Educational Wealth: chemistry

old papers-Ninth (2009 ) chemistry -Group 2-Lahore board

Abdullah 0 chemistry, lahore board, old papers Tuesday, June 03, 2014

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Old papers</h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0BiGzzTOIyswrK_b40Cu3Jj5S3YVIzgJ6EoS812Y17y-AsWMGj_xQfG4y0XT7WccXN3NSIRd5lpgtPOM3iSJnxSR2sxXlOCKuYktJq8zwON0aX80tdHD_dQTP95t85DVgIkcdwanoNjo/s1600/board.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0BiGzzTOIyswrK_b40Cu3Jj5S3YVIzgJ6EoS812Y17y-AsWMGj_xQfG4y0XT7WccXN3NSIRd5lpgtPOM3iSJnxSR2sxXlOCKuYktJq8zwON0aX80tdHD_dQTP95t85DVgIkcdwanoNjo/s1600-rw/board.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lahore board</td></tr>
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Ninth Lahore Board 2009    </h3>
 
Paper : chemistry                   (Obj. Type)                      Paper-I   
 Total Marks: 12                     Group-1I       Time Allowed: 15 Min .  
 Note:Use this paper to write the answers to the objective  
questions. No marks will be awarded for cutting, over-writing or using a pencil. This paper must be tagged with the answer- 
book.
1. Four possible answers arc given for the following questions. Tick mark (/) the correct answer: (12)  
 
(i) Who studied the process of electrolysis in detail:  
     (Newton ,Faraday ,Hess . Boyle)  
(ii) Formula Hydrogen sulphate radical is:- 
<div style="text-align: left;">
      (HS, HCO3,HSO3, HSO4) </div>
(iii) Who discovered neutron 
      (Dalton . Goldstein, Bohr, James Chadwick)  
(iv) The number of noble gases is 
       (2. 4. 6. 8)  
(v) Whose oxide will be amphoteric 
       (P , Na , Si, Al)  
(vi) Iilectroitcgitivii of fluorine is equal to:  
      (5 . 4 ,3 ,2 )  
 (vii)  Covalent liquids are:  
        Benzene . Ether . Benzene and Ether, None of these) 
 (viii) which o'ne is soluble in water:  
      (Kerosene oil . Chloroform . Methanol ,None of these) 
 (ix) How many types of electrochemical cells  are: 
        (I .2.3.4)  
(x) Urea is one:
(Strong electr lyte . Weak electrolyte  
      Non-electrolyte . None of these)  
(xi)  The colour of pH papei is: 
      (Blue . Red . Green . Yellow)   
(xii) Which gas is produced when carbon burns in oxygen:    
      (CH4,CO2,C2H4,C2H6)
 
 
 
 
                             Ninth Lahore Board 2009 
Paper: Chemistry           (Group-1I)                      (EssayType)  
Time Allowed: 1.45 Hours                                     Max. Marks: 48
Note:Attempt any FIFTEEN (15) questions front Part-1 and attempt any TWO questions from Part-11:                            
                                      (Part-I)  
2. Write any FIFTEEN (15) short answers of the following  
    questions:                                                   (30)  
(i) Define inorganic chemistry.  
(ii) According Jo scientific method, What is law?  
(iii) Describe ionization energy with one example.  
Civ) What is mole? How many moles are present in a mole?  
(v) Give two properties of cathode rays.  
(vi) What is meant by natural radioactivity?  
(vii) Define ionization energy, give units. 
(viii) Which transition element is present in ginger colour of the  
      hairs?  
(ix) What is amphoteric oxide. 
(x) What are co-ordinate covalent bonds? (give two examples.  
(xi)  Name the types of bond..  
(xii) Write a note on dipole-dipole forces.  
(xiii) Define boiling point.  
(xiv) What are hydrated ions? 
 (xv) What is the difference between solute and solvent 
 (xvi) Define unsaturated solution.  
(xvii) What is difference between electrolytic and voltaic cell?
(xviii) Write Faraday's first law of eleeirolysis.  
(xix) What is difference between strong and weak acid? Give one  
         example of each.  
(xx) Write two properties of acids.  
(xxi j Give two uses of sodium carbonate.  
(xxii) What is difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?  
PART - II  
Q: 3.  
(a) Whal is law of reciprocal proportions? fxplain wilh examples. 
(b) Write a note on super saturated solution. 4  
Q: 4. 
 (a) Write in detail the basic particles of an atom.               5 
 (b) What is electroplating? Describe the objectives of
electroplating. I  
Q: 5.  
{a) How a covalent bond is formed? Explain by giving examples. Write down the properties of covalent compounds.          5 
(b) Explain acidity of a base.                     4

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old papers-Ninth (2009 ) chemistry -Group 2-Lahore board

Old papers Lahore board Ninth Lahore Board 2009 Paper : chemistry ...

old papers-Ninth (2008 ) chemistry -Group 1-Lahore board

Abdullah 0 2008, chemistry, lahore board, Ninth chemistry, old papers Sunday, June 01, 2014

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Old papers</h2>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0BiGzzTOIyswrK_b40Cu3Jj5S3YVIzgJ6EoS812Y17y-AsWMGj_xQfG4y0XT7WccXN3NSIRd5lpgtPOM3iSJnxSR2sxXlOCKuYktJq8zwON0aX80tdHD_dQTP95t85DVgIkcdwanoNjo/s1600/board.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0BiGzzTOIyswrK_b40Cu3Jj5S3YVIzgJ6EoS812Y17y-AsWMGj_xQfG4y0XT7WccXN3NSIRd5lpgtPOM3iSJnxSR2sxXlOCKuYktJq8zwON0aX80tdHD_dQTP95t85DVgIkcdwanoNjo/s1600-rw/board.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lahore board</td></tr>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
 
Ninth Lahore Board 2008    </h3>
 
Paper : chemistry                   (Obj. Type)                      Paper-I   
 Total Marks: 12                     Group-1       Time Allowed: 15 Min .  
 Note:Use this paper to write the answers to the objective  
questions. No marks will be awarded for cutting, over-writing or using a pencil. This paper must be tagged with the answer- 
book.
1. Four possible answers arc given for the following questions. Tick mark (/) the correct answer: (12)  
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li> Flrdus -ul-Hikmat " was written by:                                             (a) Al Jahiz (b) A1 B run i
(c) Khalid Bin Yazeed                    (d)Abu Mansoor </li>
<li>Law of definite proportion was presented by:                             (a) Dalton (b) Joseph
(c) Lavoisier (d) Robert Boyle </li>
<li>Uranium was discovered by:                                                     (a) Madam Curie (b) I-Ienrj Bequeral
(c) Gold Stein               (d) William Crooks  </li>
<li>Number of elements in the 4th period of modern periodic table is:
(a) 18  (b) SO
(c) 10 (d) 219 </li>
<li> Triads were made by:                                                              
(a) Dobcreincr (b) Newlands
(c) Mosley (d) lothar Meyer </li>
<li>(vi) Bond which is formed by mutual sharing of elements between atom is                                                                             (a) Ionic bond  
(b) Covalent bond
(c) Metallic bond               (d) Coordinate covalent bond  </li>
<li>The temperature of a liquid at which its vapour prcssur&vaccumes equal to atmospheric or external pressure   is called:                                                                                   
(a) Melthing point (b) Boiling point
(c) Freezing point(d)Absolute temperature   </li>
<li>Solubility of sodium chloride in 100 gram water is:                  (a) 45.7g  (b) 35.7g
(c) 25.7g (d) 15.7g  </li>
<li>In 1887 Ionic Theory was given by:                                              (a) Lewis (b) Arrhenius
(c) Lowry (d) Kosscl </li>
<li>One Faraday has number of coulombs:                                         (a) 10000 (b) 98400
(c) 96500 (d) 94200 </li>
<li> Which one is called weak base:                                                    (a) Fc(OH), (b) NaOH
(c) Ca(OH) KOH  </li>
<li>During an endothermic reaction:                                                  (a) The apparatus used is cooled down
(b) The total energy of the reactant increases
(c) The total energy of product decreases  (d) Thc apparatus used is cooled down and total
energy of the reactant increases
</li>
</ol>
                             Ninth Lahore Board 2008  
Paper: Chemistry           (Group-1)                      (EssayType)  
Time Allowed: 1.45 Hours                                     Max. Marks: 48
Note:Attempt any FIFTEEN (15) questions front Part-1 and attempt any TWO questions from Part-11:                            
                                      (Part-I)  
2. Write any FIFTEEN (15) short answers of the following  
    questions:                                                   (30)   
(i) What is meant by scientific method ?  
(ii) Define the law according to scientific method.   
(iii) Define chemical formula and write down the
formula of any  
compound.   
(iv) Balance the equation:  
        Na2CO3+ NaCl    →

NaCl+H2O+CO2   
       
(v) What is valency and write  the valency of oxygen
and nitrogen?
(vi) Write down the chemical formula of the following compounds:
(a) Benzene (b) Ammonium sulphate  
(vii) What is meant by artificial radioacti^fy?  
(viii) Define atomic size. 
(ix) Define electron affinity.  
(x) Give two properties of covalent ompounds.  
(xi) Write two properties of  metals. 
(xii) Define sublimation.  
(xiii) What is meant by Brownian Movement?  
(xiv) Define standard solution.  
(xv) What is meant by Insolubility?  
(xvi) What is meant by concentration of saturated solution?  
(xvii) What is gram equivalent?  
(xviit) What are the properties of good conductor?  
(xix) What is the acidity of a base?  
(xx) What are the properties of lime and magnesia and write their formulas.  
(xxi) - Write some uses of potash alum.  
(xxii) What changes occur in environment during exothermic reaction?  
                                               (Part-II)  
Q:3.  
(a)Explain the law of multiple proportion with
the help of an example.                                                                 (5)  
(b) lOOg of sodium hydroxide are dissolved in
water and the volume of solution is made one dm  Determine the molarity of this solution.                                                                 (4)  
Q:4.  
(a) Describe Bohar's atomic model.                       (5)                      
(b) What arc the main points of Arrhenius Ionic
Theory?     (4)  
Q:5.  
(a) What do you understand by the term electro
negativity? How does it affect the molecular structure?  
Which of the following molecules arc polar:                          (5)   
                         CH4, HBr, H2O2, O2 
(b) Write short notes on the following:                                   (4)          
(i) Acidic salts (ii) pH scale
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old papers-Ninth (2008 ) chemistry -Group 1-Lahore board

Old papers Lahore board Ninth Lahore Board 2008 Paper : chemistry (Obj. Type)...

11th class question paper 2012 -chemistry Bise Lahore

Abdullah 0 2012, chemistry, inter, lahore board Thursday, March 27, 2014

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 Lahore board old papers</h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbUO3IxDsZ4PGmYqnEdabI5QSYskrhJh_kds1kapCp1N6J5Udbi2DGT7hBeD9_zhZt9XP6iynxIx_n81PKEbguXf75NiMYI5dmdXbmn7CH9GtEuRV_K3T-7f3vLNPyE8kjWp_MZzIHZPs/s1600/board.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbUO3IxDsZ4PGmYqnEdabI5QSYskrhJh_kds1kapCp1N6J5Udbi2DGT7hBeD9_zhZt9XP6iynxIx_n81PKEbguXf75NiMYI5dmdXbmn7CH9GtEuRV_K3T-7f3vLNPyE8kjWp_MZzIHZPs/s1600-rw/board.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bise Lahore</td></tr>
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  Inter (Part 1) Lahore Board 2012</h3>
 Chemistry Paper I                                        (Objective Type)

Time Allowed: 20 Minutes                                Max. Marks: 17
                                                  
(Group-I) 
 Note: Four possible answers A, B, C and D to each question are given. The choice which you think is correct, fill that circle in front of that question with Marker or Pen ink.  
Cutting or filling two or more circles will result in

zero mark in that question. Write the letter A, B, C

or D in the column (write correct option) against each question also. If there is a contradiction in the bubble and hand written answer, bubble option will be considered correct.  
Q. 1.1 .The mass of one mole of electrons is :  
           (A) 1.008 mg (B) 0.55 mg (C) 0.184mg (D)

1.673 mg 
 (2)     The number of moles of C02 which contain

8.0 g of oxygen   
           is:'

(A) 0.25 (B) 0.50 (C) 1.0 (D) 1.50  
(3)       The drying agent used in a desiccator is :  
           (A) AgCl (B) NlCf (C) CaCf2 (D) AfCf  
(4)       Pressure remaining constant, at which

temperature the  
           volume of a gas will become

twice of what it is at 0 °C 
           (A) 546°C (B) 200°C (C) 546 K (D) 273 K.  
 (5)      The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs is :  
          (A) 760 torr (B) 670 torr (C) 159 ton-

(D) 116 torr 
 (6)    The existence of an element in more than one

crystalline  
          form is called: 
         (A) Allotropy (B) Isotropy (C) Isomorphism

(D)  
         Polymorphism  
 (7)    Acetone and chloroform are soluble in each

other due to:  
         (A) Intermolecular hydrogen bonding

(B) Ion-dipole  
         interaction (C) Instantaneous

dipole (D) Covalent Bonding  
(8)     Nature of the positive rays depend on :  
         (A) The nature of  the cathode (B) The nature of

the  
              anode The nature of the  residual gas

(D) The nature of  
             the discharge tube  
 (9)   Splitting of spectral lines when atoms are

subjected to  
          strong electric field is called :  
          (A) Zeeman effect (B) Stark effect

(C) Compton effect  
          (D) Photoelectric effect  
(10) Which of the following molecule has

zero dipole moment:  
          (A) NH3 (B) CHCl3 (C) H2O (D) BF3 
 (11) The number of bonds in nitrogen molecule is:  
          (A) One sigma and one pi (B) One sigma and

two pi  
          (C) Three sigma only (D) Two sigma

and one pi  
 (12) If an endothermic reaction is allowed to take

place very rapidly  
         in the air, the temperature of

the surrounding an:  
         (A) Remain constant (B) Increases (C) Decreases 
         (D) Remain unchanged  
 (13) The term pH was introduced by:  
        (A) Henderson (B) Sorenson (C) Goldstein

(D) J.J. Thomson  
(14) Molarity of pure water is: 
         (A) 1 (B) 18 (C) 55.5 (D) 6

(15) The oxidation number of  
           chromium in

K2Gr2C7 is:

(A) 14 (B) 12 (C) 6 (D)13  
 (16) Reduction always takes place at:  
         (A) Anode (B) Cathode (C) Both electrodes

(D) Salt bridge  
(17) In zero order reaction, the rate is independent

of :  
        (A) Temperature of reaction

(B) Concentration of reactants  
        (C) Concentration of products

(D) Concentration of  
               reactants and products  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
                             Inter (Part-1) Lahore Board 2012 </h3>
Chemistry Paper I                                              (Essay Type)  
 Time Allowed: 2.40 Hours                                   Max.Marks: 68 
                                         (GROUP-I)  
                                         SECTION-I  
2. Write short answers to any EIGHT (8)

questions: 16 
 (i)   One mg of K2C1O4 has twice the number

of 'ions than the  
        number of formula units when

ionized.  
(ii)   4.9 g of H2S04 when completely ionized in

water have equal  
        number of positive and negative

charges but the number of  
        positively charged

ions are twice the number of negatively  
        charged

ions. 
 (iii) 23 g of sodium and 39 g of potassium have equal

number of   
        atoms in them.  
 (iv)  The desiccator is a safe and reliable method for

drying the  
         crystals. Explain.  
(v) Media which are used for filtration should be set

on the basis of  
        precipitates. Explain  
(vi) Hydrogen and Helium are ideal at room

temperature SO2 and Cl  
       are non-ideal. Explain 
 (vii) Pressure of NH3 gas at given condition

is less as calculated by  
        Van der Waals equation

than by general gas equation.  
(viii)  Water vapours do not behave ideally at 273 K.  
 (ix)  Some of the postulates of kinetic molecular

theory of gases are  
        faulty, Justify. 
 (x) Vacuum distillation can be used to avoid

decomposition of a  
        sensitive liquid. Explain. 
 (xi) Heat of sublimation of iodine is very high

Justify.  
 (xii) Earthenware vessels keep water cool. Explain.  
 Write short answers to any EIGHT (8)

questions : 16  
(i) State Pauli-exclusion Principle.

(ii)  
       Calculate mass of an electron when

e/m = l.758 x 10" C.kg -1  
(iii) What is “Moseley’s law"?  
(iv) Define “Dipole Moment” and give its SI unit.  
(v) What is octet rule? Give two examples of

compounds which  
       deviate from it. 
(vi) Draw labeled diagram of Bomb Calorimeter.  
(vii) Define standard enthalpy of formation with a

suitable example.

(viii) What are thermo chemical reaction, give their

types?  
(ix) Aqueous solution of Q1SO4 is acidic in nature.

Justify it.  
(x) Define “Ebullioscopic Constant” with one

example. 
(xi) Give two applications of electrochemical series.  
(xii) Define rate of chemical reactfon and give its

units.  
4. Write short answers to any SIX (6) questions :12  
(i) Explain why n - bonds are more diffused than a

bonds.  
(ii) The melting points, boiling points, heat of

vapourizations and  
       heat of sublimations of

electrovalent compounds are higher than  
       covalent

compounds. Explain.  
(iii) Explain the terms reversible reaction and state of

equilibrium.

(iv) The solubility of glucose in water is increased by

increasing the  
        temperature. Explain. 
(v) Define PH and POH.  
(vi) How does the change of pressure shifts the

equilibrium position  
      in the synthesis of ammonia?  
(vii) Explain how impure Cu can be purified by

electrolytic process.  
(viii) A salt bridge maintains the electrical neutrality

in the cell.  
        Explain. 
 (ix) Differentiate between enthalpy change of reaction

and energy  
        of activation of reaction.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
                                            (SECTION - II)</h3>
 Note: Attempt any THREE questions  
 1 . (a) What is difference between actual yield and

theoretical yield?  
            Why actual yield is less than

theoretical yield?              4 
      (b) Classify solids on the basis of bonding. How

ionic solids  
            are formed? Give two properties of

1001c

solids                            4  
2. (a) Write the main postulates of VSEPR theory

and explain the structure of ammonia on the basis

of this theory.                      4 
 (b) When 2.00 moles of H2 and 1.00 mole of 02

at 100°C and 1 torr pressure react to produce 2.00

moles of gaseous water, 484.5 KJ of energy is

evolved? What are the values of (i) AH (ii) AE for

the production of one mole of H20(g)?                                     4  
13. (a) 250 cm3 of a sample of hydrogen effuses four

times as rapidly as 250 cm3 of an unknown gas.

Calculate the molar mass of unknown gas.                                                                          4 
 (b) State and explain with an example, the

Hess’s law

of constant heat summation. .                                                                    4  
4.(a) Write a note on synthesis of ammonia gas by

Haber’s Process keeping in mind the applications

of chemical equilibrium in  
industry.                                                                                  4 
 (b) How can you measure electrode potential of an

element with the help of Standard Hydrogen

Electrode (SHE)?                     4  
5. (a) What are ideal solutions? Explain the fractional

distillation of ideal mixture of two liquids                                                      4 
 (b) How does Arrhenius equation help us to calculate

the energy of activation of a reaction?                                                           4  
                             <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/old-papers-inter-part-i-lahore-board_7095.html" target="_blank"> previous</a>............More Papers..............Next </div>

11th class question paper 2012 -chemistry Bise Lahore

Lahore board old papers Bise Lahore Inter (Part 1) Lahore Board 2012...

Invisible ink

Abdullah 0 chemistry, How to make Sunday, January 05, 2014

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How to make Invisible ink</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Preparation of tannic acid </h3>
In the manufacture of inks tannic acid is mixed with ferrous sulpate forming ferrous tannate which is nearly colourless but is readily oxidized to black insoluble ferric tannate by atmospheric oxygen.

Inks contain a protective colloid such as gum Arabic to make them more durable. A blue dye is also added in order to give the ink a dark colour.

When ink marks are made upon paper the colour is at first due to the dye, but

as soon as the ferrous tannate is oxidized an intense and lasting black colour is produced. Details of manufacture varied greatly with the type of ink being produced.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
How to make Blue Black Fountain Pen Ink </h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
 Material </h4>
Tannic acid 75g

Gallic acid 30g

Ferrous sulphate 100g

Hydrochloric acid (dilute) 75cm3

Gum Arabic 60g

Carbolic acid 15g

Phenol blue 15g

Distilled water to make 3dm3  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
 How to make Blue Black Ink </h3>
This ink is used to write on the paper.It is most famous ink  
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Preparation </h4>
 Dissolve tannic and gallic acid in 150 cm3 of warm water. Dissolve ferrous sulphate and gum Arabic in 600cm3 distilled water. Add the hydrochloric acid to it and immediately mix the two solutions. Add the carbolic acid, phenol blue and sufficient water to produce 3dm3 solution. Keep aside for a fortnight and then filter.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
How to make Royal Blue Pen Ink </h3>
 Ink blue A.S (colour) 15g

Methyl violet 5g

Ethylene glycol 20cm3

Acetone 10cm3

Phenol 1g

Carboxy methyl cellulose 1000cm3

Dissolve carboxy methyl cellulose in distilled water and keep it ready for use. In another pot dissolve the colours in 200cm3 of warm distilled . When the colours have completely dissolved, filter the solution. Mix this solution with the carboxy methyl cellulose solution and add the remaining ingredients. Stir will and keep aside for 10 days, then filter.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
How to make Ink Used to Write on Glass Surface </h3>
 With this ink we can write on the glass surface easily.Glass surface can destroy with common ink.
Raw Material

Chromic Oxide 10 parts

Lead borate 05 parts

Water 0.5 parts

Glycerine 0.5 parts

Alcohol 0.5 parts  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Method of Preparation</h3>
 An effective and permanent glass marketing ink is made by mixing 10 parts of chromic oxide with 5 parts of powdered lead borate, add this mixture to a solution containing water, alcohol and glycerine.

After applying the ink with a pen, the glass is warmed in the yellow flameof a Bunsen burner then heated to red hot in a blue flame. The glass is finally allowed to cool using the yellow flame to lower the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/temprature-of-earth.html" target="_blank">temperature</a> gradually. 
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
 How to make Invisible Ink </h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Raw Materials </h4>
Mercurous Nitrate 10 Parts

Water 100 Parts

Ammonia 30% 50 Parts  
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Method of Preparation</h4>
 Dissolve 10 parts of mercurous nitrate in 100 parts of water. Write down with this solution on a white paper. On drying the solution, the writing will not be visible. Now add 5 parts of 30% ammonia solution in a jar. On putting the written statement over the jar of ammonia solution, the writing will be visible due to the formation of black precipitate.</div>

Invisible ink

How to make Invisible ink Preparation of tannic acid In the manufacture of inks tannic acid is mixed with ferrous sulpate forming ferro...

paint and polish

Abdullah 0 chemistry, How to make Saturday, January 04, 2014

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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
How to make Paints </h3>
 Paint is defined as a mixture of pigment and binding medium which can be spread to a dry thin film to decorate or protect a surface. 
 
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht4c6ngiADfX73ToJC3RRgMAbhA6amX1DDCBaIi5CmDxVsMhCSEPaP7NYtIANjPvCrZFEa6ytk5RbD4s7cex_G-wws4aAScPo0q-nOEY5PvA6R7q7JduYz3nNBLAfwg-c1GQLhjMIiIzI/s1600/How+to+make+shoe+polish.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht4c6ngiADfX73ToJC3RRgMAbhA6amX1DDCBaIi5CmDxVsMhCSEPaP7NYtIANjPvCrZFEa6ytk5RbD4s7cex_G-wws4aAScPo0q-nOEY5PvA6R7q7JduYz3nNBLAfwg-c1GQLhjMIiIzI/s1600-rw/How+to+make+shoe+polish.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shoe polish</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
 
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 </h3>
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 </h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
  Raw Materials for Oil Paint </h3>
 A paint is basically a mixture of the following types of ingredients.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
 Pigment </h3>
 A pigment gives body and colour to the paint. Pigments can have different colours.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Drying oil </h3>
A drying oil is a liquid which absorbs oxygen as it dries up. It helps to spread the paint on a surface. Turpentine oil and tung oil or china wood oil are most common drying oils.  
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Thinner</h3>
 It is used to make the paint to spread easily. Usually petrol, xylol, benzene, turpentine oil, naphtha and rosin spirit are used as thinners. 
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
 Drying agent </h3>
 A chemical that speeds up drying. It acts as an oxygen carrier and used in small quantities from 0.5% to 2% of the oil.Mn02, Pb02, PbO are the common driers used. They accelerate the drying of the film through oxidation. Paints containing lead are dangerous because they flake off and mix with dust. This is particularly a problem in homes where the paint is old.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Fillers: </h3>
 China clay or BaS04 are added to the pigments to increase their durability
. 
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
 Making of Paints</h3>
 Paint making is a matter of dispersing pigments in liquids like resins and solvents. For oil based paints, the dispersion of the pigments in the liquid is done by grinding them together. The dry material with some oil are added to the ball mill which is then rotated for hours. The grinding action of the balls against each other produces a smooth dispersion of the paint. The paint is then filtered to remove any coarse particles. The final products is packed in metal canes. 
Water paints or Distempers

These are water paints containing pigments like ZnO, glue and resin. A good paint should resist the effects of light and heat. It should resist the action of acids, alkalies and the atmospheric oxygen. It should not be affected by the atmospheric changes such as rain and seasonal temperature variation.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
How to make Varnish </h3>
Varnish is a colloidal solution used to protect and decorate wood surfaces. It dries by evaporation, oxidation and polymerization. 
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
 Raw Materials of varnish</h3>
One part Hard dark amber gum China wood oil Parts Linseed oil Two Parts Spirit seven Parts 
 Preparation of Varnish

Amber gum is heated to a temperature of 650°C in an iron kettle. It is then cooled to 500°C and china wood oil is added. The mixture is again heated to 560°C and linseed oil is added. It is cooled to room temperature and spirit is added. This varnish will dry to touch in about 4 hours and hard in about 8 hours. Varnish differs from paints in the sense that varnish does not contain plastisizers and pigments. Spirit varnishes are those in which a volatile liquid such as alcohol is used as a solvent for the resin.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
How to make Polish </h3>
 Generally black and dark brown shoe polishes are used for the protection of shoes from water and weather. Table Constituents of Dark Brown Polish 1 Bismarck Brown 15% 2 Pearl Ash (Potassium Carbonate) 57.5% 3 Turpentine Oil 17.5% 4 Palm Oil or Soap 10% 5 Optical Brightner As required 
 Pure Bee's Wax

It maintains the softness and shine in the polish.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
CarnaubaWax </h3>
 It prevents the extra softness of the shoe polish and gives it proper hardness.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Turpentine Oil </h3>
It keeps the softness of shoe polish and prevents it from drying. More over it helps in the absorption of shoe polish in leather.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Preparation of Shoe Polish</h3>
 Pure bee's wax is heated slowly on a water-bath. As soon as it is melted turpentine oil is added to it. The mixture is homogenized and cooled with stirring. Caustic soda is heated in a minimum quantity of water to make a lye. This lye is added to the above mixture with vigorous stirring.  
When it becomes thick nigrosine oil is added to it and stirring continued till it gains the desired thickness. In case of dark brown polish, a concentrated solution of bismarck brown, and pearl ash (potassium carbonate) is prepared in water and other components are added with stirring. Shoe polish is covered with a thin foil of zinc or aluminium to prevent any loss of turpentine oil.</div>

paint and polish

How to make Paints Paint is defined as a mixture of pigment and binding medium which can be spread to a dry thin film to decorate or pr...

Ozone

Abdullah 0 Article, chemistry Saturday, January 04, 2014

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Ozone layer </h2>
 Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen. Ozone molecule consists of three oxygen atoms joined together by covalent bonds.

Ozone is prepared commercially by passing ultraviolet radiation or silent electric current through normal oxygen.

Ozone is a faintly blue gas. It has a disagreeable odour. We may detect its odour around electrical equipments and flourescent lights.

Ozone is much more reactive than ordinary oxygen. It spontaneously reverts back to diatomic oxygen releasing extra atom of oxygen.

These released oxygen atoms are very reactive. They pair to form normal oxygen molecule, but if another substance is present during the reaction, they will react with it. 
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
 uses of Ozone </h3>
 Ozone is used for disinfecting water supplies. Ozone is used to sterilize air in crowded spaces such as underground railway stations and slaughter houses Ozone releases atomic pxyggn so it is used as ajbleaching agent. It bleaches organic dyes.

The atmosphere around us is divided into four layers.

Troposphere ,Stratosphere ,Mesosphere Thermosphere.

Ozone is present in the following two layers.  
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Troposphere </h3>
It is the layer very close to earth in which we live. It extends up to twenty kilometers. It contains traces of ozone.  
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Stratosphere </h3>
 It is present 20-40 km above the earth. Ozone is present in this layer at height of about 8 kilometers. The concentration of ozone in this layer is_10 parts per million.High energy racfiation coming from the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/sun-and-its-rays.html" target="_blank">sun</a> convert oxygen in stratosphere to ozone forming a layer of ozone in stratosphere.

Ultraviolet radiation present in sunlight are highly damaging for the living tissues of plants and animals. Ozone is very important to us because these harmful ultraviolet radiation are absorbed by this layer before they reached the surface of <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank">earth</a> . 
Biologists believe that living organisms appeared on land only after the formation of sufficient ozone in the stratosphere about 600 million years ago.Scientista have expressed their concern about tbe Repletion of ozone layer. Increased quantities of chloro fluoro carbons (CCI3F, CCI2F2) being used in aerosol sprays, refrigerators and in air-conditioners, are very stable compounds and remain unchanged in the lower atmosphere.  
When these chloro fluoro carbons are carried by convection currents to the stratosphere they absorb ultraviolet radiation and react with ozone.

The chlorine atoms which are used in the second step are regenerated in third step. So chlorine atoms act as catalyst for the decomposition of ozone.  
The aircrafts flew through Antarctic stratosphere (Ozone Hole) measuring the quantity of CIO. Researchers found that where ever ozone is depleted in stratosphere chlorine monoxoide (CIO) appears, as expected if chlorine atoms are catalysing the reaction. The chloro fluoro carbons are the suspected source of these chlorine atoms.

</div>

Ozone

Ozone layer Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen. Ozone molecule consists of three oxygen atoms joined together by covalent bonds. Oz...

How to prepare soaps

Abdullah 0 chemistry, How to make, soaps Saturday, January 04, 2014

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Preparation of soap </h2>
 Soaps are the metal (commonly sodium or potassium) salts of long chain fatty acids mainly palmitic (C15H31COOH), stearic (C17H35COOH) and oleic (C17H33COOH) acids.  
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Raw Materials</h4>
 Tallow is the principal fatty material in soap making. Other than tallow any vegetable oil, e.g; cotton seed oil, linseed oil or palm oil may also be used.

Caustic soda (NaOH) or Caustic potash (KOH).

Most of the soaps now-a-days are made commercially in large units called “kettles” similar to the one shown in figure . Animal fat or tallow is placed at the bottom of the large tank and alkali (NaOH) is added. The reaction which follows is called sapon keeps on floating at the top.

Glycerine and salt solution is drained off from the bottom of the tank from which glycerine is recovered as a by-product.  
 
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Laundry Soap </h3>
 The solid soap is mixed with a resin and more caustic soda solution is added and heated again. The molten mixture on cooling is moulded into cakes.

Sodium silicate, washing soda and sodium phosphate are also added to this soap to increase its weight and to improve its quality. 
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
 Toilet Soap </h3>
 Toilet soap is prepared from a good quality fat or edible oil. The moisture is removed from soap by passing it through hot rollers and then desired colour and perfume are added.  
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Kitchen Soap</h3>
 The Kitchen soap contains finely divided sand and washing soda. It is used forwashing utensils.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Shaving Cream </h3>
 Shaving cream or soap is produced by the saponification of good quality animal fat or edible oil with potassium hydroxide (caustic potash). It also contains some extra quantity of stearic acid to prevent soap from drying. 
 Detergents  
 Detergents are the salts of organic sulphonic acids. The general formula of a detergent is R-C6H4-S03Na+ (sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate).

All these detergents contains a polar group,

Examples

Sodium lauryl sulphate

Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate

Detergents when dissolved in water reduce the intermolecular attractive forces between water molecules.  
Therefore, water containing some detergent enters into the clothes with greater ease and cleans them by removing dust and grease etc. from the surface.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
 Plastic </h3>
 Plastics are synthetic resins which are rapidly becoming important in everyday life.

These are classified into two types:  
 Thermoplastics  
Thermosetting plastics  
 
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Thermoplastics </h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
 These are the plastics which can easily be softened when heated and become hard when cooled with a little change in their properties. When heated they melt and form a fluid which can be moulded into any desired shape and then cooled to get the desired product. Common examples are polythene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride etc. </div>
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Thermosetting Plastics</h3>
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 These are the plastics which undergo permanent change on heating. When heated they get highly cross linked to form hard, infusible products. Common examples are bakelite, melamine etc.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
 Methods of preparation and uses of plastics </h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Polythene</h4>
<div style="text-align: left;">
 It is prepared by the polymerization of ethjfrie under high pressure and in the presence of traces of oxygen (0.01 %) </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
 nCH2 = CH2 ► —{-H2C— CH2)t- </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
It is used in the manufacture of pipes, laboratory apparatus, bottles, buckets, toys and electrical insulators. </div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
 
Polyvinyl chloride

(PVC) </h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
It is prepared by the polymerization of vinyl chloride (CH2=CHCI) in an autoclave
PVC is used:

in the manufacture of rain coats and hand bags.

for artificial flooring.

as a good insulating material for wires and other electrical goods. </div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Polystyrene </h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
 It is prepared by the polymerization of styrene in the presence of benzoyl neroxide. It is resistant to shock and chemical action.

It is used for:

making hot drink cups, toys, combs, etc.

making radio and television bodies.

Making tiles to be used in covering ceilings and floors.

Teflon (Polytetrafluoroethylene)

It is prepared by the polyemerization oftetrafluoroethylene.
Pressure

It is used in the manufacture of non-stick utensils. </div>
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Bakelite</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
 It is prepared by the polymerization of phenol and formaldehyde.

It is used for making combs, fountain pens, formica, tabletops and electrical goods.

</div>
</div>

How to prepare soaps

Preparation of soap Soaps are the metal (commonly sodium or potassium) salts of long chain fatty acids mainly palmitic (C15H31COOH), s...

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Invisible ink

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Ozone

How to prepare soaps

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