Educational Wealth: Geography

Travel of Vasco –de-Gama

Abdullah 0 achievements, biography, Geography, Travellers, Travelling Tuesday, December 16, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Travel of  Vasco –de-Gama </span></h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyQQyFlDaIr0hFeO6hTTHX9QiaSkK-Uv7co2mQA8_KzYJBwSXmt21WtyeODigHDJnm7t8veAuL-XahwqbToCETGtvxXwG1p4FsUE0iyhM-KJLl2pTG2FX6ggsneERBMXeeMV4WxMkWOb0/s1600/vasco.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyQQyFlDaIr0hFeO6hTTHX9QiaSkK-Uv7co2mQA8_KzYJBwSXmt21WtyeODigHDJnm7t8veAuL-XahwqbToCETGtvxXwG1p4FsUE0iyhM-KJLl2pTG2FX6ggsneERBMXeeMV4WxMkWOb0/s1600-rw/vasco.png" width="267" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vasco-de-gama</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Vasco-
 de -Gama was born on </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">1460.Vasco da Gama was born 1460 or 1469 in Sines, on the southwest coast of Portuga.Vasco da Gama's father was served as a knight of the household of  Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu and went on to rise in the ranks of the military Order of Santiago. His father was appointed civil governor of Sines in the 1460s  until 1478.He studied at the inland town of Évora, where he  learned mathematics and navigation .IHe studied under the <b><i>astronomer </i></b>Abraham Zacuto.

Around 1480, da Gama followed his father and joined the Order of Santiago. The master of Santiago was Prince John.

In 1492, John II dispatched da Gama on a mission to the port of Setúbal.</span>But he and by going round the African 
Continent ultimately reached India in 1498 A.D. He
 landed at the Indian port of Calicut. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">He was the first European to reach India by sea.He was  linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean .This discovery was significant and opened the way for an age of global imperialism .</span></div>

Travel of Vasco –de-Gama

Travel of Vasco –de-Gama Vasco-de-gama Vasco- de -Gama was born on 1460.Vasco da Gama was born 1460 or 1469 ...

Travel of Ibne Batuta

Abdullah 0 achievements, biography, Geography, Travellers, Travelling Tuesday, December 16, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;"> Travel of Ibne Batuta </span></h3>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ibn-e-Batuta</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The
 great Muslim traveller of the middle ages Ibne Batuta was born in 1304 
A. D. at Tangier.

From the early childhood he was very fond of studying geography.

Travelling in those days was very difficult and of dangers. There was no
 guides or maps and people travelled on horse-back. Inspite of all 
these, difficulties, ibne-Batuta travelled through almost all the Muslim
 countries.

Ibne Batuta was twenty one years old when in 1325 A.D. he got a chance 
to accompany a caravan from Tunis to Egypt. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Ibne
 Batuta wanted to go for Haj but made a detour. He went to 
Baitul-Muqaddas and from there he went to Syria and then to Makkah. He 
stayed there for some years.

He went for visit of holy places to Iran and Iraq and made the next trip
 to Central Asia.After that trip, Ibne Batuta set his face towards 
India. Passing through Samarqand, Bukhara and Kabul, he reached Delhi 
via Sukkur and Multan. Delhi at that time was being ruled by Muhammad 
Tughlaq. The Sultan was greatly impressed by his intelligence and 
knowledge and gave him the office of a Qazi (judge). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The
 Sultan then nominated Ibne Batuta as his Ambassador to China. On his 
way, he made halts at Maldives and Sri Lanka and gave very fine accounts
 of

those places. After going through many dangers, he reached China by the 
sea route. He is full of praise for the artistic taste of the Chinese, 
their nice houses and efficient. police system. He was particularly 
impressed by their methods of agriculture. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Ibne
 Batuta lived in China for five years and then decided to return. From 
China, he came to Java and Calicut and again entered India from the 
southern side. </span></div>

Travel of Ibne Batuta

Travel of Ibne Batuta Ibn-e-Batuta The great Muslim traveller of the middle ages Ibne Batuta was born in 13...

Travel of Al-khawarzmi

Abdullah 0 Geography, Travellers, Travelling Tuesday, December 16, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Travel of Al-khawarzmi</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGt1OiQCPa1w5Mo9cG4X9pR2iywvkT4dFiKTebSwMoue7V3m2R5urzLx0gdi8b2UrUeeqJ7lJ8s8fCd6wpC2N7iuMqdyAVGnZ4nedhrXGY-kKYyGYUBg4IVwWtY-GilIoPmTjO1bTc_2Q/s1600/khwar.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGt1OiQCPa1w5Mo9cG4X9pR2iywvkT4dFiKTebSwMoue7V3m2R5urzLx0gdi8b2UrUeeqJ7lJ8s8fCd6wpC2N7iuMqdyAVGnZ4nedhrXGY-kKYyGYUBg4IVwWtY-GilIoPmTjO1bTc_2Q/s1600-rw/khwar.png" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Al-khwarzini</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Abu
 Rehan was born in Khawarism. He was very intelligent and became great 
scholar. When Sultan of Ghaznavi conquered Khawarism, he took Abu Rehan 
with him.

Whenever Mahmood invaded India, Abu Rehan invariably accompanied him. He
 was so brilliant that he learnt Sanskrit in a very short time, freely 
mixed with the Hindu scholars and wrote his famous book ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’.

General contents of Kitab-ul-Hind are Geography. Astronomy Medicine and 
Arithmetic. But his particular interest was about customs and religious

beliefs. -</span></div>

Travel of Al-khawarzmi

Travel of Al-khawarzmi Al-khwarzini Abu Rehan was born in Khawarism. He was very intelligent and became great ...

Travel of Marco Polo's

Abdullah 0 achievements, biography, Geography, Travellers, Travelling Tuesday, December 16, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Adventures of Marco Polo</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Marco Polo was born in Italy at the city of Venice in the middle of 13th century.</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Marco Polo was born on September 15, 1254 and died on  January 9, 1324.He was  a Venetian 
merchant traveller.His travels are recorded in "The
 Travels of Marco Polo." It is a book that introduced Europeans to 
Central Asia and China. </span>

Marco. Polo’s adventure began when he accompanied his father to China.' in one of the latter’-s trade trips to that country.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHSkSH5kuwGHOhCOFgB716aA9KxyNZJJZ2uLqcASEQ0ZMWurYQF9YZTuA74nCTjHJ593zUxj2wjDBO6wClRbqZn1yDyz13tuy6AghMX28nUvuH0sV3-0-EwnaaoEIpC7BkoaWY87pwJt4/s1600/marco.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHSkSH5kuwGHOhCOFgB716aA9KxyNZJJZ2uLqcASEQ0ZMWurYQF9YZTuA74nCTjHJ593zUxj2wjDBO6wClRbqZn1yDyz13tuy6AghMX28nUvuH0sV3-0-EwnaaoEIpC7BkoaWY87pwJt4/s1600-rw/marco.png" width="301" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marco-Polo</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Marco
 Polo was only seventeen years old then.

He'stayed in China for seventeen long years.-On his return, he narrated 
fascinating accounts of the land and people of China.

Once Marco Polo was made a prisoner of war. In the prison he got the 
account of his travel and stay in China recorded by fellow prisoners. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Marco Polo talks in this account of the great mineral wealth of the East
 and the amount of jold that is used on the palaces and buildings. Marco
 Polo had also identified an ocean beyond China. </span>. The <br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Marco Polo was not the first European to reach China , but he was the first to leave a detailed chronicle of 
his experience. This book inspired Columbus and many 
other travellers. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">He 
died in 1324 and was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice.</span><br />
<br /></div>

Travel of Marco Polo's

Adventures of Marco Polo Marco Polo was born in Italy at the city of Venice in the middle of 13th century. Marco Polo was born on Septem...

Europe(Largest continents of world)

Abdullah 0 Europe, Geography, largest continents Friday, March 28, 2014

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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: blue;"> United kingdom</span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">London </span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">London is the capital of the United Kingdom and its 
largest city by far, with a population of about 7.2 million.

People have settled here for thousands of years, but the city of London 
began with the Roman city of Londinium. </span></span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA-jCecyTtY76s7x71fiJuUWZKBJhkKv_utqWuVVacaPSnmZ1QpAPDBDHMRMLKjbduJ160Hp9dhRKbmiytkxREYlBVRKwBv65e4MFCmminTfg3qPU8J2lqN1p2I5MHoS_hBQ3rPEn2x9o/s1600/london.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="158" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA-jCecyTtY76s7x71fiJuUWZKBJhkKv_utqWuVVacaPSnmZ1QpAPDBDHMRMLKjbduJ160Hp9dhRKbmiytkxREYlBVRKwBv65e4MFCmminTfg3qPU8J2lqN1p2I5MHoS_hBQ3rPEn2x9o/s1600-rw/london.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">London</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">The british empire</span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Throughout the 1800s London was the world’s biggest city, with a million
 people, and the hub of the world’s largest empire, the British <span style="color: #274e13;">Empire. </span></span></span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ancient cities of London </span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> London is based on two ancient cities: </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">The city of London </span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">The City of London, which 
developed from the Roman and Saxon towns, and Westminster, which 
developed around the palaces of English kings around 1000 years ago.

500,000 factory workers, but most people work in services, such as 
publishing and other media. London is one of the worlds major finance 
centres.  Eight million tourists visit London each year. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mountain range of Europe </span></span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Much of southern Europe has

piled up into young mountain ranges, as Africa drifts north.

The highest point in Europe is Mt Elbrus in the Russian Caucasus, 5642 m high.Northwest Europe was once joined to Canada.

The ancient Caledonian mountains of eastern Canada, Greenland,

Scandinavia and Scotland were formed together as a single<b> mountain</b> chain 360-540 million years ago. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">

The Alps are Europe’s largest mountain range, 1050 km long, up to 250 km
 wide and covering 210,000 sq km. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Highest alpine (Mountaine) peak</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">The highest Alpine(<a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/worlds-mountains.html" target="_blank">mountain</a>) peak is Mont Blanc (4807 m) on the France-Italy 
border.

Famous peaks include the Matterhorn (4634 m) and Monte Rosa (4807 m) on 
the Swiss-Italian border.

The Alps began to form about 65 million years ago when the African 
crustal plate shifted into Europe. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg19rD7KVXd5p84YLd7DCkUI-AR1L8lrunfcKKaKyIMA7bMPUDjPVgYXUoyLfw6bCgxWPM7uKna5AdYWLg5TWUshDWjr0XsQohgg9rdWeHI5T6R6eGOA3mGNrwgc8pZDp1Ob6EfNLbv4bc/s1600/mountaains.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="185" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg19rD7KVXd5p84YLd7DCkUI-AR1L8lrunfcKKaKyIMA7bMPUDjPVgYXUoyLfw6bCgxWPM7uKna5AdYWLg5TWUshDWjr0XsQohgg9rdWeHI5T6R6eGOA3mGNrwgc8pZDp1Ob6EfNLbv4bc/s1600-rw/mountaains.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alps of Europe</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Alps are the source of many of Europe’s major<b> <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/worlds-rivers.html" target="_blank">river</a>s</b> such as the 
Rhone, Po and Danube.

Warm, dry winds called fdhns blow down leeward slopes, melting snow and 
starting avalanches.

The high Alpine pastures are famous for their summer grazing for dairy 
cows. In winter, the cows come down into the valleys. This is called 
transhumance. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> The Alps are being worn away by human activity. In valleys, <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/worlds-mountains.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: red;">cities</span></b></a> and 
factories are growing, while skiing wears away the slopes at the tops of
 the mountains.

The Alps have Europe’s highest vineyards,

1500 m up.

</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: large;">Weather of Europe </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Europe is a small continent but its peninsulas

warm summers and mild winters. Europe is often wet and windy.
<a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/wind.html" target="_blank">Wind </a>blows here on mild rate.It has very mild winters because it is bathed by the warm North <b>Atlantic</b> Drift .

The Russian islands of Novaya Zimlya are far into the <b>Arctic</b> Circle and are icebound in winter. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: large;">Largest lake in Europe</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The largest <b>lake</b> is Ladoga iussia, 18,389 sq km.

Europe is the smallest continent, with an area of just 10,400,000 sq km. For its size Europe has an immensely long coastline.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: large;">Glaciated mountains in Europe </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> In the north are the ancient<b> glaciated </b>mountains of Scandinavia and Scotland, which were once much, much higher. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: large;">Population of Europe </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> About 730 million people live in Europe - about 12 percent of the world’s population.

Europe is one of the most densely populated continents averaging 70 people per square kilometre.

Most Europeans are descended from tribes who migrated into Europe more than 1500 years ago.

Most British people are descended from a mix of Celts, Angles, Saxons, Danes and others. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Most French people are descended from Gauls and Franks. Most Eastern Europeans are Slavic.

North Europeans such as Scandinavians often have fair skin and blonde hair. South Europeans such as Italians often have olive skin and dark hair.

Most European countries

have a mix of people from all parts of the world, including former European colonies in<a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/antarticaafrica-worlds-largest-continent.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: red;"> Africa </span></b></a>and <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/asia-worlds-largest-continents.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Asia</b></span></a>.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: large;">Religion of Europe </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Most Europeans are
<b>
Christians. </b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;">Language of Europe </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Most Europeans speak an Indo-European language, such as English, French or Russian.

Languages like French,

Spanish and Italian are romance languages that come from Latin, language of the Romans.

Basque people in Spain speak a language related to no other language. Hungarians, Finns and Estonians speak a Uralic- Altaic language like those of Turkey and Mongolia.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dress of Europe </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Traditional lace caps and full skirts are still worn in a few regions of the Netherlands, including the islands of Zeeland. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;">Buildings of Europe </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> London’s tallest building is 244 m Canary Wharf tower.  The London Eye is the biggest wheel in the world, giving people a bird’s eye view over London. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tower of London </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">London’s oldest large buildings are the Tower of London and Westminster Abbey, both 1000 years old. The Tower of London was built for William the Conqueror. </span></div>

Europe(Largest continents of world)

United kingdom London London is the capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city by far, with a population of about 7.2 million...

World’s biggest parks and grasslands

Abdullah 0 Geography Sunday, March 23, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Parks and grasslands of world </span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Yellowstone Park</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Yellowstone is the oldest and best-known national park in the USA. It was established by Act of Congress on March 1, 1872.

It is one of the world’s largest parks covering 8987 sq km of rugged <b>mountains</b> and spectacular deep valleys.

It is situated across Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yellow stone park in USA</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Yellowstone is famous for its lakes and <b>rivers </b>such as Yellowstone Lake and Snake River.

Most of Yellowstone is forested in lodgepole pines, along with other conifers, cottonwoods and aspens. It also has a wealth of wild flowers.

A Yellowstone sits on top of a<b> volcanic</b> hot spot which gives it its famous geysers' and hot springs - and may make it the site of the biggest eruption of all time.

Yellowstone’s wild animals include bison, bighorn sheep, moose, grizzly bears and wolves.

Yellowstone has 10,000 hot springs and 300 geysers, as well as steam vents, mud cauldrons, fumaroles and paint pots. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The most famous geyser

is Old Faithful, which spouts every hour or so. The biggest is the 115 m Steamboat.

One of the biggest

volcanic eruptions ever occured in Yellowstone Park two million years ago.

There are signs that Yellowstone may soon erupt as a ‘supervolcano’ - an eruption on an unimaginable scale. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Temperate grassland : </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The steppes are a vast expanse of temperate grassland, stretching right across Asia.

‘Steppes’ is a word for lowland. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The Western Steppe extends 4000 km from the grassy plains of the Ukraine through Russia and Kazakhstan to the Altai mountains on the Mongolian border. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> The steppes extend 300-800 km from north to south.

The Eastern Steppe extends 2500 km from the Altai across Mongoliato Manchuria in north China. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The Eastern Steppe is higher and colder than the Western Steppe and the difference between winter and summer is as extreme as anywhere on Earth.

Nomadic herders have lived on the steppes for over 6000 years. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It was on the steppes near the Black and Caspian Seas that people probably first rode horses 5000 years ago.

The openness of the steppes meant that travel by horse was easy long before roads were built. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Tropical grassland(The Gran Chaco): </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Gran Chaco is an area of tropical grassland in Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It covers an area of over 720,00 sq km, an area as large as northwest Europe.

It is home to scattered native Indian groups such as the Guaycuru, Lengua, Mataco, Zamuco and Tupi-Guarani people.

The word Chaco comes from the Quechua Indian word for ‘Hunting Land’ because it is rich in wildlife. Gran is Spanish for ‘big’. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The major activities on the Chaco are cattle grazing and cotton growing.

-4 The maned wolf is found in the South American grasslands and scrub forest of Brazil, northern Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia

In the east huge factories have been built to process tannin from the trees for leather production.

In places grass can grow up to 3 m tall, higher than a rider on horseback.

The jaguar is the Chaco’s biggest hunting animal, and the biggest cat in the <b><a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/south-americalargest-continents-of-world.html" target="_blank">America</a>.</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Yet unlike other big cats, it never roars. It just makes a strange cry rather like a loud sneeze.giant armadillos.

The Chaco is the last refuge of the South American maned or red wolf.

The Chaco is home to many wild animals, including pumas, tapir, rheas and

The sediments under the Gran Chaco are well over 3000 m deep in places.

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World’s biggest parks and grasslands

Parks and grasslands of world Yellowstone Park Yellowstone is the oldest and best-known national park in the USA. It was established b...

food of world

Abdullah 0 Article, Geography Sunday, March 16, 2014

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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;">Foods of different countries </span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">Food of India</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Most Indians live on very plain diets - based on staples such as rice in the east and south, chapatis (flat wheat bread) in the north and northwest, and bajra (millet bread) in the Maharashtra region.

The staple foods are supplemented by dal (lentil porridge), vegetables and yoghurt.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Chillis and other spices such as coriander, cumin, ginger and turmeric add flavour.

Chicken and mutton are costly and eaten occasionally. Hindus will not eat beef and Muslims will not eat pork.

Many Indian meals are cooked in ghee (liquid butter). Ghee is made by heating butter to boil off water, then allowing it to cool and separate. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Ghee is scooped off the top.

Although many Indians have simple diets, India has an ancient and varied tradition of fine cooking.

Curries are dishes made with a sauce including the basic Indian spices - turmeric, cumin, coriander and red pepper. An Indian meal is rarely served on a single

Tamil kari or sauce plate. Instead, it comes in different dishes, which

diners dip into. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The basis of a curry is a masala,

a mix of spices, often blended with water or vinegar to make a paste.

Southern Indian vegetable curries are seasoned with hot blends like sambar podi.

Classic northern Indian Mughal dishes are often lamb, or chicken based, and seasoned with milder garam masala. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Chinese food </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The staple foods in China are rice and wheat with corn, millet and sorghum. In the south, the people eat more rice. In the north, they eat more wheat, as bread or noodles.Vegetables such as cabbage, bean and bamboo shoots are popular. So too is tofu (soya bean curd).

Favourite meats in China are pork and poultry, but the Chinese also eat a lot of eggs, fish and shellfish.A Chinese breakfast may

be rice and vegetables or rice porridge and chicken noodle soup or sweet pastries.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A Chinese lunch may

include egg rolls or meat or prawn dumplings called dim sum.The Chinese were drinking tea at least 4000 years ago.

World geography A Chinese main meal may be stir-fried vegetables with bits of meat or seafood in a stock, with rice or noodles.

China has a long tradition of fine cooking, but styles vary.

Cantonese cooking in the south has lots of fish, crabs and prawn. Huaiyang has steamed dishes. Sichuann is spicy.

Beijing cooking in the north is the most sophisticated, famous for its Peking duck (cripsy roast duck).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> favourite snack in China is fried

savoury dumplings. The Chinese often cook their food by stir-frying (stirring while hot

frying) in big round pans called woks. They eat the food from bowls with chopsticks and small china spoons, not with knives and forks.

Chinese drink tea without milk, typically made from jasmine leaves, oolong (green tea) or chrysanthemum. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Swidish food </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Bread play a major role in the traditional Scandinavian diet.

Gravadlax is a Swedish form of smoked salmon, usually served with pepper, dill and mustard sauce.

Traditionally, smoking fish such as salmon was a way of preserving it. Today, people still enjoy its unique flavour.

Smorgasbord is a Swedish speciality. It is a huge spread of bread and cold foods, including fish such as herring and salmon, and also cheeses.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Smorgasbord gets its name from the Swedish smorgds, meaning bread and bord, meaning table.

Every region in Germany has its own range of foods, but things like wurst (sausages), pretzels and sauerkraut (pickled cabbage) are widely popular.

A In the UK roast beef is served with Yorkshire pudding,

made from a batter of flour, eggs and milk. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A Lager, a type of beer, is popular in northern Europe.

The German national drink is beer, and every October a beer festival is held in Munich.

England is well known for its stews and winter roasts, especially roast beef. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The most popular food for eating out is Indian.

An English speciality is fish (deep-fried in batter) and chips (fried slices of potato).

Vienna in Austria is known for its coffee houses where the Viennese sit and enjoy Kaffee und Kitchen (coffee and cakes).

Poland is famous for its rye bread . </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Pacific food </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Pacific food

Most populated places around the Pacific are located near the sea, so fish plays an important part in diets.

In Japan fish is often eaten raw in thin slices called sashimi, or cooked with vegetables in batter as a dish called tempura, often served with soy sauce. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> At home most Japanese eat traditional foods including rice and noodles, as well as fish, tofu and vegetables or eggs.

When out, many Japanese people eat American-style fast food.

The Japanese eat only half as much rice now as they did in 1960, as younger people prefer bread and doughnuts.

Younger Japanese people have a diet richer in protein and fat than their parents’, so grow 8-10 cm taller. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Pacific islanders ate fish like bonito and tuna and native plants like breadfruit, coconuts, sweet potatoes and taro. They made flour from sago palm pith.

Many islanders now eat mainly canned Western food and suffer malnutrition.  Lightly grilled or barbecued giant prawns and other seafood play a major role in Pacific food.  Filippino food is a mix of Chinese, Malay, American and Spanish. Adobo is chicken or pork in soy sauce.  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Some Australians now often eat ‘fusion’ food which blends Asian with European cooking styles. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> European food </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Fish and bread play a major role in the traditional Scandinavian diet.

Gravadlax is a Swedish form of smoked salmon, usually served with pepper, dill and mustard sauce.  Traditionally, smoking fish such as salmon was a way of preserving it. Today, people still enjoy its unique flavour.

Smorgasbord is a Swedish speciality. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It is a huge spread of bread and cold foods, including fish such as herring and salmon, and also cheeses.

Smorgasbord gets its name from the Swedish smorgds, meaning bread and bord, meaning table.

Every region in Germany has its own range of foods, but things like wurst (sausages), pretzels and sauerkraut (pickled cabbage) are widely popular. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The German national drink is beer, and every October a beer festival is held in Munich.  England is well known for its stews and winter roasts, especially roast beef. The most popular food for eating out is Indian. An English speciality is fish (deep-fried in batter) and chips (fried slices of potato). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Vienna in Austria is known for its coffee houses where the Viennese sit and enjoy Kaffee und Kitchen (coffee and cakes).

Poland is famous for its rye bread and thick A In the UK roast beef is served with Yorkshire pudding,

made from a batter of flour, eggs and milk.
 
A Lager, a type of beer, is popular in northern Europe.

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food of world

Foods of different countries Food of India Most Indians live on very plain diets - based on staples such as rice in the east and south...

Glaciers

Abdullah 0 Geography Sunday, March 02, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Ice ages</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Ice Ages are periods lasting millions of years when the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank">Earth</a> is so cold that polar ice caps grow huge. There are various theories about why they occur .

There have been four Ice Ages in the last 1000  years.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> The most recent Ice Age - called the Pleistocene Ice Age  began about 2 million years ago.In an Ice Age the weather varies between cold spells called glacials and warm spells called interglacials.

There were 17 glacials and interglacials in the last 1.6 million years of the Pleistocene Ice . </span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">The people of the Ice Age risked their lives to hunt the fierce woolly mammoth. It was a good source of meat, skins, bones and ivory.

California may have looked something like this 18,000 years ago when it was on the fringes of an ice sheet. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Where Washington and London are today, the ice was 1.5 km thick 18,000 years ago.

Glaciers are <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/worlds-rivers.html" target="_blank"><b>river</b></a>s of slow- moving ice. They form in <b><a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/worlds-mountains.html" target="_blank">mountain</a></b> regions when it is too cold for snow to melt.They flow down through valleys, creeping lower until they melt in the warm air lower down.Glaciers form when new snow falls on old. The new snow compacts the old snow into denser snow called firn.

The dense ice in glaciers is made from thousands of years of snow. As new snow fell, the old snow beneath it became squeezed more and more in a process called firnification,squeezed out so it looks like ice. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">As more snow falls, firn gets more compacted and becomes glacier ice flowing slowly downhill.

Where glaciours forms

Now a days glaciers form only in high mountains and towards the North and South Poles. In the Ice Ages glaciers were widespread and left glaciated landscapes in many places that are now free of ice.

crevasse

As glaciers move downhill, they bend and stretch, opening up deep cracks called crevasses. Sometimes these occur where the glacier passes over a ridge. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The biggest crevasse is often called the bergschrund. It forms when the ice pulls away from the back wall of the hollow where the glacier starts.

Where the underside of a glacier is warmish (about 0°C), it moves by gliding on a film of water, made as pressure melts the glacier’s base. This is basal slip.

Where the underside of a glacier is coldish (below 0°C), it moves as if layers are slipping over each other like a pack of cards. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This is internal deformation.

Valley glaciers are glaciers that flow in existing valleys.

Cirque glaciers are small glaciers that flow from hollows high up.

Alpine valley glaciers form when several cirque glaciers merge.

Piedmont glaciers form where valley glaciers join as they emerge from the mountains.

Glaciers move slowly but their sheer weight and size give them enormous power to shape the landscape. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Over tens of thousands of years glaciers carve out winding valleys into huge, straight U-shaped troughs.

Glaciers may slice off tributary valleys to leave them ‘hanging’, with a cliff edge high above the main valley. Hill spurs (ends of hills) may also be truncated.

Cirques, or corries, are armchair-shaped hollows carved out where a glacier begins high up in the mountains. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> After an Ice Age, glaciers leave behind a dramatically altered landscape of deep valleys and piles of debris. Aretes are knife-edge ridges that are left between several cirques as the glaciers in them cut backwards. Drift is a blanket of debris deposited by glaciers. Glaciofluvial drift is left by the water made as the ice melts. Till is left by the ice itself. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Drumlins are egg-shaped mounds of till. Eskers are snaking ridges of drift left by streams under the ice. Moraine is piles of debris left by glaciers. Proglacial lakes are lakes of glacial meltwater dammed up by moraine. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Periglacial conditions are found on the tundra of northern Canada and Siberia and on nunataks, which are the hills that protrude above ice sheets and glaciers.

aping the land

0 When frozen soil melts it becomes so fluid that it can creep easily down slopes, creating large tongues and terraces. Frost heave is the process when frost pushes stones to the surface as the ground freezes.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> After frost heave, large stones roll down leaving the fine stones on top. This creates intricate patterns on the ground.On flat ground, quilt-like patterns are called stone polygons. On slopes, they stretch into stone stripes.

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Glaciers

Ice ages Ice Ages are periods lasting millions of years when the Earth is so cold that polar ice caps grow huge. There are various the...

Mountains

Abdullah 0 Geography Sunday, March 02, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Mountain-building</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It is slow because <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/rocks-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>rocks</b> </a>flow like thick treacle. Rock is pushed up like a bow wave in front of a boat as one <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/plates-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>tectonic plate </b></a>pushes into another.

Satellite techniques show that the central peaks of the Andes and Himalayas are rising. The outer peaks are sinking as the rock flows slowly away from the ‘bow wave

Mountain-building is very active during orogenic (mountain-forming) phases that last millions of years.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Different orogenic phases occur in different places, for example the Alpine, Caledonian, Hercynian in Europe and the Huronian, Nevadian and Pasadenian in North <b><a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/south-americalargest-continents-of-world.html" target="_blank">America</a></b>. The Caledonian was about 550 million years ago.

Mountain-building makes the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank"><b>Earth</b></a>’s crust especially thick under mountains, giving them very deep ‘roots’. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> "As mountains are worn down, their weight reduces and the ‘roots’ float upwards. This is called isostasy".

A few high mountains are lone volcanoes, such as Africa’s Kilimanjaro, which are built by many eruptions.

Some volcanic mountains are in chains in volcanic arcs , such as Japan’s Fujiyama. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Most high mountains are part of great mountain ranges stretching over hundreds of kilometres.

Some mountain ranges are huge slabs of rock called fault blocks . They were forced up by quakes.

The biggest mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas and the Andes, are fold mountain ranges. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The height of mountains used to be measured from the ground, using levels and sighting devices to measure angles. Now mountains are measured more accurately using satellite techniques.

Satellite measurements in 1999 raised the height of the world’s highest peak,

Mt Everest in Nepal in the Himalayas, from 8848 m to 8850 m.

All 14 of the world’s peaks over 8000 m are in the Himalayas - in Nepal, China and Kashmir. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/temprature-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>Temperature</b></a>s drop 0.6°C for every 100 m you climb, so mountain peaks are very cold and often covered with <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/worlds-glaciers-and-ice-ages.html" target="_blank">ice</a>.

The air is thinner on mountains, so the air pressure is lower. Climbers may need oxygen masks to breathe. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Caves in mountains </span></h3>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">caves</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Caves are giant holes that run horizontally underground. Holes that plunge vertically are called potholes. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The most spectacular caves, called caverns, are found in <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/rocks-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>limestone</b></a>. Acid rainwater trickles through cracks in the<b> rock</b> and wears away huge cavities. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The world's largest cave </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The world’s largest known single cave is the Sarawak Chamber in Gunung Mulu in Sarawak, Malaysia. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The longest cave of world </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The longest cave system is the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky,USA, which is 560 km long.

Many caverns contain fantastic deposits called speleothems. They are made mainly from calcium carbonate deposited by water trickling through the cave. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Stalactites are icicle-like speleothems that hang from cave ceilings. Stalagmites poke upwards from the floor.

The world’s longest stalactite is 6.2 m long. It is in the Poll an Ionain in County Clare, Ireland.

The world’s tallest column is the Flying Dragon Pillar in the Nine Dragons Cave, Guizhou, China.

</span></div>

Mountains

Mountain-building It is slow because rocks flow like thick treacle. Rock is pushed up like a bow wave in front of a boat ...

Earth quackes

Abdullah 0 Geography Thursday, February 27, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Earthquakes</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Earthquakes are a shaking of the ground. Some are slight tremors that barely <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/rocks-of-earth.html" target="_blank">rock </a>a cradle. Others are so violent they can tear down <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/worlds-mountains.html" target="_blank"><b>mountain</b>s</a>.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Earthquack</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Small</span><span style="font-size: large;"> earthquakes </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">small earth quaks may be set off by landslides, <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/volcanic-erruption.html" target="_blank">volcanoes</a> or even just heavy traffic. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Big earthquacks </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Big earthquakes are set off by the grinding together of the vast tectonic plates that make up the Earths surface.

Tectonic plates are sliding past each other all the time, but sometimes they stick. The rock bends and stretches for a while and then snaps. This makes the plates jolt, sending out the shock waves that cause the earthquake’s effects to be felt far away.<b>

Tectonic plates typically slide 4 or 5 cm past each other in a year.</b> In a slip that triggers a major quake they can slip more than 1 m in a few seconds.

In most quakes a few minor tremors (foreshocks) are followed by an intense burst lasting just one or two minutes. A second series of minor tremors (aftershocks) occurs over the next few hours. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Hypocentre </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The starting point of an earthquake below ground is called the hypocentre, or focus.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Epicentre </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The epicentre of an earthquake is the point on the surface directly above the hypocentre.

Earthquakes are strongest at the epicentre and become gradually weaker farther away. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Earthquack zones </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Certain regions called earthquake zones are especially prone to <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank"><b>earth-</b></a>quakes. Earthquake zones lie along the edges of <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/plates-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>tectonic plates</b></a>.

A shallow earthquake originates 0-70 km below the ground. These are the ones that do the most damage. An intermediate quake begins 70-300 km down. Deep quakes begin over 300 km down. The deepest-ever recorded earthquake began over 720 km down. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Major cities of world in earthquack zones </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Many major cities are located in earthquake zones, such as Los Angeles,

Mexico City and Tokyo.

Severe earthquakes can collapse buildings and rip up flyovers.

When freeways collapsed in the 1989 <b>San Francisco </b>quake, some cars were crushed to 0.5 m thick.

The 1906 earthquake in San Francisco destroyed 400 km of railway track around the city.

Some of the worst earthquake damage is caused by fire, often set off by the breaking of gas pipes and electrical cables.

In 1923,200,000 died in the firestorm

that engulfed Tokyo as an earthquake </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The complete collapse of overhead freeways

upset domestic charcoal stoves. Z5 a major danger in severe earthquakes.

In the Kobe earthquake of 1995 and

the San Francisco earthquake of 1989 some of the worst damage was to buildings built on landfill - loose material piled in to build up the land.

The earthquake that killed the most people was probably the one that hit <b>Shansi in China</b> in 1556. It may have claimed 830,000 lives. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Earthquack in tangshan </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The most fatal

earthquake this century destroyed the city of Tangshan in China in 1976. It killed an estimated

Europe centred on Lisbon, Portugal, in 1755. It destroyed the city, killing

100.0 or more people. It probably measured 9.0 on the Richter scale  and was felt in Paris. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Prediction of earthquack </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> • One way to predict earthquakes is to study past quakes. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">• If there has been no earthquake in an earthquake zone for a while, there will be one soon. The longer it has been since the last quake, the bigger the next one will be. </span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIkO0aCXObltgiyeNdE4_VaAA01_Lt-_OhaUq8YkCxn7s2gv-YbeOu5OVI6fA1Vrqg_Cc7v4JGBoF0lgbIgFxaHYsnKENefTw-wma9JAFdXjcGih-XkugC89srAseTqF5TjD10X9SdN_A/s1600/lava.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIkO0aCXObltgiyeNdE4_VaAA01_Lt-_OhaUq8YkCxn7s2gv-YbeOu5OVI6fA1Vrqg_Cc7v4JGBoF0lgbIgFxaHYsnKENefTw-wma9JAFdXjcGih-XkugC89srAseTqF5TjD10X9SdN_A/s1600-rw/lava.png" width="307" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">lava</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> • Seismic gaps are places in active earthquake zones where there has been no earthquake activity. This is where a big earthquake will probably occur.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> • Seismologists make very accurate surveys with ground instruments and laser beams bounced off satellites (see earthquake measurement). They can spot tiny deformations of rock that show strain building up. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">• A linked network of four laser-satellite stations called Keystone is set to track ground movements in Tokyo Bay, Japan, so that earthquakes can be predicted better. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> • The level of water in the ground may indicate stress as the rock squeezes groundwater towards the surface. Chinese seismologists check water levels in wells.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> • Rising surface levels of the underground gas radon may also show that the rock is being squeezed.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> • Other signs of strain in the rock may be changes in the grounds electrical resistance or its magnetism. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> • Before an earthquake dogs are said to howl, chickens flee their roosts, rats and mice scamper from their holes and fish thrash about in ponds.

Some people claim to be sensitive to earthquakes.

</span></div>

Earth quackes

Earthquakes Earthquakes are a shaking of the ground. Some are slight tremors that barely rock a cradle. Others are so violent they can t...

Minerals(Gems,diamonds,Topaz)

Abdullah 0 Geography Tuesday, February 25, 2014

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Minerals </span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Minerals are the natural chemicals from which <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/rocks-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>rocks</b></a> are made</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All but a few minerals are crystals.

Some rocks are made from crystals of just one mineral; many are made from half a dozen or more minerals.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Most minerals are combinations of two or more chemical elements. A few minerals, such as gold and copper, are made of just one element.

There are over 2000 minerals, but around 30 of these are very common.

Most of the less common minerals are present in rocks in minute traces. They may become concentrated in certain places by geological processes. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Silicate minerals </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Silicate minerals are made when metals join with oxygen and silicon. There are more silicate minerals than all the other minerals together. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Silicates and quartz </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The most common silicates are quartz and feldspar, the most common rock-forming minerals. They are major constituents in granite and other volcanic rocks

The <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank"><b>Earth</b></a>’s surface contains an enormous wealth of mineral resources, from clay for bricks to gems such as rubies and diamonds. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Fossil fuels </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Fossil fuels are oil, coal and natural gas. Fossil fuels were made from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. The remains were changed into fuel by intense heat and pressure. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Coal </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Coal is made from plants that grew in swamps during the Carboniferous Period 300 million years ago.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Oil and natural gas </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Oil and natural gas were made from the remains of tiny plants and animals that lived in warm seas.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Ores  </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Ores are the minerals from which metals are extracted.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Bauxite is the ore for aluminium; </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">chalcopyrite for copper;</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> galena for lead;</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> hematite for iron; </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">sphalerite for zinc.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Veins of minerals </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Veins are narrow pipes of rock that

are rich in minerals such as gold and silver. They are created when hot liquids made of volcanic material uncracks in the rock. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Gems and crystals </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Gems are mineral crystals that are beautifully coloured or sparkling. There are over 3000 minerals but only 130 are gemstones. Only about 50 of these are commonly used. The rarest gems are called precious gems and include diamonds, emeralds and rubies. </span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUJH5Nm_Dn86YAX-L3L9F7EgRqn8lPcxecOyPp_vUC5iOC2mnxzOR-hGnjJGcPaxBnxnjy3reQWKeRU8MZyZ4FqFsKuAyAtUQaTFV9boZlhfcqfapltrhtuWNphr7eRYO4ddd0MO9iruU/s1600/gems.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUJH5Nm_Dn86YAX-L3L9F7EgRqn8lPcxecOyPp_vUC5iOC2mnxzOR-hGnjJGcPaxBnxnjy3reQWKeRU8MZyZ4FqFsKuAyAtUQaTFV9boZlhfcqfapltrhtuWNphr7eRYO4ddd0MO9iruU/s1600-rw/gems.png" width="120" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Less rare gems are known as semi-precious gems. Gems are weighed in carats. A carat is one-fifth of a gram. A 50-carat sapphire is very large and very valuable. In the ancient world gems were weighed with carob seeds. The word ‘carat’ comes from the Arabic for seed. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Topaz                      Garnet                 Diamond         Emerald

Diamonds are among the oldest mineral crystals, over 3000 million years old. When <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/volcanic-erruption.html" target="_blank">magma</a> cools, minerals with the highest melting points crystallize first. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Pegmatites</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Unusual minerals are left behind to crystallize last, forming <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/mars-planet.html" target="_blank">rocks</a> called pegmatites. These <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/rocks-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>rocks</b> </a>are often rich in gems such as emeralds, garnets, topazes and tourmalines. Some gems with a high melting point and simple chemical composition form directly from magma, such as diamond, which is pure carbon, and rubies. Gems often form in as bubbles called geodes in cooling magma. They can also form when hot magma packed with minerals seeps up through cracks in the rock to form a vein.There are more than 100 different kinds of gemstone.

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Minerals(Gems,diamonds,Topaz)

Minerals Minerals are the natural chemicals from which rocks are made . All but a few minerals are crystals. Some rocks are made from ...

World’s rivers

Abdullah 0 Geography Sunday, February 23, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;"> Shape of river </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">All great rivers develop the same horseshoe-shaped meanders in their lower reaches . </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Length of rivers </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Measurements of river lengths vary according to where the river is said to begin. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Longest river of the world(America’s amazone)</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> America’s Amazon is longest river of the world .The source of the Amazon was only discovered in 1971, in snowbound lakes high in the Andes. It is named Laguna McIntyre after the American who found it.

If the full length of the Amazon is counted, it is 6750 km long </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">2nd longest river (Africa’s Nile) </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> It is the world’s second longest river

As compared with the Nile at 6670 km.The Amazon basin covers more than 7 million sq km.
China’s Yangtse

It is the third longest river, at 6300 km.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Seyhan River in Adana turkey </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The world’s longest tributary</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The world’s longest tributary is the Madeira flowing into the Amazon.

At 3380 km long it is the 18th longest river in the world. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ob in Russia </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The world’s longest estuary is that of the Ob in Russia, which is up to 80 km wide and 885 km long.

The Ob is the biggest river to freeze solid in winter. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Roe River in Montana </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The shortest official river is the North Fork Roe River in Montana, USA, which is just 17.7 m long.

Rivers are filled with water from rainfall running directly off the land, from melting snow or ice or from a spring bubbling out water that is soaked into the ground.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> High up in <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/worlds-mountains.html" target="_blank"><b>mountain</b></a>s

near their source (start), rivers are usually small.

They tumble over rocks through narrow valleys which they carved out over thousands of years.
Catchment area

All the rivers in a certain area, called a catchment area, flow down to join each other, like branches on a tree. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Tributaries </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The branches of rivers are called tributaries. The bigger the river, the more tributaries it is likely to have.

As rivers flow downhill, they are joined by tributaries and grow bigger. They often flow in smooth channels made not of big <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/rocks-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>rocks</b></a> but of fine debris washed down from higher up. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">River valleys</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> River valleys are wider and gentler lower down, and the river may wind across the valley floor.

In its lower reaches a river is often wide and deep. It winds back and forth in meanders across floodplains made of silt from higher up.

Rivers flow fast over rapids in their upper reaches. On average, they flow as fast in the lower reaches where the channel is smoother because there is much less turbulence </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">How rivers go away from their bank</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Rivers wear away their banks and beds, mainly by battering them with bits of gravel and sand and by the sheer force of the moving water.

Every river carries sediment, which consists of large stones rolled along the river-bed, sand bounced along the bed and fine silt that floats in the water.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Discharge of river</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> "The discharge of a river is the amount of water flowing past a particular point each second."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Intermittent Rivers </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> "Rivers that flow only after heavy rainstorms are ‘intermittent". </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Perennial Rivers </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> "Rivers that flow all year round are ‘perennial’ rivers."

They are kept going between rains by water flowing from underground.

River channels come to an end when they reach the mouth where the water flows into a larger river, lake or ocean.

The river here is so wide and flat, and its bed so rough, that the water’s flow is slowed by friction. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">River channels </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> "A channel is the long trough along which a river flows.

When a river’s channel winds or has a rough bed, friction slows the river down.

A river flows faster through a narrow, deep channel than a wide, shallow one. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Waterfalls </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> About 10 million people visit Niagara Falls each year.

Waterfalls are places where a river plunges vertically.

Waterfalls may form where the river flows over a band of hard rock, such as a volcanic sill. The river erodes the soft rock below but it has little effect on the hard band.

Waterfalls can also form where a stream’s course has been suddenly broken, for example where it flows over a cliff into the sea, over a fault  or over a hanging valley .</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> The world’s highest falls </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The world’s highest falls are the Angel Falls in Venezuela, which plunge 979 m. Boulders often swirl around at the foot of a waterfall, wearing out a deep plunge pool. Angel Falls are named after American pilot Jimmy Angel who flew over them in 1935. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Victoria falls </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe are known locally as Mosi oa Tunya, which means ‘the smoke that thunders’. The roar from Victoria Falls can be heard 40 km away. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Niagra falls </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Niagara Falls on the US/Canadian border developed where the Niagara River flows out of Lake Erie. Niagara Falls has two falls: Horseshoe Falls, 54 m high, and American Falls,55 m high. </span></div>

World’s rivers

Shape of river All great rivers develop the same horseshoe-shaped meanders in their lower reaches . Length of rivers Measurements ...

Volcanic erruption

Abdullah 0 Geography Friday, February 21, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Volcanoes </span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Volcanoes are places where magma emerges through the crust and onto the surface. The word‘volcano’ comes from Vulcano Island in the Mediterranean.

Vulcan, the ancient Roman god of fire and blacksmith to the gods, was supposed to have forged his weapons in the fire beneath the<a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/worlds-mountains.html" target="_blank"> <b>mountain.</b></a></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">volcano</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Types of volcano </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">There are many types of volcano . The most distinctive are the cone-shaped composite volcanoes, which build up from alternating layers of ash and lava in successive eruptions. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Megma chamber </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Beneath a composite volcano there is typically a large reservoir of magma called a magma chamber. Magma collects in the chamber before an eruption. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Chimney

From the magma chamber</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> A narrow chimney, or vent, leads up to the surface. It passes through the cone of debris from previous eruptions.
Eruption of megma

When a volcano erupts, the magma is driven up the vent by the gases within it. As the magma nears the surface, the pressure drops, allowing the gases dissolved in the magma to boil out. The expanding gases - mostly carbon dioxide and steam - push the molten rock upwards and out of the vent.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">At Urgup, Turkey, volcanic ash has been blown into tall cones by gas fumes bubbling up. The cones have hardened like huge salt cellars. People have dug them out to make homes.

Before each eruption, the vent is clogged by old volcanic material from previous eruptions. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The explosion blows the plug into tiny pieces of ash and cinder, and blasts them high into the air
Central vent

If the level of magma in the magma chamber drops, the top of the volcano’s cone may collapse into it, forming a giant crater called a caldera. Caldera is Spanish for ‘boiling pot’
Cones

When a volcano with a caldera subsides, the whole cone may collapse into the old magma chamber. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The caldera may fill with water to form a crater lake, such as Crater Lake in Oregon, USA.

All the magma does not gush up the central vent. Some exits through branching side vents, often forming their own small ‘parasitic’ cones on the side of the main one.

the level of magma in the magma chamber drops, the top of the volcano’s cone may collapse into it, forming a giant crater called a caldera. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When a volcano with a caldera subsides, the whole cone may collapse into the old magma chamber. The caldera may fill with water to form a crater lake, such as Crater Lake in Oregon, USA.

All the magma does not gush up the central vent. Some exits through branching side vents, often forming their own small‘parasitic’ cones on the side of the main one. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When a volcano erupts it sends out a variety of hot materials, including lava, tephra, ash and gases. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Lava </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Lava is hot molten rock from the Earths interior. It is called magma while it is still underground. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Tephra </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Tephra is material blasted into the air by an eruption. It includes pyroclasts (solid lava) and volcanic bombs. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Pyroclasts </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Pyroclasts are big chunks of volcanic rock that are thrown out by explosive volcanoes when the plug in the volcano’s vent shatters. ‘Pyroclast’ means fire broken. Pyroclasts are usually 0.3 -1 m across.Big eruptions can blast pyroclasts weighing 1 tonne or more up into the air at the speed of a jet plane. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Ash </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The ash hurled out from a volcano can settle and form a layer many metres deep, completely covering roads. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Cinders and lapilli </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Cinders and lapilli are small pyroclasts. Cinders are 6.4-30 cm in diameter; lapilli are 0.1-6.4 cm. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Volcanic blobs </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Volcanic bombs are blobs of molten magma that cool and harden in flight. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Breadcrust blobs</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Breadcrust bombs are bombs that stretch into loaf shapes in flight gases inside them create a ‘crust’.

Around 90 percent of the material ejected by explosive volcanoes is not lava, but tephra and ash.

Pumice rock is made from hardened lava froth - it is so full of air bubbles that it floats.

Kinds of volcano

Each volcano and each eruption are slightly different.e.g </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Shield volcanoes </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Shield volcanoes are shaped like upturned shields. They form where lava is runny and spreads over a wide area. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Fissure Volcanoes </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Fissure volcanoes are found where floods of lava pour out of a long crack in the ground.

Composite volcanoes are cone- shaped. They build up in layers from a succession of explosive eruptions.

Cinder cones are built up from ash, with little lava. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Strombolian eruptions </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Strombolian eruptions are eruptions from sticky magma.

They spit out sizzling clots of red-hot lava. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Vulcanian eruptions </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Vulcanian eruptions are explosive eruptions from sticky magma. The magma clogs the volcano’s vent between cannon-like blasts of ash.

These volcanoes are a shield volcano (top), clouds and thick lava flows.

a crater volcano (middle) and a cone-shaped volcano (hotttom). </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Plinian eruptions </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Plinian eruptions are the most explosive kind of eruption. They are named after Pliny who witnessed the eruption of Vesuvius in AD79 .In Plinian eruptions boiling gases blast clouds of ash and volcanic fragments up into the stratosphere.

A Fissure volcanoes shoot lava fountains in the air. This happens when gases in the lava boil suddenly as they reach the surface.

The above picture shows  the eruption of Mount St Helens, USA. There are about 60 major volcanic eruptions each year around the world, including two or three huge, violent eruptions. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Megma </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Volcanic eruptions are produced by magma, the hot liquid rock under the Earth’s crust. Magma is less dense than the rock above, and so it tries to bubble to the surface.

When magma is runny, eruptions are ‘effusive’, which means they ooze lava gently all the time.When magma is sticky, eruptions are explosive. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The magma clogs the volcano’s vent until so much pressure builds up that the magma bursts out, like a popping champagne cork.

The explosion shatters the plug of hard magma that blocks the volcano’s vent, reducing it to ash and cinder. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Volcanoes and earthquakes

Explosive eruptions are driven by expanding bubbles of carbon dioxide gas and steam inside the magma.

An explosive eruption blasts globs of hot magma, ash, cinder, gas and steam high up into the air.

Repose time

"It is the interval between erruptions" </span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Volcanoes usually erupt again and again. The interval between eruptions, called the repose time, varies from a few minutes to thousands of years.

Magma near subduction zones contains 10 times more gas, so the volcanic eruptions here are violent.

The gas inside magma can expand hundreds of times in just a few seconds. Krakatau is a volcano in Indonesia. It erupted in 1883 and produced sea waves almost 40 m high, which drowned about 36,000 people. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Volcano zones</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Worldwide there are over 1500 volcanoes; 500 of these are active. A volcano can have a lifespan of a million years and not erupt for several centuries.

Volcanoes are said to be active if they have erupted recently. The official Smithsonian Institute list of active volcanoes includes any that have erupted in the past 10,000 years. Extinct volcanoes will never erupt again. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Volcanoes occur either along the margins of tectonic plates, or over hot spots in the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank"><b>Earth</b></a>’s interior.A Most volcanoes are found around the Pacific Ocean. They also occur in <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/worlds-glaciers-and-ice-ages.html" target="_blank">Ice</a>-land, Hawaii and southern Europe.
Volcanoes and earthquakes

Some volcanoes erupt where the plates are pulling apart, such as under the sea along mid-ocean ridges.

Some volcanoes lie near subduction zones, forming either an arc of volcanic islands or a line of volcanoes on land, called a volcanic arc. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Subduction zone volcanoes are

explosive, because the magma gets contaminated and acidic as it burns up through the overlying plate. Acidic magma is sticky and gassy. It clogs up volcanic vents then blasts its way out.

Around the Pacific there is a ring of explosive volcanoes called the Ring of Fire. It includes Mt Pinatubo in the Philippines, and Mt St Helens in Washington State, USA.

Away from subduction zones magma is basaltic. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It is runny and low in gas, so the volcanoes here gush lava. Effusive volcanoes pour out lava frequently but gently.

3D radar interferometry from satellites may pick up the minutest swelling on every active volcano in the world. In this way it helps to predict when eruptions may occur.
Hot-spot volcanoes

About five percent of volcanoes are not near the margins of tectonic plates. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">They are over especially hot places in the Earths interior called hot spots.

Hot spots are created by mantle plumes - hot currents that rise all the way from the core through the mantle. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When mantle plumes come up under the crust, they burn their way through to become hot-spot volcanoes.-

Famous hot-spot volcanoes include the Hawaiian island volcanoes and Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean.

Hot-spot volcanoes ooze runny lava that spreads out to create shield volcanoes (see kinds of volcano). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Lava from hot-spot volcanoes also creates plateaux, such as the Massif Central in France.The geysers, hot springs and bubbling mud pots of Yellowstone National Park, USA, indicate a hot spot below.

Yellowstone has had three huge eruptions in the past 2 million years. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The first produced over 2000 times as much lava as the 1980 eruption of Mt St Helens.

Hot spots stay in the same place while tectonic plates slide over the top of them. Hawaiian hot spot has created a chain of old volcanoes 6000 km long. It starts with the Meiji seamount under the sea north of Japan, and ends with the Hawaiian islands. </span></div>

Volcanic erruption

Volcanoes Volcanoes are places where magma emerges through the crust and onto the surface. The word‘volcano’ comes from Vulcano Island ...

Rocks

Abdullah 0 Geography Thursday, February 20, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Rocks </span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Rocks are the main part of earth. There is a great role of rocks in the formation of <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank"><b>earth</b></a>. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rocks</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The oldest rocks </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The oldest known rocks on Earth are 3900 million years old - They are the Acasta gneiss rocks from Canada. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">There are three main kinds of rocks </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(1) Igneous rock </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(2) sedimentary rock </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(3) metamorphic rock. </span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Igneous rocks </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Igneous means is‘fiery’. These rocks are made when hot molten magma is produced .<b>Volcanic </b>rocks, such as basalt, are igneous rocks that form from lava that has erupted from volcanoes. </span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Metamorphic rocks </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have changed over time, such as <b>limestone</b> which is made into marble because of the heat generated by magma. </span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Sedimentary rocks </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Sedimentary rocks are rocks that are made from the slow hardening of sediments into layers, or strata.

There are many kinds of sedimentary rocks. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Sandstone rocks </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Sandstone, are made from sand and silt.Other rocks are broken down into these materials by weathering and erosion.Most sediments form on the sea-bed. Sand is washed down onto the sea-bed by rivers. </span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Limestone and chalk </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Limestone and chalk are sedimentary rocks made mainly from the remains of sea creatures.Streams and rainwater absorb carbon dioxide gas from soil and air. It turns them into weak carbonic acid.  Carbonic acid corrodes (wears away by dissolving) limestone in a process called carbonation.

When limestone rock is close to the surface, carbonation can create spectacular scenery. Corroded limestone scenery is often called karst, because the best example of it is the Karst Plateau near Dalmatia, in Bosnia. On the surface, carbonation eats away along cracks to create pavements, with slabs called clints. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The slabs are separated by deeply etched grooves called grykes.  Limestone rock does not soak up water like a sponge. It has massive cracks called joints, and streams and rainwater trickle deep into the rock through these cracks.Streams drop down into limestone through swallow-holes, like bathwater down a plughole. Carbonation eats out such holes to form giant shafts called potholes.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Potholes </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Some potholes are eaten out to create great funnel-shaped hollows called dolines, up to 100 m across. Where water streams out along horizontal cracks at the base of potholes, the rock may be etched out into caverns. Caverns may be eaten out so much that the roof collapses to form a gorge or a large hole called a polje. </span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Recycling of rocks</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Rocks are continually recycled. Whether they  from volcanoes or sediments, all rocks are broken down into sand by weathering and erosion. </span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Rock cycle</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The sand is deposited on sea-beds and <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/worlds-rivers.html" target="_blank"><b>river</b></a>-beds where it hardens to form new rock. This process is the rock cycle. </span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Strata of rocks </span></h3>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSTVFkk-XPzbG_TGhEgSYZCsKp0ANmyj5bAYttlQcnnOoNXqydPa5-81y2sKkz8eBoMj74OKhpSfu8eI1jdx7ZFjsCzIGoDTAvR56gaVoRombXGbS5HvRO5UkHllfNsVx3GoICcWmdQbg/s1600/weatering+of+rocks.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSTVFkk-XPzbG_TGhEgSYZCsKp0ANmyj5bAYttlQcnnOoNXqydPa5-81y2sKkz8eBoMj74OKhpSfu8eI1jdx7ZFjsCzIGoDTAvR56gaVoRombXGbS5HvRO5UkHllfNsVx3GoICcWmdQbg/s1600-rw/weatering+of+rocks.PNG" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"> Rocks usually form in flat layers called strata. <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/plates-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>Tectonic plates </b></a>can collide with such force that they crumple up these strata.

Sometimes the folds are just tiny wrinkles a few centimetres long. Sometimes they are gigantic, with hundreds of kilometres between crests (the highest points on a fold). </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The shape of folds </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The shape of a fold depends on the force that is squeezing it and on the resistance of the rock. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The slope of a fold </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The slope of a fold is called the dip. The direction of the dip is the direction in which it is sloping.

The strike of the fold is at right angles to the dip. It is the horizontal alignment of the fold.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Nappers</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Some folds turn right over on themselves to form upturned folds called nappes .As nappes fold on top of other nappes, the crumpled strata may pile up into <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/worlds-mountains.html" target="_blank"><b>mountain</b></a>s.
Syncline

A downfold is called a syncline; an upfolded arch of strata is called an anticline.

The axial plane of a fold divides the fold into halves. </span></div>

Rocks

Rocks Rocks are the main part of earth. There is a great role of rocks in the formation of earth . Rocks The oldest rock...

Plates of earth

Abdullah 0 Geography Tuesday, February 18, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">There are two kinds of plates of earth</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Converging plates of earth</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> In many places around the world, the tectonic plates that make up the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank"><b>Earth</b></a>s crust, or outer layer, are slowly crunching together with enormous force.The Atlantic is getting wider, pushing the Americas further west. Yet the Earth is not getting any bigger because as the American plates crash into the Pacific plates, the thinner, denser ocean plates are driven down into the Earth’s hot mantle and are destroyed. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Subduction</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> "The process of driving an ocean plate down into the Earth’s interior is called subduction.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> "

Subduction creates deep ocean trenches typically 6-7 km deep at the point of collision. One of these, the Mariana Trench, could drown Mt Everest with 2 km to spare on top.

As an ocean plate bends down into the Earth’s mantle, it cracks. The movement of these cracks sets off earthquakes originating up to 700 km down. These earthquake zones are called <b>Benioff-Wadati zones </b>after Hugo Benioff, who discovered them in the 1950s.

As an ocean plate slides down, it melts and makes blobs of magma. This <b><span style="font-weight: normal;">magma</span> </b>floats up towards the surface, punching its way through to create a line of volcanoes along the edge of the continental plate.

If volcanoes in subduction zones emerge .in the sea, they form a curving line of volcanic islands called an island arc. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Beyond this arc is the back-arc basin, an area of shallow sea that slowly fills up with sediments. As a subducting plate sinks, the continental plate scrapes sediments off the ocean plate and piles them in a great wedge. Between this wedge and the island arc there may be a fore-arc basin, which is a shallow sea that slowly fills with sediment.

Where two continental plates collide, the plate splits into two layers: a lower layer of dense mantle <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/rocks-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>rock</b></a> and an upper layer of lighter crustal rock, which is too buoyant to be subducted. As the mantle rock goes down, the crustal rock peels off and crumples against the other to form fold <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/worlds-mountains.html" target="_blank"><b>mountains </b></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">.

This is a cross-section through the top 1000 km or so of the Earth’s surface. It shows a subduction zone, where an ocean plate is bent down beneath a continental plate.   </span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Tectonic plates of earth</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> "The Earth’s surface is divided into slabs called tectonic plates." Each plate is a fragment of the Earth’s rigid outer layer, or lithosphere (see the lithosphere).

There are 16 large plates and several smaller ones. Plates are approximately 100 km thick but can vary in thickness from 8 km to 200 km.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The biggest plate of earth </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Pacific plate </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The biggest plate is the Pacific plate, which underlies the whole of the Pacific Ocean. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The Pacific Ocean represents half of the world’s ocean area.

Tectonic plates are moving all the time - by about 10 cm a year. Over hundreds of millions of years they move vast distances. Some have moved halfway round the globe. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The continents are embedded in the tops of the plates, so as the plates move the continents move with them.

The Pacific plate is the only large plate with no part of a continent situated on it.lt represents more than one-third of the Earth’s surface area.

The movement of tectonic plates accounts for many things, including the pattern of volcanic and earthquake activity around the world.

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Plates of earth

There are two kinds of plates of earth Converging plates of earth In many places around the world, the tectonic plates that make up th...

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Plates of earth

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