <span style="color: blue;">When I use an unsigned integer</span></h4> you should always use unsigned integers, except in the following cases:<br /> 1-When the entity you are representing with your variable is inherently a signed value.</div> <div align="left"> 2-When dealing with standard C library functions that required an int to be passed to them.</div> <div align="left"> 3-In certain weird cases such as I documented here. Now be advised that many people strongly disagree with me on this topic. Naturally I don’t find their arguments persuasive.<br /> <h4> <span style="color: blue;">Why I use an unsigned integer</span></h4> <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li>By using an unsigned integer, you are conveying important information to a reader of your code concerning the expected range of values that a variable may take on.</li> <li>They are more efficient.</li> <li>Modulus arithmetic is completely defined.</li> <li>Overflowing an unsigned data type is defined, whereas overflowing a signed integer type could result in World War 3 starting.</li> <li>You can safely perform shift operations.</li> <li>You get a larger dynamic range.</li> <li>Register values should nearly always be treated as unsigned entities – and embedded systems spend a lot of time dealing with register values.</li> </ol> <br /> <span style="color: blue;"><b>Example</b></span><br /> Unsigned integers can be of all sizes, <tt> int</tt>, <tt> long</tt>, and <tt> short</tt>. The range of unsigned integers is through , where k is the number of bits, so for 16 bits the maximum unsigned integer is 65535. Unsigned integer constants are written using the suffix,<br />  <tt> u</tt> or <tt> U</tt>: <br /> <pre><tt>0xFFFFU 123U 0777u</tt></pre> The two suffixes can be combined to write an <tt> unsigned long</tt>: <br /> <pre><tt>12345678UL 0X8FFF FFFFLU</tt></pre> </div> </div>

solved assighnment-unsighned data (assebly language)

Abdullah 0 Wednesday, September 02, 2015

   Solved Assighnment AIOU               Course:Organization and Assembly (3453) Q.5 What types of unsigned data representation (with variable) are available in Assembly Language? Write examples of a…

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