Educational Wealth: greatest scientists

Sir Alexander flamming

Abdullah 0 achievements, greatest scientists Tuesday, March 25, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Achievements of Alexander flamming</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Sir Alexander Fleming</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Alexander Fleming was born in Scotland in 1881. At the
age of fourteen he joined a polytechnic institute in London. He left it after two years. For four years he worked as a clerk in a shipping firm of London. When he was twenty-, he got admission to St. Mary’s medical school.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> He passed his final examination in 1906. For eight years lie worked in Wright’s Laboratory.
In 1914, he joined the R.A M.C. He had to face the problem of the treatment of infected wounds. The problem was to kill the germs without damaging the white blood, cells that fight against germs.
At thirty-seven Fleming went back to St. Mary’s- and continued research. In 1922, he discovered an antiseptic It was not a '' chemical like carbolic acid but a natural antiseptic manufactured by the body. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Discovery of  lysozyme </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">He made the discovery by an accident by .the elimination of his own nasal secretions. He discovered a substance that destroyed microbes  on a culture plate. He called it Lysozyme. It was in fact, the first antiseptic that was harmless to the cells of the body Unfortunately it did not prove useful in the treatment of diseases. ' * ,
In 1928, Fleming was appointed Professor of Bacteriology in the University of London.The same year he discovered penicillin. The discovery was made again by accident. A mould spore entered Fleming's laboratory and fell on a culture plate It destroyed the growth of germs on the plate. Fleming worked hard and he was able to produce the anti-bacterial substance free of the mould.
Experiments proved the effectiveness of penicillin against germs. It did not harm the white blood cells. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It was an ideal antiseptic but it could be used to fight germs only when it was in concentrated form. Fleming was not a chemist and could not concentrate it. He published his findings.
Years later, Professor Florey and Dr. Chain succeeded, after a long hard strggle, In producing penicillin in required form. The first patient was treated with penicillin in 1941. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Since then millions and millions of people have been treated with it.
Fleming was knighted in 1944 and awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945. He became famous. He. had to travel widely, attend functions, make speeches anchteceive thanks. But Fleming was very modest. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">He said that nature made penicillin, he just found it.
Fleming, like Pasteur, opened up a whole new world of science. He died in 1956 at the age of seventy-three. His work will never die.  .

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Sir Alexander flamming

Achievements of Alexander flamming Sir Alexander Fleming Alexander Fleming was born in Scotland in 1881. At the age of fourteen he...

Edwin Hubble & Galilio

Abdullah 0 greatest scientists Sunday, February 16, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Hubble

Edwin </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Hubble (1889-1953) was an American who trained in law at Chicago and Oxford, and was also a great boxer before he turned to astronomy.

Until the early 20th century, astronomers thought that our galaxy was all there was to the Universe.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In the 1920s, Hubble showed that fuzzy patches of light once thought to be nebulae were in fact other galaxies far beyond the Milky Way.

In 1929 Hubble measured the red shift of 18 galaxies, and showed that they were all moving away from us. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">One of Hubble's earliest achievements was to show that some ‘nebulae’ were really other galaxies. Red shift showed Hubble that the further away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving.

The ratio of a galaxy’s distance to the speed it is moving away from us is known as Hubble’s Law.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Hubble’s Law showed that the Universe is getting bigger - and so must have started very small. This led to the idea of the Big Bang. The figure given by Hubble’s law is Hubble’s constant and is about 40 to 80 km/sec per megaparsec. In the 1930s Hubble showed that the Universe is isotropic (the same in all directions).Hubble space telescope is named after Edwin Hubble. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Galileo </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was a great Italian mathematician and astronomer.Galileo was born in Pisa on 15 February 1564, in the same year as William Shakespeare. </span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">The pendulum clock</span></b></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The pendulum clock was invented by-Galileo after watching a swinging lamp in Pisa Cathedral in 1583.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Galileo’s experiments with balls rolling down slopes laid the basis for our understanding of how gravity affects acceleration (speeding up).Learning of the telescope’s invention, Galileo made his own to look at the Moon, <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/mars-planet.html" target="_blank"><b>Venus</b></a> and Jupiter.

Galileo described his observations of space in a book called The Starry Messenger, published in 1613.

One of the most brilliant scientists of all time, Galileo ended his life imprisoned (in his villa near Florence.Through his telescope Galileo saw that Jupiter has four moons (see Jupiter’s Galilean moons). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">He also saw that Venus has phases (as our Moon does).

Jupiter’s <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/moon-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>moon</b></a> and Venus’s phases were the first visible evidence of Copernicus’ theory that the Earth moves round the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/sun-and-its-rays.html" target="_blank"><b>Sun</b></a>. Galileo also believed this. Galileo was declared a heretic in 1616 by the Catholic Church, for his support of Copernican theory.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Later, threatened with torture, Galileo was forced to deny that the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank"><b>Earth</b></a> orbits the Sun. Legend has it he muttered eppur si muove’ (‘yet it does move’) afterwards. Galileo studied the skies through his <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/space-telescopes-and-crafts.html" target="_blank"><b>telescope</b></a>, which he demonstrated to members of the Venetian senate. Only on 13 October 1992 was the sentence of the Catholic Church on Galileo retracted. mm. </span></div>

Edwin Hubble & Galilio

Hubble Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) was an American who trained in law at Chicago and Oxford, and was also a great boxer before he turned t...

Hipparclius & Copernicus

Abdullah 0 greatest scientists Saturday, February 15, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Great astronomers </span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Hipparchus </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Hipparchus of Nicaea was a Greek astronomer who lived in the 2nd century BC, dying in 127BC.

The foundations of astronomy were laid down by Hipparchus and survived 1500 years, until they were overthrown by the ideas of Copernicus.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Ancient Babylonian records brought back by Alexander the Great from his conquests helped Hipparchus to make his observations of the stars.

A Some of Hipparchus’ astronomical knowledge came from the Sumerians, who wrote many of their findings on clay tablets. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Hipparchus was the first astronomer to

try to work out how far away the Sun is.

The first star catalogue, listing 850 stars, was put together by Hipparchus.

Hipparchus was also the first to identify the constellations systematically and to assess stars in terms of magnitude </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">.

Hipparchus also discovered that the relative positions of the stars on the equinoxes (21 March and 21 December) slowly shift round, taking 26,000 years to return to their original place. This is called the ‘precession of the equinoxes’.

The mathematics of trigonometry is also thought to have been invented by Hipparchus.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Hipparchus carried out his observations at Rhodes. He was the first to pinpoint the geographical position of places by latitude and longitude. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Copernicus </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Until the 16th century most people thought the Earth was the centre of the Universe and that everything - the Moon, Sun, planets and stars - revolved around it.Nicolaus Copernicus was the astronomer who first suggested that the Sun was the centre, and that the Earth went round the Sun. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">This is called the heliocentric view.A In 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a revolutionary theory - that <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank"><b>Earth</b></a> and other planets move around the Sun. Before this people had believed that the Sun and planets moved around the stationary Earth. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> ‘The Earth,wrote Copernicus, ‘carrying the Moon’s path, passes in a great orbit among the other planets in an annual revolution around the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/sun-and-its-rays.html" target="_blank"><b>Sun</b></a>.’

Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473 at Torun in Poland, and died on 24 May 1543.

Copernicus was the nephew of a prince bishop who spent most of his life as a canon at Frauenberg Cathedral in East Prussia .

Copernicus described his ideas in a

book called De revolutionibus orbium coelestium .The Roman Catholic Church banned Copernicus’s book for almost 300 years.Copernicus’s ideas came not from looking at the night sky but from studying ancient astronomy.

Copernicus’s main clue came from the way the planets, every now and then, seem to perform a backward loop through the sky. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The first proof of Copernicus’s theory came in 1609, when Galileo saw (through a telescope) moons revolving around Jupiter.The change in ideas that was brought about by Copernicus is known as the Copernican Revolution.
Herschel

William Herschel (1738-1822) was an amateur astronomer who built his own, very powerful <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/space-telescopes-and-crafts.html" target="_blank"><b>telescope</b></a> in his home in Bath, England. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Until Herschel’s time, astronomers assumed there were just seven independent objects in the sky - the Moon, the Sun, and five planets.

The five known <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/what-are-planets.html" target="_blank"><b>planets</b></a> were Mercury, <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/mars-planet.html" target="_blank"><b>Venus</b></a>, <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/mars-planet.html" target="_blank"><b>Mars</b></a>, Jupiter and Saturn.Uranus, the sixth planet, was discovered by William Herschel in 1781.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">William Herschel was one of the greatest astronomers. With the help of his sister Caroline, he discovered Uranus in 1781. He later identified two of the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/moon-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>moon</b></a>s of Uranus and <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/very-beautiful-saturn-rings.html" target="_blank"><b>Saturn</b></a>.

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At first, Herschel had thought that the dot of light he could see through his telescope was a star. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">But when he looked more closely, he saw a tiny disc instead of a point of light.When he looked the next night, the ‘star’ had moved - this meant that it had to be a planet.

Herschel wanted to name the planet George, after King George III, but Uranus was eventually chosen. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Herschel’s partner in his discoveries was his sister Caroline (1750-1848), another great astronomer, who catalogued (listed) all the stars of the northern hemisphere.Herschel’s son John catalogued the stars of the southern hemisphere.Herschel himself added to the catalogue of nebulae.

Herschel was also the first to explain that the Milky Way is our view of a galaxy shaped ‘like a grindstone. </span></div>

Hipparclius & Copernicus

Great astronomers Hipparchus Hipparchus of Nicaea was a Greek astronomer who lived in the 2nd century BC, dying in 127BC. The found...

Kepler and Newton

Abdullah 0 greatest scientists Saturday, February 15, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Some great scientists of the world </span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Newton </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Isaac Newton (1642-1722) was the British scientist who first explained how gravity works.

Newton’s ideas were inspired by seeing an apple fall from a tree in the garden of his home in Lincolnshire.

Newton also discovered that sunlight can be split into a spectrum made of all the colours of the rainbow.

A If ordinary white light is passed through a glass prism, it splits up into all the different colours of the light spectrum.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Newton showed why gravity makes things fall to the ground and planets orbit the Sun.

Newton realized that a planet’s orbit depends on its mass and its distance from the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/sun-and-its-rays.html" target="_blank"><b>Sun</b></a>.

The further apart and the lighter two objects are, the weaker is the pull of gravity between them. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Newton worked out that you can calculate the pull of gravity between two objects by multiplying their mass by the square of the distance between them.

This calculation allows astronomers to predict precisely the movement of every planet, star and galaxy in the Universe. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Using Newton’s formula for gravity, astronomers have detected previously unknown stars and <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/what-are-planets.html" target="_blank"><b>planets</b></a>, including <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/two-most-important-planetsneptune-and.html" target="_blank"><b>Neptune</b></a> and <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/mercury-and-pluto-planets.html" target="_blank"><b>Pluto</b></a>, from the effect of their gravity on other space objects.

Newton’s three laws of motion showed that every single movement in the Universe can be calculated mechanically.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Newton’s theory of gravity showed for the first time why the Moon stays in its orbit around the Earth, and how the gravitational pull between the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank">Earth</a> and the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/moon-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>Moon</b></a> could be worked out mathematically.  Newton was made Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge University in 1669, where he studied how and why things in our Universe move. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Kepler

Johannes </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Kepler (1571-1630) was the German
 astronomer who discovered the basic rules about the way the planets 
move.

Kepler got his ideas from studying Mars’ movement.

Before Kepler’s discoveries, people thought that the planets moved in 
circles.

Despite almost losing his eyesight and the use of his hands through 
smallpox at the age of three, Johannes Kepler became an assistant to the
 great Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, and took over his work when Brahe 
died.

Kepler discovered that the true shape of the planets’ orbits is 
elliptical (oval).</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">This is Kepler’s first 
law.Kepler’s second law is that the speed of a planet through space 
varies with its distance from the Sun.A planet moves fastest when its 
orbit brings it nearest to the Sun (called its perihelion). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It
 moves slowest when it is furthest from the Sun (called its aphelion).

Kepler’s third law is that a planet’s period - the time it takes to 
complete its yearly orbit of the Sun - depends on its distance from the 
Sun.

Kepler’s third law states that the square of a planet’s period is 
proportional to the cube of its average distance from the Sun.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Kepler
 believed that the planets made harmonious music as they moved - The 
music of the spheres’.

Kepler also wrote a book about measuring how much wine there was in wine
 casks, which proved to be important for the mathematics of calculus.

A Johannes Kepler was sponsored in his research by Emperor Rudolph II. 
Here they discuss Kepler’s discoveries of planetary motion. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Herschel

William </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Herschel (1738-1822) was an amateur astronomer who built his own, very powerful telescope in his home in Bath, England.

Until Herschel’s time, astronomers assumed there were just seven independent objects in the sky - the Moon, the Sun, and five planets.

The five known planets were Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.

Uranus, the sixth planet, was discovered by William Herschel in 1781. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> William Herschel was one of the greatest astronomers. With the help of his sister Caroline, he discovered Uranus in 1781. He later identified two of the moons of Uranus and Saturn.

At first, Herschel had thought that the dot of light he could see through his telescope was a star. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">But when he looked more closely, he saw a tiny disc instead of a point of light. When he looked the next night, the ‘star’ had moved - this meant that it had to be a planet.

Herschel wanted to name the planet George, after King George III, but Uranus was eventually chosen</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">’s partner in his discoveries was his sister Caroline (1750-1848), another great astronomer, who catalogued (listed) all the stars of the northern hemisphere.

Herschel’s son John catalogued the stars of the southern hemisphere.

Herschel himself added to the catalogue of nebulae.

Herschel was also the first to explain that the Milky Way is our view of a galaxy shaped ‘like a grindstone’.
</span></div>

Kepler and Newton

Some great scientists of the world Newton Newton Isaac Newton (1642-1722) was the British scientist who first explained how gr...

Lamark theory of evolution

Abdullah 0 achievements, biology, greatest scientists Friday, January 10, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Achievements of Lamark </span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Lamarkisim
Jean Baptiste de </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Lamarck

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck was born in France on 1744.

He presented the idea of evolution in 1809 in his book "philosophie zoologiqe. "</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lamarck Jean Baptiste de</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">His ideas about evolution were called as Lamarckism. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Important Points of Lamarckism </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">There were two important points of his theory. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Use and Disuse of Organs: </span></h4>
<span style="font-size: large;">According to Lamarckism, in organisms certain changes are developed by use and disuse of body parts due to biological needs arising out of environmental changes. The organs greatly used develop in its size and organs disused tend to become weaker and can eventually disappear. This statement of Lamarck, that use or disuse can produce changes in .organs seems correct, e.g. the development of muscles in athletes and development of calf muscles in ladies who wear high heals. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Inheritance of Acquired Characters: </span></h4>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Variations in phenotype due to use and disuse of organs are called acquired characters because these characters are developed during the life-time of an individual.

Lamarck believed that these characters are heritable and are passed on to the offspring from their parents during reproduction. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Giraffe's neck </span></h4>
<span style="font-size: large;">Lamarckism can be illustrated by an example of giraffe's long neck. Lamarck assumed that long necked giraffes evolved from short necked ancestors.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> He explained the Lamarckism in giraffes as follows: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The short necked giraffe could graze on grasses.

When the grass became scanty the giraffes tried to

stretch their necks to reach the top of the trees to feed on leaves.

As a result of these efforts the giraffe's necks became longer.The same trend continued and the neck went on becoming longer and longer.

The giraffes with long necks were able to survive in such an environment.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Lamarck believed that acquired characters of long neck in giraffes were heritable and were passed on the

next generation. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Disuse of Organs:</span></h4>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Lamarckism can also be described with the help of an example of snakes. Ancestors of modern snakes had four legs with which they used to move on land.

In order to escape from enemies the snakes started hiding in holes and Creeping in narrow cracks in rocks.

In this new mode of life, the legs were not used but muscles of their body were-used more for creeping.

As a result of disuse of organ, legs were completely disappeared from the body and the snakes became elongated cylindrical in shape. This is how present day snakes have evolved. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Objection of August Weisemann on Lamarckism:</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> To prove the hypothesis of Lamarck August Weisemann in 1870, cut off tails of mice over many successive generations. In each generation the mice were born with the normal tails. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">According to Lamarckism, the acquired characters would be inherited. But this was not the case. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Weisemann postulated that "somatic acquired characteristics resulting in phenotypic changes did not directly ’affect the germ cells (gametes) by which characteristics are passed on to other species." The variants that are better adapted to the environment are successful and continue to produce offspring with their adaptive characteristics.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Over time the characteristics which provide adaptiveness or fitness come to accumulate in the population than those characteristics which decrease fitness.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The greater adaptive success of the better adapted form constitute the natural selection. He means to say that better adaptive individuals are favoured by nature, to survive and reproduce as compared to individuals which are not fit for that environment.

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Lamark theory of evolution

Achievements of Lamark Lamarkisim Jean Baptiste de Lamarck Jean Baptiste de Lamarck was born in France on 1744. He presented the ide...

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