Solved Assignment # 2 Course:1431 Semester: Spring, 2022 Level: BA

<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Solved Assignments : 1431<br clear="all" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;" /></span></b></span></p><h2><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Total Marks: 100<span>                                                                             </span>Pass Marks: 40</span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">                                                          Assignment no. 2</span><br /></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyBngOYb6ZUgvG7F2JdBClFhotns9DXAViPqkGt2cqsUsOxtoJNzhsREWCZ-AAn-b5XKJvHcvJIVGvWheiLWIqJ6uNIp4lvgMfTzU1ajHm6AdvsabubV9WZwrf3y_o4XsYkgAhUi2xa1FmfmWnODidYPrGrGZQUcmhhkTRQqCi0Zz313hOIIgLfiI9/s233/indexggggggggggggggggg.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="233" height="216" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyBngOYb6ZUgvG7F2JdBClFhotns9DXAViPqkGt2cqsUsOxtoJNzhsREWCZ-AAn-b5XKJvHcvJIVGvWheiLWIqJ6uNIp4lvgMfTzU1ajHm6AdvsabubV9WZwrf3y_o4XsYkgAhUi2xa1FmfmWnODidYPrGrGZQUcmhhkTRQqCi0Zz313hOIIgLfiI9/s1600-rw/indexggggggggggggggggg.jpg" width="233" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Question no 1: Answer the following questions properly:<br />(a) Explain the important features of spreadsheet package.</b></span><br /></h2></div><div style="text-align: left;">Answer:<br />Spreadsheet software is used to store, organize and analyze data. Most of the time, the data that is entered is numerical, though spreadsheets can also store addresses and contact information.<br /><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Features of spreadsheet software</span><br /></h2></div><div style="text-align: left;">When most people think of spreadsheets, they think of data entry and simple calculations. But modem spreadsheet software is more than a financial tool. These applications serve as a robust way to help collect, organize and analyze important business data. While every product is different, most come standard with these features:<br /><b>Rows and columns</b><br />Through a spreadsheet’s grid system of rows and columns, all of your information is neatly organized in one easy-to-read space.<br /><b>Formulas and functions</b><br />A spreadsheet allows you to design unique formulas to give you insight into your data. Many of these functions can easily be used and displayed by either building a custom formula or function, or using one of the software’s preset options. This<br />not only saves you time but also makes your data more accessible so you can use it to inform your decisions.<br />In a spreadsheet, functions evaluate values, while formulas are used to express the relationship of two or more cells in that spreadsheet, using an equal sign. The most commonly used formulas include basic arithmetic, such as addition, subtraction and multiplication. Frequently used functions include sum, average, count, and the minimum and maximum functions. There are more advanced functions that help you manipulate variables, large sets of data and amounts of time.<br /><b>Data filtering and visualization</b><br />You can create tables, dropdown lists, filters and other tools to organize the information in your spreadsheet. Most spreadsheet software also comes with built-in tools to showcase your data visually, including bar charts, graphs and pie charts in a variety of styles and colors.<br /><b>Custom formatting</b><br />With a few simple clicks, you can apply different formatting to separate information, create headers, merge cells into larger boxes and otherwise customize the look and feel of your spreadsheet. You can also use conditional formatting features to change the color or text style of a cell when certain information is present or missing. This can help you keep tabs on specific information at a quick glance, instead of combing through each individual cell to find what you need.<br />While spreadsheets originated in the world of finance, today’s software does more than track your budget. If used correctly, it can perform many tasks that save you time and money. It can allow employees to work more efficiently, giving you and your team a better workflow. Here are some common functions a spreadsheet can serve for a business:<br /><b>Accounting</b><br />Spreadsheets can keep track of simple numerical data such as your budget, but you can also use them to implement whole accounting systems. You can use a spreadsheet to keep track of invoices you send customers and ones you receive<br />from vendors. You can also use them to track employee wages, including overtime, paid time off and sick leave.<br />Analytics<br />Using the data you input into your spreadsheet, you can organize and analyze it in various ways. You can make predictions about how your company will scale based on current data or create simulations with different variables to see different outcomes. With this analytical functionality, you can make informed decisions for your company that are grounded in data.<br /><b>Presentations</b><br />Data can often be complex and hard to explain. With so many different variables and numbers, it’s difficult to share your findings and information verbally. Using spreadsheets and their graphic abilities, you can easily display and explain large, complex amounts of data in an easy-to-digest visual format that’s perfect for presentations, landing pages and more.<br /><b>Project management</b><br />If you’re using a cloud-based tool, you can use spreadsheet software as a centralized place for employees to collaborate on projects and track progress. Using conditional formatting and data validation lists, spreadsheets can be set up to visually represent project statuses and who’s working on which tasks.<br />When it comes time to choose spreadsheet software for your business, one or two programs may come to mind. However, there are many different types of spreadsheet applications that offer different advantages depending on the user.<br />(b)Defme system performance measures & process management tools in detail.<br />Performance management helps organizations become more successful and stay ahead of the competition. It essentially involves measuring, reporting and managing progress in order to improve performance, both at an individual level, and at a corporate level. There are many, many performance management tools designed to make the process easier and more effective. KPIs and metrics<br />provide a way to measure how well companies, business units, projects or individuals are performing in relation to their strategic goals and objectives. But the primary value of KPIs is not in measurement per se, but in enabling rich data- driven performance conversations and better decision making. Measuring everything that moves provides little more than an illusion that performance is being managed. Instead, it’s important to ask, “What goal will this KPI help my organization achieve, or what problem will it resolve?” and “What decisions will the KPI help drive?” Well-designed KPIs should be vital navigational instruments, giving a clear picture of current levels of performance and whether the business is where it needs to be.<br /><b>Performance appraisals</b><br />Alongside KPIs, performance appraisals are probably the most commonly used performance management tool. When used properly, performance appraisals are incredibly powerful for aligning the goals of individuals with the strategic aims of the organization. To get the most out of this tool, however, employees must feel that the appraisal process is a regular, honest, fair and constructive two-way conversation. If not, appraisals can be a powerful de-motivator, leading to a decline in performance. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>360 degree feedback</b><br />This tool is all about answering the question, “How well are our people performing in the eyes of those who have a stake in their performance?” It provides individuals with a broad assessment of their performance based on the views of those around them, including their supervisor or manager, direct reports, peers, customers, suppliers, and so on. Results are confidentially tallied and presented to the employee, usually by a manager. The insights from 360 degree feedback are typically used in employee training and development. Done well, 360 degree feedback helps to democratize the review process, by weighing the opinions of many people, instead of just the individual’s line manager. Management by objectives (MBO)<br />MBO is the process of defining specific objectives and then setting out how to achieve each individual objective. It’s particularly powerful for specific work that needs to be done one step at a time, and is a great way to create a culture of working towards common goals. The idea is that, as each objective is achieved,<br />those within the organization are aware of their achievements, which, in turn, boosts morale and motivation. MBO involves measuring individual performance and comparing it with standards that have been set.<br />When employees feel that good performance goes unrecognized and unrewarded, motivation plummets, and people disengage from the company’s overall mission. Reward and recognition programmes are therefore an important part of any thorough performance management system, creating a method for celebrating those who are high performers. For many companies, this means dishing out financial rewards, such as bonuses, but simple praise and recognition of a job well done is just as important for maintaining morale and continued high performance.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Question no 2: Define the term operating system.</h3>Answer:<br />An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all of the other application programs in a computer. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface, such as a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical UI (GUI)<br />An operating system brings powerful benefits to computer software and software development. Without an operating system, every application would need to include its own UI, as well as the comprehensive code needed to handle all low- level functionality of the underlying computer, such as disk storage, network interfaces and so on. Considering the vast array of underlying hardware available, this would vastly bloat the size of every application and make software development impractical.<br />Instead, many common tasks, such as sending a network packet or displaying text on a standard output device, such as a display, can be offloaded to system software that serves as an intermediary between the applications and the hardware. The system software provides a consistent and repeatable way for </div><div style="text-align: left;">applications to interact with the hardware without the applications needing to know any details about the hardware.<br />As long as each application accesses the same resources and services in the same way, that system software — the operating system — can service almost any number of applications. This vastly reduces the amount of time and coding required to develop and debug an application, while ensuring that users can control, configure and manage the system hardware through a common and well- understood interface.<br />Once installed, the operating system relies on a vast library of device drivers to tailor OS services to the specific hardware environment. Thus, every application may make a common call to a storage device, but the OS receives that call and uses the corresponding driver to translate the call into actions (commands) needed for the underlying hardware on that specific computer. Today, the operating system provides a comprehensive platform that identifies, configures and manages a range of hardware, including processors; memory devices and memory management; chipsets; storage; networking; port communication, such as Video Graphics Array (VGA), High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and Universal Serial Bus (USB); and subsystem interfaces, such as Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe).<br />An operating system provides three essential capabilities: It offers a UI through a CLI or GUI; it launches and manages the application execution; and it identifies and exposes system hardware resources to those applications — typically, through a standardized API.<br />UI. Every operating system requires a UI, enabling users and administrators to interact with the OS in order to set up, configure and even troubleshoot the operating system and its underlying hardware. There are two primary types of UI available: CLI and GUL<br />An operating system handles the launch and management of every application. This typically supports an array of behaviors, including timesharing multiple processes, or threads, so that various tasks can share the available processors' time; handling interruptions that applications produce to gain a processor's immediate attention, ensuring there is enough memory to execute the application and its corresponding data without interfering with other processes<br />(b) Explain the different functions of an operating system in detail.<br />Important functions of an operating System:<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Security -<br /></h3></div><div style="text-align: left;">The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other techniques, it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.<br />Control over system performance<br />Monitors overall system health to help improve performance, records the response time between service requests and system response to having a complete view of the system health. This can help improve performance by providing important information needed to troubleshoot problems.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Job accounting</h3>Operating system Keeps track of time and resources used by various tasks and users, this information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user or group of users. Error detecting aids. The operating system constantly monitors the system to detect errors and avoid the malfunctioning of a computer system.<br />Coordination between other software and users -<br />Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers, and other software to the various users of the computer systems.<br />Memory Management<br />The operating system manages the Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is made up of a large array of bytes or words where each byte or word is assigned a certain address. Main memory is fast storage and it can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed, it should be first loaded in the main memory. An Operating System performs the following activities for<br />It keeps track of primary memory, i.e., which bytes of memory are used by which user program. The memory addresses that have already been allocated and the memory addresses of the memory that has not yet been used. In multiprogramming, the OS decides the order in which processes are granted access to memory, and for how long. It Allocates the memory to a process when<br />the process requests it and deallocates the memory when the process has terminated or is performing an I/O operation.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Processor Management</h3>In a multi-programming environment, the OS decides the order in which processes have access to the processor, and how much processing time each process has. This function of OS is called process scheduling. An Operating System performs the following activities for processor management.<br />Keeps track of the status of processes. The program which performs this task is known as a traffic controller. Allocates the CPU that is a processor to a process. De-allocates processor when a process is no more required.<br />Device Management<br />An OS manages device communication via their respective drivers. It performs the following activities for device management. Keeps track of all devices connected to the system. Designates a program responsible for every device known as the Input/output controller. Decides which process gets access to a certain device and for how long. Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way. Deallocates devices when they are no longer required.<br />File Management<br />A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy navigation and usage. These directories may contain other directories and other files. An Operating System carries out the following file management activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user access settings and status of every file, and more... These facilities are collectively known as the file system.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Question no 3: Differentiate between Simplex, Half Duplex and Full Duplex with the help of proper examples.</h3>Answer:<br />There are three modes of transmission, namely: simplex, half-duplex, and full- duplex. The transmission mode defines the direction of signal flow between two connected devices.<br />The primary difference between the three modes of transmission is that in a simplex mode of transmission the communication is unidirectional, or one-way; whereas in the half-duplex mode of transmission the communication is two- directional, but the channel is interchangeably used by both of the connected devices. On the other hand, in the full-duplex mode of transmission, the communication is bi-directional or two-way, and the channel is used by both of the connected devices simultaneously.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Simplex<br /></h3></div><div style="text-align: left;">In simplex transmission mode, the communication between sender and receiver occurs in only one direction. The sender can only send the data, and the receiver can only receive the data. The receiver cannot reply to the sender.<br />Simplex transmission can be thought of as a one-way road in which the traffic travels only in one direction—no vehicle coming from the opposite direction is allowed to drive through.<br />To take a keyboard/monitor relationship as an example, the keyboard can only send the input to the monitor, and the monitor can only receive the input and display it on the screen. The monitor cannot reply, or send any feedback, to the keyboard. Example of Simplex mode of transmission are Keyboard and monitor.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Advantage of Simplex mode</h3><h3 style="text-align: left;">The full capacity of the transmission medium is used by the sender.<br /></h3></div><div style="text-align: left;">It is a very simple way of transmission.<br />It has no traffic issues.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Disadvantages of Simplex Mode</h3>There is only one way of transmission<br />There is ni bidirectional communication is possible.<br />Two devices cannot communicate in simplex mode.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>Half Duplex</b></h3>The communication between sender and receiver occurs in both directions in half-duplex transmission, but only one at a time. The sender and receiver can both send and receive the information, but only one is allowed to send at any given time. Half-duplex is still considered a one-way road, in which a vehicle travelling in the opposite direction of the traffic has to wait till the road is empty before it can pass through.<br />For example, in walkie-talkies, the speakers at both ends can speak, but they have to speak one by one. They cannot speak simultaneously.<br />Advantages of Half-Duplex Mode<br />Speed is a big advantage of a full-duplex.<br />The device can receive and send data, but not at the same time.<br />Troubleshooting is very easy<br />Data is transmitted in both sides<br />It provides bidirectional communication.<br />Disadvantages of Half Duplex mode<br />In a half-Duplex, mode data cannot be transmitted in both side in the same time When one device sending data, the device on the other hand only receive data.<br />It is slow in data transmission.<br />Delay in data transmission.<br />Full Duplex<br />In full-duplex transmission mode, the communication between sender and receiver can occur simultaneously. The sender and receiver can both transmit and receive at the same time. The full-duplex transmission mode is like a two- way road, in which traffic can flow in both directions at the same time.<br />For example, in a telephone conversation, two people communicate, and both are free to speak and listen at the same time.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Advantages of Full-duplex Mode<br /></h3></div><div style="text-align: left;">Performance of full-duplex mode is much better than half and simplex mode.<br />The speed of full-duplex mode is high than simplex and half-duplex mode.<br />Data can be sent and receive on both sides, which increases the performance of the network.<br />No delay in communication, because both devices send and receive data at the same time.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Disadvantages of Full-duplex Mode</h3>No proper bandwidth utilization as the same line is used for sending and receiving data at the same time.<br />It is more complex than a simplex and half-duplex mode<br />Key Differences of the Three Transmission Modes<br />In simplex mode, the signal is sent in one direction. In half duplex mode, the signal is sent in both directions, but one at a time. In full duplex mode, the signal is sent in both directions at the same time.<br />In simplex mode, only one device can transmit the signal. In half duplex mode, both devices can transmit the signal, but one at a time. In full duplex mode, both devices can transmit the signal at the same time.<br />Full duplex performs better than half duplex, and half duplex in turn performs better than simplex.<br />Simplex: The keyboard sends the command to the monitor. The monitor cannot reply to the keyboard.<br />Half duplex: Using a walkie-talkie, both speakers can communicate, but they have to take turns.<br />Full duplex: Using a telephone, both speakers can communicate at the same time.<br />The full duplex transmission mode offers the best performance among the three, on account of the fact that it maximises the amount of bandwidth available. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Question no 4: Write short notes (in your own words) on the following topics:</h3>(a) Multimedia Software </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />Answer:<br />Multimedia software is defined as the combination of text, audio, images, animation, or video to produce interactive content. Learn about media players, file formats, and how to work with audio and video software.<br />In the early days of computing, most of the information consisted of text and numbers. Since those early days, however, photos, audio and video have become a very important part of using computer systems. Almost every website you visit uses some form of audio-visuals. Many of the posts to social media use imagery. Services such as Netflix and YouTube now account for a substantial portion of the world's Internet traffic.<br />Multimedia refers to content that that uses a combination of different forms, as opposed to text-only content. Multimedia describes the combination of text, audio, images, animation, video, and other types of interactive content. This lesson will look in more detail at the use of audio and video.<br />There are two general categories of audio and video software: media players that only provide playback options and software that can be used to record and edit audio and video.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Media Players</h3>A media player is a software application for playing back multimedia files, including audio and/or video. Most media players can play both audio only and video (with sound), although there are a small number of players that focus one type, known as audio players or video players.<br />Media players typically use icons, which have their origin in tape recorders and disk players. Typical control buttons include Play, Pause, Stop, Fast Forward, Rewind, and others. Now add in options to control volume, and you have a very intuitive interface that is easy to use.<br />Most operating systems have a default multimedia player built in. For example, Windows includes Windows Media Player and Mac OS includes QuickTime and iTunes. However, there are many other types of media players.<br />A recent trend is for media players to be integrated with services that provide content. For example, you can use the player to connect to online stores for music, movies and TV shows, or you can connect to streaming services. iTunes is one of the most popular of these types of media players, but numerous others have emerged as online media consumption has increased.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Audio Software</h3>Software to record and edit audio is often referred to as a digital audio editor. High-end systems for professionals are also called digital audio workstations.<br />Audio can consist of only spoken text, such as the narration of this video, or include music and other sound effects. A digital audio editor typically contains functions for the following tasks:<br />Record audio from a variety of different input sources<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Mix multiple tracks into one output track</h3>Apply effects, such as noise reduction and equalization, to improve the quality Edit sound clips by cutting out certain parts, switching the order of clips, etc. Convert between a variety of different formats<br />Some of the most widely used audio software applications include Audacity by the Audacity Team, Audition by Adobe, Garage Band by Apple and ProTools by Avid - but there are many others.<br />Video Software<br />Video editing software consists of software for the post-production of video editing. The source material is collected by digital video cameras, and this is imported into the software for editing.<br />Most modem video editing software uses a technique known as non-linear editing (NLE). Before digital video, traditional editing tools for celluloid film consisted of cutting and pasting film segments in the linear sequence in which the </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />Q3<br />materials were recorded. In a digital workflow, the raw video material can be imported and broken up into sections known as clips - these clips can be modified by trimming, splicing and cutting, and then arranged in a new sequence. Typically, a series of clips is laid out in a work area and then dragged into a timeline representing a draft of the final video. Once the editor is happy with the result, the series of clips is exported to a new video file.<br />(b)Graphics, Text, Video Games and Animations<br />In general terms, the word “graphic” refers to any visual representation of data and includes a variety of forms including drawings, photographs, line art, graphs, diagrams, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, and engineering drawings. Graphics may be images only or may also include text and they can be used for decorative or functional purposes, including educating, informing, illustrating, or entertaining.<br />When applied to computers, the term graphics is commonly used to refer to 2D digital images that are displayed, stored, created, or edited on a computer. There are two types of computer graphics; bitmap graphics and vector graphics, both of which can be used when designing templates for label printing. Computer graphics deals with generating images with the aid of computers. Today, computer graphics is a core technology in digital photography, film, video games, cell phone and computer displays, and many specialized applications. A great deal of specialized hardware and software has been developed, with the displays of most devices being driven by computer graphics hardware. It is a vast and recently developed area of computer science. The phrase was coined in 1960 by computer graphics researchers Verne Hudson and William Fetter of Boeing. It is often abbreviated as CG, or typically in the context of film as computer generated imagery (CGI). The non-artistic aspects of computer graphics are the subject of computer science research<br />Text graphics in video are all the rage right now.<br />We’ve seen them used as a way to tell a story, be more visually appealing, and break up what can often be a very long-winded talk. Text graphics have been shown to improve viewer engagement, make information easier to process, and help people find their place in the presentation.<br />Text graphics can help to tell a story or explain something that might not be clear from just audio alone.<br />The way we consume information is changing, and visuals are becoming more popular. Companies are creating text graphics in the video for their marketing campaigns.<br />Video games and animations:<br />Video game animation is the art of animating characters and objects in video games. Video games are changing rapidly as technology advances, so creating a well-animated sequence for them requires both artistic talent and knowledge of computers and their developments.<br />Programmers can create video game animations for basic movements. The same applies to professional animators who add personality through facial expressions and emotions. Video game animations must be efficient because they are often created by a team or large group of animators to fit all of the characters and actions in a small amount of memory.<br />The concept exists in two categories, “in-game” or “cutscene” animations that the creator use to develop characters and story as you play, and pre-rendered or real-time animations that take more time but may be useful for the most dramatic sequences. Of course, video games design has animation in mind, and so it creates unique challenges for those tasked to create the character’s movement.<br />Video game animation has become increasingly popular because of the complexity of video game characters in recent years. Video game animations are products of a technique called additive animation. This is when creators put together several images or drawings together to create movement and action.<br />They are produced on computers using various software, from simple programs like Microsoft PowerPoint to specialized 3D modeling applications such as Autodesk Maya Studio. Unfortunately, video game animations can take a long time to produce because of the immense detail required.<br />The end products may include cut scenes, pre-rendered animations that play before or after levels or during story points, and in-game animations used for movement when playing the game. Video game animations can be produced by a<br />team of animators working together but are often work of one animator using a program such as Adobe Flash, which allows for quick corrections where needed.<br />Question no 5: What are the important characteristics of a programming language? Define it in detail with the help of different examples.<br />Answer:<br />A computer is a device that can accept human instruction, processes it, and responds to it or a computer is a computational device that is used to process the data under the control of a computer program. Program is a sequence of instruction along with data.<br />The basic components of a computer are:<br />• Input unit<br />• Central Processing Unit(CPU)<br />• Output unit<br />• The CPU is further divided into three parts-<br />• Memory unit<br />• Control unit<br />• Arithmetic Logic unit<br />Most of us have heard that CPU is called the brain of our computer because it accepts data, provides temporary memory space to it until it is stored(saved) on the hard disk, performs logical operations on it and hence processes(here also means converts) data into information. We all know that a computer consists of hardware and software. Software is a set of programs that performs multiple tasks together. An operating system is also software (system software) that helps humans to interact with the computer system.<br />A program is a set of instructions given to a computer to perform a specific operation, or computer is a computational device that is used to process the data under the control of a computer program. While executing the program, raw data<br />is processed into the desired output format. These computer programs are written in a programming language which are high-level languages. High level languages are nearly human languages that are more complex than the computer understandable language which are called machine language, or low level language. So after knowing the basics, we are ready to create a very simple and basic program. Like we have different languages to communicate with each other, likewise, we have different languages like C, C++, C#, Java, python, etc to communicate with the computers. The computer only understands binary language (the language of O’s and l’s) also called machine-understandable language or low-level language but the programs we are going to write are in a high-level language which is almost similar to human language.<br />The piece of code given below performs a basic task of printing “hello world! I am learning programming” on the console screen. We must know that keyboard, scanner, mouse, microphone, etc are various examples of input devices, and monitor(console screen), printer, speaker, etc are examples of output devices. There have been many programming languages some of them are listed below:<br />C<br />c#<br />COBOL<br />Fortran<br />True BASIC<br />QBASIC<br />Turbo Pascal<br />LISP<br />Python<br />R<br />ADA<br />BASIC<br />Visual BASIC<br />PureBASIC<br />GO<br />SCALA<br />C++<br />Ruby<br />Java<br />Altair BASIC<br />GW BASIC<br />PASCAL<br />ALGOL<br />Swift<br />Rust<br />Racket<br />Perl </div><div style="text-align: left;">Prolog<br />Reia </div><h2 style="text-align: left;"> </h2><div style="text-align: left;">scheme<br />Shimula </div><div style="text-align: left;">PHP<br />Java Script </div><h2 style="text-align: left;"> </h2><div style="text-align: left;">VisualFoxPro Babel<br />CoffeeScript </div><div style="text-align: left;">Logo<br />Lua<br />Smalltalk </div><h2 style="text-align: left;"> </h2><div style="text-align: left;">Matlab<br />F<br />F# </div><div style="text-align: left;">Dart<br />Datalog<br />dbase </div><div style="text-align: left;">Haskell<br />dylan<br />Juli </div><div style="text-align: left;">Characteristics of a programming Language<br />Readability: A good high-level language will allow programs to be written in some ways that resemble a quite-English description of the underlying algorithms. If care is taken, the coding may be done in a way that is essentially self-documenting.<br />Portability: High-level languages, being essentially machine independent, should be able to develop portable software.<br />Generality: Most high-level languages allow the writing of a wide variety of programs, thus relieving the programmer of the need to become expert in many diverse languages.<br />Brevity: Language should have the ability to implement the algorithm with less amount of code. Programs expressed in high-level languages are often considerably shorter than their low-level equivalents.<br />Error checking: Being human, a programmer is likely to make many mistakes in the development of a computer program. Many high-level languages enforce a great deal of error checking both at compile-time and at run-time.<br />Cost: The ultimate cost of a programming language is a function of many of its characteristics.<br />Familiar notation: A language should have familiar notation, so it can be understood by most of the programmers.<br />Quick translation: It should admit quick translation.<br />Efficiency: It should permit the generation of efficient object code.<br />Modularity: It is desirable that programs can be developed in the language as a collection of separately compiled modules, with appropriate mechanisms for ensuring self-consistency between these modules.<br />Widely available: Language should be widely available and it should be possible to provide translators for all the major machines and for all the major operating systems.<br />Web development can be done through different programming languages that allow you to build a site or design an application. Defining which is the best web programming language is complicated because it depends on several factors. However, the following options stand out:<br />Java: multipurpose language that adjusts efficiently to web development.<br />Go: This is a general purpose, flexible language that facilitates the creation of applications.<br />Ruby on Rails: allows you to design web applications quickly.<br />Python: it works in a wide variety of contexts and on the web has technical advantages.<br />JavaScript: it is on the client’s side and can be extended to the server for different functions.<br />Fortran (FORmula TRANslator)<br />• It is Created in 1954 by John Backus.<br />• It is First high level language.<br />• It was developed by using the first compiler ever developed<br />• It is Machine Independent Language.<br />IAL(International Algebraic Logic)<br />• It started as a Project later renamed ALGOL58<br />• The theoretical definition of the language is published<br />• No compiler is required in this<br />LISP(LISt Processing) :<br />• It is created in 1958 and released in 1960 by John McCarthy of MIT.<br />• LISP was intended for writing artificial intelligence programs.<br />• Features<br />• It uses Atoms and List as data structure<br />• Functional programming style- all component computation is performed by applying functions to arguments variable declaration are rarely used.<br />• A Reliance on recursion- a strong Reliance on recursion has allowed LISP to be successful in many areas including artificial intelligence.<br />• Garbage collection: LISP has built in garbage collection so programmers do not need to explicitly free dynamically allocated memory.<br />Pascal-(Named for French religious fanatic and mathematician Blaise Pascal)<br />• It was Created in 1970 .<br />• It was intended to replace BASIC for teaching language.<br />• It was quickly developed as a general purpose language.<br />• It was Programs compiled to a platform-independent intermediate p-code.<br />• compiler for Pascal was written in Pascal.<br />• C language:<br />• It was Developed from "1969 - 1972" by "Dennis Ritchie."<br />• It was used in system programming for UNIX.<br />ANSI C:<br />The American national standards Institute(ANSI), formed a technical sub committee, X3 Jll, to create a standard for the C language and it runtime libraries.<br />Ada:<br />• It was Released in "1983 (ADA 83)", with major released in "1995- (ADA (ADA 95)" and "2005 1005 (ADA 2005)".<br />• It was created by us Department of Defense (DOD).<br />• It was intended for embedded systems and later intended for all military computing purposes<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For all other Solved Assignments click on this link</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"> Solved Assignments aiou spring 2022</a></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"> </h2>

Solved Assignment # 2 Course:1431 Semester: Spring, 2022 Level: BA

Solved Assignments : 1431 Total Marks: 100                                                                              Pass Marks: 40      ...

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Solved Assignment # 1 Course:1431 Semester: Spring, 2022 Level: BA

<span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Solved Assignments : 1431<br clear="all" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;" /></span></b></span><h2><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Total Marks: 100<span>                                                                             </span>Pass Marks: 40</span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span><span style="font-size: medium;">                                                          Assignment no. 1 </span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihS39OzCpR3ntY47JuenI8EdOxFClE-zC6JccIMMdBLZF8qMNPG3w2WpWOPvqqnZ5AhDBhyVVuZroHnqEtxGtuW0JVdv6m2zJ0QQnuUUQXJ8b3qgUJZXct0aSEoXygp-n5ZBr4O5KzH2gFiUCRJSK5NaGYeAJ8MMCndNHGdZQU8WOgMuqmBlleATwd/s309/index%20%20%20%20ffffffffffffff.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="163" data-original-width="309" height="163" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihS39OzCpR3ntY47JuenI8EdOxFClE-zC6JccIMMdBLZF8qMNPG3w2WpWOPvqqnZ5AhDBhyVVuZroHnqEtxGtuW0JVdv6m2zJ0QQnuUUQXJ8b3qgUJZXct0aSEoXygp-n5ZBr4O5KzH2gFiUCRJSK5NaGYeAJ8MMCndNHGdZQU8WOgMuqmBlleATwd/s1600-rw/index%20%20%20%20ffffffffffffff.jpg" width="309" /></a></div><br /> </span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Question no 1: Answer the following questions properly: </span></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(a) What is meant by ICT? </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">Answer: <br />ICT is an acronym for “information communications technology”. Many people ask what ICT is. What is the meaning or definition of ICT? The acronym ICT is often used in many different contexts. For example, people refer to the ICT industry, ICT sector, ICT companies, ICT law (laws like the POPI Act, the ECT Act, and the Cybercrimes Bill), the ICT BEE Charter, ICT governance and ICT legislation. <br />But what is the acronym ICT actually short for? With the acronym you lose the “and” and commas - this creates ambiguity. In my view, ICT should be a shortening for “information, communication and technology” so that it is broad enough to include all the different aspects of what the acronym stands for. Some people focus on the “technology” whilst others focus on the “information” or “communication” <br />There are two options of what the acronym ICT could stand for: <br />1. Information and communication technology <br />2. Information, communication and technology <br />ICT encompasses both the internet-enabled sphere as well as the mobile one powered by wireless networks. It also includes antiquated technologies, such as <br />landline telephones, radio and television broadcast — all of which are still widely used today alongside cutting-edge ICT pieces such as artificial intelligence and robotics. ICT is sometimes used synonymously with IT (for information technology); however, ICT is generally used to represent a broader, more comprehensive list of all components related to computer and digital technologies than IT. The list of ICT components is exhaustive, and it continues to grow. Some components, such as computers and telephones, have existed for decades. Others, such as smartphones, digital TVs and robots, are more recent entries. ICT commonly means more than its list of components, though. It also encompasses the application of all those various components. It's here that the real potential, power and danger of ICT can be found. ICT is leveraged for economic, societal and interpersonal transactions and interactions. ICT has drastically changed how people work, communicate, learn and live. Moreover, ICT continues to revolutionize all parts of the human experience as first computers and now robots do many of the tasks once handled by humans. For example, computers once answered phones and directed calls to the appropriate individuals to respond; now robots not only can answer the calls, but they can often more quickly and efficiently handle callers' requests for services. ICT's importance to economic development and business growth has been so monumental, in fact, that it's credited with ushering in what many have labeled the Fourth Industrial Revolution. <br />ICT also underpins broad shifts in society, as individuals en masse are moving from personal, face-to-face interactions to ones in the digital space. This new era is frequently termed the Digital Age. <br />For businesses, advances within ICT have brought a slew of cost savings, opportunities and conveniences. They range from highly automated businesses processes that have cut costs, to the big data revolution where organizations are turning the vast trove of data generated by ICT into insights that drive new products and sendees, to ICT-enabled transactions such as internet shopping and telemedicine and social media that give customers more choices in how they shop, communicate and interact. <br />But ICT has also created problems and challenges to organizations and individuals alike — as well as to society as a whole. The digitization of data, the expanding use of high-speed internet and the growing global network together <br />have led to new levels of crime, where so-called bad actors can hatch electronically enabled schemes or illegally gain access to systems to steal money, intellectual property or private information or to disrupt systems that control critical infrastructure. ICT has also brought automation and robots that displace workers who are unable to transfer their skills to new positions. And ICT has allowed more and more people to limit their interactions with others, creating what some people fear is a population that could lose some of what makes it human. <br />(b) Differentiate between “ICT” and “Telecommunication”. <br />ICT refers to Information and Communication Technology. So, it’s quite evident from its definition that ICT is something related to sharing of information through technological means. Moreover, it’s also clear from the definition that ICT deals with communication aspects as well. <br />IT “T’nformation “Technology is an acronym to name the procedure of electronic control of information, programming/coding, PC system (hardware) operations, and other information administration. It also means information technology, including software Tech, web Tech, computer Tech, storage Tech, etc. Telecommunications or media transmission is rather offered to a transmission of signs, signals, messages, compositions, pictures and sounds or knowledge of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic frameworks. <br /><br />Telecommunication technologies or Information and Communications Technology (ICT) mean communication technology, including wireless access systems (for cell phone communication, satellite communication, etc). <br /><br />Information sharing and communication handling through technological mediums are basically the core dimensions of ICT. This is what the construct of ICT looks like. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is considered to be the extension of fields of technology itself. ICT infrastructure allowed the world to effectively continue the education system in the entire word. It was due to the ICT that educational institutes continued their educational programs by using technological tools. <br /><br />Initially, students found it difficult to adapt the change but the time is the best teacher. They gradually adapted the change and learnt new skills of using different software. All this was possible due to ICT infrastructure. <br /><br />ICT deals with information and communication through technology while the telecommunication deals with transmission of signals containing information through different mediums. Telecommunication also uses technological grounds to operate and function. It’s hard to imagine modern generation without telecommunication technologies. Sometimes, it’s simply impossible. These technologies are so much imprinted into our concept of world and in our private lives that it is simply unrealistic to imagine our existence without them at least for a while. <br />However, there are still people who do not even notice these important modem technologies or simply do not know any details about them. So let’s try to figure out what’s behind telecommunications definition and why telecommunications are so much-needed in the modem world. The system of technical means by which telecommunications is carried out is called a telecommunication network. The telecommunication network has one of the main characteristics of the entire technology in question: it provides an opportunity to obtain the necessary information or data to support the activities of any telecommunications participants or to meet the personal needs of users and many other things. <br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Question no 2: What is the difference between memory and hard disk? Explain it with the help of proper examples. </span></h2><span style="font-size: medium;">Answer: <br />Memory: <br />Memories are made up of registers. Memory refers to the location of short-term data. Each register in the memory is one storage location. Storage location is also called as memory location. Memory locations are identified using Address. The memory contains a register in them. These registers are storage locations in the memory. The storage location can also be termed as a memory location. The higher number of bits the memory can store shows its high capacity. It has three  types of memory which are known as primary memory, secondary memory, and cache memory. <br />Memory is used for the immediate purpose of storage. This is a very important component of computers. Memory is used in the computer so that it can function properly. Memory plays a big role in the system. Memory is closely situated with the microprocessor of the computer. <br />Hard Disk is the magnetic disk made of aluminum. It is used as main storage device on the computer. It uses metallic disk which is known as platter. Both sides of disk is used for storing data except the upper side of the uppermost disk and lower side of the lowermost disk. Magnetic oxide is used to coat the data storing surface. The hard drive was manufactured by many companies, which became very useful in the computer due to its storage capacity. This has decreased because of the launch of many more devices like mobiles and tablets. They use solid-state drives, which makes the devices handier. The solid-state drives have a high speed in processing data. Hard Drive is kept on the actuator, which connects the platter so that the platter is capable of reading and write data and can share it with the next platters. These were used in general-purpose computers, and then they went on to be using in personal computers in the 1960s. <br />Random access memory and hard drive are often the most confused buzz words in the IT world. People often confuse the error message “system out of memory” thinking that their hard drive is full but, in reality, it is the RAM that is getting full. The RAM does not allow you to attach external RAM if you are running short of RAM. The hard drive lets you add an external hard disk to improve your disk space. Also, you can choose to change it out entirely and add a higher capacity one. Having an external disk attached when your hard drive is storing more and more data ensures that your storage capacity increases without any loss of files or data. <br />However, the size of the hard drive you wish to attach to your system depends on the power necessary to run a computer with added storage, as well as the physical space it will use. <br />One of the primary purposes of RAM is to speed up your computer’s performance; this means that your system will perfonn slower when its RAM is <br />little (limited). However, the underlying aim of the hard disk is for the storage of information, and having a smaller capacity hard drive may not affect your system speed. <br />Whenever tasks are performed, the CPU sends and fetches program instructions and data to and from the RAM. User data will be transferred to the hard drive as part of these operations. <br />The memory in use during an operation is from RAM because the RAM is way faster than the hard drive. The RAM is faster and data is transferred from the hard drive to RAM to ensure the CPU only deals with the fastest access of data possible. <br />If there is the need for additional RAM, you don’t have to update to a new version of Windows, but if you require changing your computer’s hard disk, you can only achieve that after getting a fresh window on. There is the need to know the difference between the RAM and hard drive; this broadens your knowledge about the use of computers and their terminologies. Both the hard drive and RAM are used for storing data. The RAM is typically smaller than the hard drive. The storage capacity of RAM ranges between 128MB to 1 MB. The hard drive has a large storage capacity ranging from 1GB to 1TB.The type of storage in RAM is temporary. When a user tries to access some information on the Internet, the files get downloaded temporarily to the RAM. The data downloaded by the user from the Internet gets stored in the hard drive permanently. The files downloaded onto the RAM get erased when the computer is shut down. The data stored on the hard drive remains permanently. <br />The memory modules are made up of chips and microprocessors. The hard drive is made up of disks and platters. The data on the RAM is stored in the form of bits (O’s and l’s). The RAM needs a continuous power supply in order to hold the data on the chip. The data on the hard drive are stored on the magnetic disks. The hard drive doesn’t require a continuous electrical power supply to hold the data. <br />When a user modifies a particular file, the changes are first stored in the RAM. Once the user saves the changes, the content gets copied to the hard disk. The original copy of the file is untouched in the hard drive until the changes made to <br />the file are saved. Once the file is saved, the original file is replaced by the new version of the file on the hard drive. <br />The memory can be accessed several hundred times faster than a hard drive. Since all the programs are first loaded to the RAM, the memory usually becomes full. When the computer comes up with an error message saying “not enough memory to run this program,” it means that the RAM is full. The memory refers to the random access memory installed on the system board whereas the hard drive is a spindle of magnetic disks also referred to as a hard disk. The capacity of RAM is smaller than the capacity of the hard drive. The RAM capacity ranges from 128 MB to 4 GB whereas the hard drive capacity ranges from 320 GB to 1TB. The storage type in RAM is temporary whereas the storage type in the hard drive is permanent. RAM can be accessed faster than the hard drive. The RAM is made up of chips whereas the hard drive is made up of disks and platters. Any changes done to the file will be present in the RAM whereas once the changes are saved, it is copied to the hard drive permanently. The RAM needs a continuous power supply to hold the data whereas the hard drive. It doesn’t need a power supply to retain the data. <br />Question no 3: What is the purpose of scanner? Also describe BCR &MICR with suitable examples. <br />Answer: <br />Scanner, also called optical scanner, computer input device that uses light beam to scan codes, text, or graphic images directly into a computer or computer system. Bar-code scanners are used widely at point-of-sale terminals in retail stores. A handheld scanner or bar-code pen is moved across the code, or the code itself is moved by hand across a scanner built into a checkout counter or other surface, and the computer stores or immediately processes the data in the bar code. After identifying the product through its bar code, the computer determines its price and feeds that information into the cash register. Optical scanners are also used in fax machines and to input graphic material directly into personal computers. Flatbed scanners have a top that lifts up, and the operator has to change manually the materials being scanned. Sheetfed scanners can be loaded with multiple loose pages, which are passed over the scanner by rollers. <br />If your file drawer is overflowing, it is time to consider scanning some of those documents and saving them in your computer instead of your desk. You'll want to save a hard copy of anything with an original signature, but almost anything else — business receipts, credit card statements, utility bills — can be safely kept electronically. Keep them in online storage to prevent losing them due to fire or other disaster. If your scanner comes equipped with a document feeder, use it to scan an entire year's worth of bills, statements and tax returns at one time with very little effort. <br />Scanners come with optical character recognition software that enables them to convert characters into text. OCR integrates with word processing software so you can import scanned documents directly into a variety of word processing software. This is a great tool if you are a student writing a research paper with multiple quotes. Simply scan the part of the document you want to quote, or scan the whole document and save it in your electronic reference library. Be sure to obey all copyright laws when scanning copyrighted material. <br />Fax Replacement <br />Many home scanners come equipped with a modem so they can fax scanned documents or images directly to a fax machine, but many homes have replaced their land-based phone lines with cell phones. Save your scanned images on your computer and email them to a recipient instead of using a fax. If you do need to communicate with a fax machine, you can use an online fax service to send a scanned image directly to a fax machine. <br />Barcode Reader <br />Barcode is a set of small bars of varying thickness and spacing printed on the packages of products, on the back coverpages of books, tags etc. The barcode reader uses an optical scanner to read product code and converts it into electrical pulses. The device is connected to a computer and the information read is passed to the computer in digital form for automatic bill generation and updating of files. Thus, it is a direct data entry device and there is no need for an operator to key in sales transaction data. <br />Pen-type readers consist of a light source and photodiode that are placed next to each other in the tip of a pen. To read a barcode, the person holding the pen must move the tip of it across the bars at a relatively uniform speed. The photodiode measures the intensity of the light reflected back from the light source as the tip crosses each bar and space in the printed code. The photodiode generates a waveform that is used to measure the widths of the bars and spaces in the barcode. Dark bars in the barcode absorb light and white spaces reflect light so that the voltage waveform generated by the photodiode is a representation of the bar and space pattern in the barcode. This waveform is decoded by the scanner in a manner similar to the way Morse code dots and dashes are decoded. <br />Laser scanners <br />Scan the laser beam back and forth across the barcode. As with the pen-type reader, a photo-diode is used to measure the intensity of the light reflected back from the barcode. In both pen readers and laser scanners, the light emitted by the reader is rapidly varied in brightness with a data pattern and the photo-diode receive circuitry is designed to detect only signals with the same modulated pattern. <br />Magnetic Ink Character Recognition <br />Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) uses highly stylized character shapes printed in a special ink containing particles that can be magnetized. This ink induces a current in a reading circuit, which is proportional to the area of ink being scanned. The patterns of the varying currents can be compared with and selected as bit patterns of the selected number e.g., the number on a cheque). The MICR reader can only identify characters. Banking industry uses this device for sorting of cheques. The MICR codes read from the cheques are transmitted to an online computer for sorting and processing automatically. The MICR number, which is sometimes confused with just the account number, is printed on the check using magnetic ink or toner, less than an inch above the bottom of the document. The magnetic ink allows a computer to read the characters even if they have been covered with signatures, cancellation marks, bank stamps, or other marks. <br />MICR lines help facilitate automatic check-clearing when banks send their checks to central processing systems at the end of the day. They are designed to be easily read by people as well, so that check information can be communicated easily. <br />One of the benefits of the magnetic ink character recognition line is its ability to facilitate the use of a routing number to process checks and deduct the payment amounts. A routing number or routing transit number is a nine-digit numerical code which banking and other financial institutions use to clear funds and process checks. <br />The routing number identifies the bank branch that holds the account from which funds are to be drawn. Wire transfers and direct deposits often rely on routing numbers as well. <br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Question no 4: Explain the function of ATM machine and also describe Voice Reproduction system with the help of proper examples. </span></h2><span style="font-size: medium;">Answer: <br />ATM machines are primarily used for withdrawing cash from a bank account. But you can also use many of them to check account balances, get cash advances from credit card accounts, make deposits and even buy postage stamps. Among the most common uses of an ATM is withdrawing cash from a checking or savings account. Generally, to take money out of an ATM, you'll need to insert a debit card provided by your bank, enter a PIN number and indicate how much money you want to withdraw. If you're unsure how much money is in your account, you can usually check your balance from the ATM before making your withdrawal. <br />ATMs can be placed at any location but are most often placed near or inside banks, shopping centers/malls, airports, railway stations, metro stations, grocery stores, petrol/gas stations, restaurants, and other locations. ATMs are also found on cruise ships and on some US Navy ships, where sailors can draw out their pay. ATMs may be on- and off-premises. On-premises ATMs are typically more advanced, multi-function machines that complement a bank branch's capabilities, and are thus more expensive. Off-premises machines are deployed by financial <br />institutions and independent sales organizations (ISOs) where there is a simple need for cash, so they are generally cheaper single-function devices. <br />Most ATMs are connected to interbank networks, enabling people to withdraw and deposit money from machines not belonging to the bank where they have their accounts or in the countries where their accounts are held (enabling cash withdrawals in local currency). Some examples of interbank networks include NYCE, PULSE, PLUS, Cirrus, AFFN, Interac,[58] Interswitch, STAR, LINK, MegaLink, and BancNet. <br />ATMs rely on the authorization of a financial transaction by the card issuer or other authorizing institution on a communications network. This is often performed through an ISO 8583 messaging system. <br />Many banks charge ATM usage fees. In some cases, these fees are charged solely to users who are not customers of the bank that operates the ATM; in other cases, they apply to all users. <br />In order to allow a more diverse range of devices to attach to their networks, some interbank networks have passed rules expanding the definition of an ATM to be a terminal that either has the vault within its footprint or utilizes the vault or cash drawer within the merchant establishment, which allows for the use of a scrip cash dispenser. <br />Some ATMs charge a fee to withdraw money, including bank-owned ATMs that charge people with accounts from other banks to use them. Some banks charge fees for using ATMs outside of their networks, while some banks will reimburse you for fees charged to use ATMS, so it can be helpful to know your bank's policies and in-network ATMs when you need cash. Many credit cards allow their customers to get cash advances through an ATM. There's typically a fee for doing so, and you're usually charged interest as well, since you're essentially borrowing the money from your credit card company. That means taking money out of a checking or savings account is often a better option if you have the funds available. The security of ATM transactions relies mostly on the integrity of the secure cryptoprocessor: the ATM often uses general commodity components that sometimes are not considered to be "trusted systems". <br />Encryption of personal information, required by law in many jurisdictions, is used to prevent fraud. Sensitive data in ATM transactions are usually encrypted  <br />with DES, but transaction processors now usually require the use of Triple DES. Remote Key Loading techniques may be used to ensure the secrecy of the initialization of the encryption keys in the ATM. Message Authentication Code (MAC) or Partial MAC may also be used to ensure messages have not been tampered with while in transit between the ATM and the financial network. <br />Sound recording and reproduction is the electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording. <br />Sound recording is the transcription of visible vibrations in air onto a storage medium such as a phonograph disc. The process is reversed in sound reproduction, and the variations stored on the medium are transformed back into sound waves. <br />Acoustic analog recording is achieved by a microphone diaphragm that senses changes in atmospheric pressure caused by acoustic sound waves and records them as a mechanical representation of the sound waves on a medium such as a phonograph record (in which a stylus cuts grooves on a record). In magnetic tape recording, the sound waves vibrate the microphone diaphragm and are converted into a varying electric current, which is then converted to a varying magnetic field by an electromagnet, which makes a representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a plastic tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analog sound reproduction is the reverse process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. <br />Digital recording and reproduction converts the analog sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of sampling. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a wider variety of media. Digital recording stores audio as a series of binary numbers (zeros and ones) representing samples of the amplitude of the audio signal at equal time intervals, at a sample rate high enough to convey all sounds capable of being heard. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound. The advent of digital sound recording and later the compact disc (CD) in 1982 brought significant improvements in the quality and durability of recordings. The CD initiated another massive wave of change in the consumer music industry, with vinyl <br />records effectively relegated to a small niche market by the mid-1990s. The record industry fiercely resisted the introduction of digital systems, fearing wholesale piracy on a medium able to produce perfect copies of original released recordings. <br />The most recent and revolutionary developments have been in digital recording, with the development of various uncompressed and compressed digital audio file formats, processors capable and fast enough to convert the digital data to sound in real time, and inexpensive mass storage.[30] This generated new types of portable digital audio players. The minidisc player, using ATRAC compression on small, re-writeable discs was introduced in the 1990s, but became obsolescent as solid-state non-volatile flash memory dropped in price. As technologies that increase the amount of data that can be stored on a single medium, such as Super Audio CD, DVD-A, Blu-ray Disc, and HD DVD became available, longer programs of higher quality fit onto a single disc. Sound files are readily downloaded from the Internet and other sources, and copied onto computers and digital audio players. Digital audio technology is now used in all areas of audio, from casual use of music files of moderate quality to the most demanding professional applications. New applications such as internet radio and podcasting have appeared. With the development of analog sound recording, though, a performance could be permanently fixed, in all of its elements: pitch, rhythm, timbre, ornaments and expression. This meant that many more elements of a performance would be captured and disseminated to other listeners. The development of sound recording also enabled a much larger proportion of people to hear famous orchestras, operas, singers and bands, because even if a non- wealthy person could not afford to hear the live concert, she or he might be able to afford to buy the recording. The availability of sound recording thus helped to spread musical styles to new regions, countries and continents. The cultural influence went in a number of directions. <br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Question no 5: Write short notes on the following topics: </span></h2><span style="font-size: medium;">Answer: <br /><br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(a) ICT Applications: </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />Information and communications technology (ICT) is used in most of the fields such as e-commerce, e-govemance, banking, agriculture, education, medicine, defense, transport, etc. With technological advances, advanced computing infrastructure, sophisticated marketing strategies, and reduced cycle times with robotic process automation (RPA), ICT is playing a vital role. Information and communication technology can be used in various fields, including: <br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ICT in Entertainment: </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">Information and communication technologies (ICT) have impacted entertainment and leisure activities in different ways in which you spend your time. <br />ICT offers a variety of entertainment and leisure activities and allows for quick access to movies or music that can be easily accessed and you can watch movies and listen to music directly from the Internet. <br />ICT adds more interactive technologies to TV shows. Digital cameras, printers and scanners have enabled more people to experience image production, in addition to developing graphic interfaces. <br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ICT in Medical Science: </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">Medical devices and modern equipment have evolved considerably favoring information and communications technology. Information and communication technologies (ICT) are related to the devices, resources and tools needed to improve the acquisition, retrieval, storage and use of information in health and biomedicine. That is why we find that most of the medical devices that now exist rely on information and communication technology in the way of use, detection and treatment of diseases. Health informatics tools include formal medical terms, clinical guidelines, computers, and information and communication systems. <br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ICT in Finance: </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">Information and communication technology is used daily by financial companies, to trade financial instruments, to report a business's earnings, and to keep records of personal budgets. ICT allows rapid calculation of financial data and provides financial services companies with strategic and innovative benefits as well as electronic transfer of money, through the use of credit cards, or e-commerce, which includes the purchase and payment via the Internet and others. <br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ICT helps deal with security concerns, legal issues and access to global markets. </span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ICT in Public Sector Management: </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">Information and communication technology (ICT) is used to facilitate more convenient government services, make the government more transparent and accountable to citizens, promote a more efficient and cost-effective government. <br />ICT provides greater public access to information and constitutes opportunities for public administration that require meeting many economic, financial, structural and legal conditions. ICT also allows people to perform many different activities, such as: paying bills or renewing official documents such as driving licenses and others over the Internet. <br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ICT in Home Electronics: </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">The use of ICT in domestic electronics is developing rapidly. ICT equipment is used to increase access to home care. As it became possible to manage the house through a system that controls lighting, home security, air conditioning, and others. <br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(b) Types of Monitors </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">A monitor is an electronic output device that is also known as a video display terminal (VDT) or a video display unit (VDU). It is used to display images, text, video, and graphics information generated by a connected computer via a computer's video card. Although it is almost like a TV, its resolution is much higher than a TV. The first computer monitor was introduced on 1 March 1973, which was part of the Xerox Alto computer system. <br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Types of Monitors </span></h2><span style="font-size: medium;">There are several types of monitors; some are as follows: <br />Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitors <br />It is a technology used in early monitors. It uses a beam of electrons to create an image on the screen. It comprises the guns that fire a beam of electrons inside the screen. The electron beams repeatedly hit the surface of the screen. These guns <br />are responsible for generating RGB (Red, Green, Blue) colors, and more other colors can be generated with the help of combining these three colors. Today's Flat Panel Monitors replace the CRT monitors. <br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Flat Panel Monitors </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">These types of monitors are lightweight and take less space. They consume less power as compared to CRT monitors. These monitors are more effective as they do not provide harmful radiation. These monitors are more expensive than CRTs. The flat-panel monitors are used in PDA, notebook computers, and cellular phones. <br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Touch Screen Monitors </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">These monitors are also known as an input device. It enables users to interact with the computer by using a finger or stylus instead of using a mouse or keyboard. When users touch the screen by their finger, it occurs an event and forward it to the controller for processing. These types of screens include pictures or words that help users to interact with the computer. <br /><b>LED Monitors </b><br />It is a flat screen computer monitor, which stands for light-emitting diode display. It is lightweight in terms of weight and has a short depth. As the source of light, it uses a panel of LEDs. Nowadays, a wide number of electronic devices, both large and small devices such as laptop screens, mobile phones, TVs, computer monitors, tablets, and more, use LED displays. <br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">OLED Monitors </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">It is a new flat light-emitting display technology, which is more efficient, brighter, thinner, and better refresh rates feature and contrast as compared to the LCD display. It is made up of locating a series of organic thin films between two conductors. These displays do not need a backlight as they are emissive displays. Furthermore, it provides better image quality ever and used in tablets and high- end smartphones. <br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">DLP Monitors </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">DLP stands for Digital Light Processing, developed by Texas Instruments. It is a technology, which is used for presentations by projecting images from a monitor onto a big screen. Before developing the DLP, most of the computer projection systems produced faded and blurry images as they were based on LCD technology. DLP technology utilizes a digital micromirror device, which is a tiny mirror housed on a special kind of microchip. Furthermore, it offers better quality pictures that can also be visible in a lit room normally. <br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">TFT Monitors: </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">It is a type of LCD flat panel display, which stands for a thin-film transistor. In TFT monitors, all pixels are controlled with the help of one to four transistors. The high-quality flat-panel LCDs use these transistors. Although the TFT-based monitors provide better resolution of all the flat-panel techniques, these are highly expensive. The LCDs, which use thin-film transistor (TFT) technology, are known as active-matrix displays. The active-matrix displays offer higher quality as compared to older passive-matrix displays. <br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Plasma Screen Monitors </span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;">A plasma screen is a thin, flat-panel, and capable of hanging on a wall like LCD and LED televisions. It is a brighter screen as compared to LCD displays and thinner than CRT displays. It can be used to either display modes of digital computer input or analog video signals, and sometimes, it is marketed as 'thin- panef displays. Plasma displays have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, and high refresh rates, which is used to reduce a blur video. Additionally, it provides better quality pictures as it supports high resolutions of up to 1920 x 1080. <br /></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">For all other Solved Assignments click on this link</span></h2>                   <a href="https://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2022/05/solved-assignments-spring-2022-aiou-all.html"><span style="font-size: medium;">    Solved Assignments aiou spring 2022</span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha_kMgYuasI33Z43KyPgPXhDo-xl2MFNVE3DvAOFmwI-CjXyKT2X5g4S-YCZ4qnM-Ey3JN5SexHnkRlCZnp5jZNyQCupMf8WsWgRRYdm_3tf7LLf0LUp_6FqQSj4EwTcLsp_YzdqdGB9JF7VrYL0TIeHzoRn2CR4EWQJZtnD31TodfdLw3zVNgz11z/s676/2022-06-04%2021_01_44-Movies%20&%20TV.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span>

Solved Assignment # 1 Course:1431 Semester: Spring, 2022 Level: BA

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Solved Assignment # 2 S.Study BA Autumn 2021 Code:1431 aiou

<p> <span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>   </b></span></span><b><span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: medium;">General Science        BA              Autumn 2021               Code:1431                     aiou  <br /></span></span></b></p><p> <b>                                                              <span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Solved Assignment #2</span></span></b></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Q.l (a) What is meant by ICT. Describe it with the help of proper examples. </h4><p>Answer. <br />ICT (information and communications technology is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on. as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. ICTs are often spoken of in a particular context, such as ICTs in education, health care, or libraries. The term is somewhat more common outside of the United States. <br />Information: <br />Information is generally referred to data which can be recorded, organized and interpreted within a context in order to convey meaning, For example “NADRA" (National Database & Registration Authority) is an organization which collects data from people. This data is basically organized or compiled with the help of computers for generating computerized National Identity Cards. <br />Communication: <br />Communication is basically the transfer of ideas and messages among people through different system, devices or media such as computer, internet, cell phone, telephone, television or radio etc..: A figure named as “Communication Model” (Figure 1) shows the above basic concept in a clear way: <br />Cell Phone <br />Internet <br />Television <br />Computer <br />Toner/ink <br />Paper <br />Forms <br />Output devices with non-transferable information: <br />Monitors <br />Displays <br />Projectors <br />Permanently mounted projectors <br />Speakers <br />Televisions <br />Input devices: <br />Mice <br />Keyboards of all sorts <br />Presenter devices <br />Communication/Wiring/component hardware: <br />Video and Audio cards <br />Other internal computer components including add-on processors <br />Adapters of all sorts  <br />Cables (exception: network cables because of compatibility issues) <br />USB Hubs <br />Data storage devices of all sorts (note: Departments are responsible for securing Level 1 and 2 confidential data on all devices, including those excluded from this approval process) <br />USB drives <br />SD cards <br />Hard drives <br />Power adapters and UPS backup devices <br />Personal devices and apps: <br />Cameras <br />Calculators <br /></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Q: 2  Write down the advantages and disadvantages of Information and Communication</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Technology” </h4><p>Answer <br /><b>ADVANTAGES </b><br />1. Communication - Speed / time - money can be saved because it’s much quicker to move information around. With the help of 1CT it has become quicker and more efficient. <br />2. Globalization - Video conferencing saves money on flights and accommodation. 1CT has not only brought the countries and people closer together, but it has allowed the world's economy to become a single interdependent system to contact either a business or family member. <br />3. Cost effectiveness - It feels free to send an email (although it isn’t); it’s without doubt cheaper than phone calls. ICT has also helped to automate business practices, thus restructuring businesses to make them exceptionally cost effective. <br />4. Greater Availability - ICT has made it possible for businesses to be automated giving clients access to a website or voicemail 24 hours a day, 7 days a week <br />5. Bridging the cultural gap - Greater access to technology has helped to bridge the cultural gap by helping people from different cultures to communicate with one another, and allow for the exchange of views and ideas, thus increasing awareness and reducing prejudice. <br />6. Creation of new jobs - Probably, the best advantage of ICT has been the creation of new and interesting jobs. <br />7. Education - Computer’s along with their programs and the Internet have created educational opportunities not available to previous generations. <br />8. Through ICT , images can easily be used in teaching and improving the retentive memory of student. <br />9. Complex structure - through ICT, teachers can easily explain complex structure ,instruction and ensure students comprehension. <br />10. Through ICT , teachers are able to create interactive classrooms and make the lesson more enjoyable.. <b><br />DISADVANTAGES </b><br />1. Education - Computer’s along with their programs and the Internet have created educational opportunities not available to previous generations. <br />2. Lack of job security - Experts in a wide variety of fields believe that ICT has made job security a big issue, since technology keeps on changing nearly every day. This means that individuals need to be constantly studying or at least keeping up with changes in their profession, if they want to feel secure in their jobs to be secure. <br />3.Overriding Cultures - While ICT may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to one culture consuming another weaker one. For example, it is now argued that teenagers in the US influence how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress, and behave <br />4. Privacy - Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier, and more convenient, it has also brought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to e-mail hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge. <br />5. Reliance on Technology - Professor Ian Robertson, a neuropsychology expert based at Trinity College Dublin who carried out the study, said: “People have more to remember these days, and they are relying on technology for their memory but the less you use of your memory, the poorer it becomes. . people don’t bother learning to spell because they use spell-checker, or need a calculator do perform minor addition or subtraction. <br />6. Reliability of Information - Anyone with access to a computer and an internet connection internet can start a blog or post something up on a website, so just because something’s on the web doesn't mean it’s reliable. A prime example of this is the open source encyclopedia, Wikipedia, although considered a good source of information it is not recognized by academic institutions as a trustworthy reference. <br />7.Computer viruses, worms, Trojans, malware, spam, phishing- any or all can cause <br />chaos and disrupt our daily lives <br />8.Setting - setting up the device can be very trouble some. <br />9. Expansive - too expansive to afford. <br />10. Lack of experience - har d for teachers to use with a lack of experience using ICT tools. Question no 2 <br />List the hardware components of a computer. Explain at least five of them in detail. <br />Answer. <br />Computer hardware (usually simply called hardware when a computing context is concerned) is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard,computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, and so on, all of which are physical objects that are tangible. In contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. <br />Software is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer’s processor to perform specific operations. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system. <br />* A motherboard <br />* A Central Processing Unit (CPU) <br />* A Graphrcs Processing Unit (GPU), also known as a video card <br />* Random Access Memory (RAM), also known as volatile memory <br />* Storage: Solid State Drive (SSD) or Hard Disk Drive (HDD)  Motherboard <br />* animated diagram of computer parts <br />In terms of construction, each of these main components are attached to the motherboard and then put into a protective case—resembling the clean, polished look most of us are accustomed to seeing. <br />Sure, most computers have their own distinct design - and different brands of hardware installed - but the components listed above are standard across all computers. <br />Important: A quick note before we dive into the details—I’m listing and talking about the different components of a computer. This is by no means intended to be an invitation to disassemble your computer, nor is it a set of instructions to do so. Without the proper knowledge, you can severely damage your computer, and importantly, doing so is unsafe. <br /><b>1. Motherboard </b><br />What it is: All components of a computer communicate through a circuit board called the motherboard, as was mentioned above. <br />What it does: Think of the motherboard as the glue that holds everything else together. <br />(The Raspberry Pi, like the one featured in our summer course for kids, Build and Code Your Own Take-Home Laptop, is a motherboard.) <br />The motherboard’s video card and Central Processing Unit are contained in an integrated (built-in) chipset, shown in the picture Below <br />This is where input/output devices such as a keyboard, mouse, and speakers get plugged in. <br /><b>2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) </b><br />What it is: The CPU is often called the "brain" of a computer, thanks to its direct plug connection to the motherboard, and communication with all of the computer’s other components. <br />What it does: Whenever you write a line of code (in Python, Java, C++, or any other programming language), it's broken down into assembly language—which is a language that the processor can understand. It fetches, decodes, and executes these instructions. <br />And that’s where the CPU comes in—all the processes a computer handles are taken care of by the CPU. <b><br />3. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) </b><br />What it is: It’s not uncommon to hear gamers obsess over the next new graphics card, as these graphic cards make it possible for computers to generate high-end visuals like those found in the many different types of video games. <br />In addition to video games, though, good graphics cards also come in handy for those who rely on images in order to execute their craft, like 3D modelers using resource-intensive software. <br />What it does: Graphics cards often communicate directly with the display monitor, meaning a $1,000 graphics card won't be of much use if there isn't a high-end monitor connected to it. <br /><b>4. Random Access Memory (RAM) </b><br />What it is: RAM, also known as volatile memory, stores data regarding frequently accessed programs and processes. (It's called volatile memory because it gets erased eveiy time the <br />computer restarts.) <br />What it does: RAM helps programs and games start up and close quickly. <br /><b>5. Storage </b><br />What it is: All computers need somewhere to store their data. Modem computers either use a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD). <br />What it does: HDDs are made of an actual disk onto which data is stored. The disk is read by a mechanical aim. (HDDs are cheaper than SSDs, but are slowly becoming more and more <br />obsolete.) <br />SSDs (think SIM cards) have no moving parts and are faster than a hard drive, because no time is spent waiting for a mechanical arm to find data on a physical location on the disk <br /><b>Q.3 Differentiate between Input and Output Devices with the help of suitable examples. </b><br /><b>Answer. </b><br />An input device sends information to a computer system for processing, and an output device reproduces or displays the results of that processing. Input devices only allow for input of data to a computer and output devices only receive the output of data from another device. <br />Most devices are only input devices or output devices, as they can only accept data input from a user or output data generated by a computer. However, some devices can accept input and display output, and they are referred to as I/O devices (input/output devices). <br />For example, as shown in the top half of the image, a keyboard sends electrical signals, which are received as input. Those signals are then interpreted by the computer and displayed, or output, on the monitor as text or images. In the lower half of the image, the computer sends, or outputs, data to a printer. Then, that data is printed onto a piece of paper, which is also considered output. <br />Output devices <br />An output device can receive data from another device and generate output with that data, but it cannot send data to another device. Examples of output devices include the following. <br />Monitor - Receives data from a computer (output) and displays that information as text and images for users to view. It cannot accept data from a user and send that data to another device. <br />Projector - Receives data from a computer (output) and displays, or projects, that information as text and images onto a surface, like a wall or screen. It cannot accept data from a u <br />An input device can send data to another device, but it cannot receive data from another device. Examples of input devices include the tbllowin <br />Speakers - Receives sound data from a computer and plays the sounds for users to hear. It cannot accept sound generated by users and send that sound to another device. <br />Input devices <br />Keyboard and Mouse - Accepts input from a user and sends that data (input) to the computer. They cannot accept or reproduce information (output) from the computer. <br />Microphone - Receives sound generated by an input source, and sends that sound to a computer. <br />Webcam - Receives images generated by whatever it is pointed at (input) and sends those images to a computer. <br />Imaging and Input Devices <br />The sensor is seen here on a TV. It works by detecting human motion visually. <br />Microsoft Kinect sensor <br /><b>Q3-b  Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the computer. The information can be stored in a multitude of formats depending on the user’s requirement. </b><br />Digital camera <br />Digital camcorder <br />Portable media player <br />Webcam <br />Microsoft Kinect Sensor <br />Image scanner <br />Fingerprint scanner <br />Barcode reader <br />3D scanner z <br />Laser rangefinder <br />Eye gaze tracker <br />Medical Imaging <br />Computed tomography <br />Magnetic resonance imaging <br />Positron emission tomography <br />Medical ultrasonography <br /><b>Audio Input Devices </b><br />Audio input devices are used to capture sound. In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an input device, in order to capture produced sound. <br />Microphones <br />MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument <br /><b>Output Devices </b><br />An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form. <br /><b>Display Devices </b><br />A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. Information shown on a display device is called soft copybecause the information exists electronically and is displayed for a temporary period of time. Display devices include CRT monitors, LCD monitors and displays, gas plasma monitors, and televisions. <br /><b>Input/Output </b><br />Inputs are processed and become outputs <br />Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. <br />There are many input and output devices such as multifunction printers and computer-based navigation systems that are used for specialised or unique applications.[6] In computing, input/output refers to the communication between aninformation processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. <br /><b>Examples </b><br />These examples of output devices also include input/output devices. [7] [8] Printers and visual displays are the most common type of output device for interfacing to people, but voice is becoming increasingly available. [9]  Speakers <br />>Headphones <br />>Screen (Monitor) <br />> Printer <br />> Voice output communication aid <br />> Automotive navigation system <br />> Braille embosser <br />> Projector <br />> Plotter <br />> Television <br />Radio <br /><b> Q. 4 Write short notes on the following topics: </b><br />• <b> Process and Memory Management </b><br />Memory management is the process of controlling and coordinating computer memory, assigning portions called blocks to various running programs to optimize overall system performance. <br />Memory management is the process of controlling and coordinating computer memory, assigning portions called blocks to various running programs to optimize overall system performance. Memory management resides in hardware, in the OS (operating system), and in programs and applications. <br />In hardware, memory management involves components that physically store data, such as RAM (random access memory) chips, memory caches, and flash-based SSDs (solid-state drives). In the OS, memory management involves the allocation (and constant reallocation) of specific memory blocks to individual programs as user demands change. At the application level, memory management ensures the availability of adequate memory for the objects and data structures of each running program at all times. Application memory management combines two related tasks, known as allocation and recycling. <br />When the program requests a block of memory, a part of the memory manager called the allocator assigns that block to the program. <br />When a program no longer needs the data in previously allocated memory blocks, those blocks become available for reassignment. This task can be done manually (by the programmer) or automatically (by the memory manager). <br />Several methods have been devised that increase the effectiveness of memory management. Virtual memory systems separate the memory addresses used by a process from actual physical addresses, allowing separation of processes and increasing the size of the virtual address space beyond the available amount of RAM using paging or swapping to secondary storage. The quality of the virtual memory manager can have an extensive effect on overall system performance. <br />In some operating systems, e.g. OS/360 and successors,[2] memory is managed by the operating system. In other operating systems, e.g. Unix-like operating systems, memory is managed at the application level. <br />Memory management within an address space is generally categorized as either manual memory management or automatic memory management. <br /><b>• Unix and Linux </b><br />Unix is considered as the mother of most of the operating systems. <br />The design of Unix systems is based on “Unix Philosophy” which includes the following characteristics: <br />Usage of plain text for data storage. <br />Hierarchical file system. <br />Handling devices and some specific kinds of inter-process communication (IPC) as files. Employing a huge number of software tools. <br />Multiple small, simple and modular programs which can be threaded together via a command-line interpreter using pipes, contrasting to use a single monolithic program which comprises of all the same functionality. <br />It’s worth mentioning here the below quote about Unix Philosophy: <br />“Although that philosophy can’t be written down in a single sentence, as its heart is the idea that the power of a system comes more from the relationships among programs than from the programs themselves. Many UNIX programs do quite trivial tilings in isolation, but, combined with other programs, become general and useful tools.” - Brian Kemighan & Rob Pike <br /><b>UNIX ARCHITECTURE </b><br />The master control program of Unix is its Kernel. The kernel has fiill control over the entire system. It has subsystems that offer services to file system handling, resource handling, memory management, start & stop programs and few other low-level core tasks. <br />The kernel is the heart of the OS and acts as an interface between the user and hardware. Each kernel subsystem has certain features like concurrency, virtual memory, paging, and a virtual file system. <br />In the outer layers of the architecture, we have the shell, commands and application programs. Shell is the interface between the user and the kernel. Shell and the user types in the commands, interpret these commands and call the computer programs accordingly. <br />Example of the Unix operating system is Solaris and HP-UX. The largest distributors of UNIX systems include IBM, HP, and SUN. <br />Recommended Read => Free Unix Training Tutorials <br />What is Linux? <br />By now you would have got a fair idea about Unix. Let’s now explore Linux in detail. <br />People do confuse a lot between the terms Unix and Linux and they generally ask questions like “Is Unix Different from Linux?” / “Are Linux and Unix the same thing?” I “Is Linux like Unix?”/ “Is Linux built on Unix?”.  <br />Here is the answer to all such questions. First, let me clear your confusion in a one-liner. Linux and Unix are different but they do have a relationship with each other as Linux is derived from Unix. <br />Linux is not Unix, but it is a Unix-like operating system. Linux system is derived from Unix and it is a continuation of the basis of Unix design. Linux distributions are the most famous and healthiest example of the direct Unix derivatives. BSD (Berkley Software Distribution) is also an example of a Unix derivative. <br />At this juncture, it is important for us to make you clear about what is Unix-like? <br />A Unix-like OS (also called as UN*X or *nix) is the one that works in a way similar to Unix systems, however, it is not necessary that they conform to Single UNIX Specification (SUS) or similar POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) standard. <br />SUS is a standard which is required to be met for any OS to qualify for using ‘UNIX’ trademark. This trademark is granted by ‘The Open Group’. <br />Few Examples of currently registered UNIX systems include macOS, Solaris, and A1X. If we consider the POSIX system, then Linux can be regarded as Unix-like OS. <br />As per Linux kernel official README file, Linux is a UNIX clone that is developed from scratch by Linus Torvalds and team. It targets for POSIX compliance. Tire Linux kernel code was completely written from scratch. It is designed in such a way so that it acts like Unix but it does not have the original Unix code in it. <br />It is also significant to note that Linux is just the kernel and not the complete OS. This Linux kernel is generally packaged in Linux distributions which thereby makes it a complete OS. <br />Thus, Linux is only the Kernel, while Linux distributions can be treated as the OS. On the other hand, UNIX in itself is a complete OS as everything (all required application tied together) comes from a single vendor. For Example, Solaris. <br />Linux distribution (also called as a distro in short) is an operating system that is created from a collection of softwar e built upon the Linux Kernel and is a package management system. <br />A standard Linux distribution consists of a Linux kernel, GNU system, GNU utilities, libraries, compiler, additional software, documentation, a window system, window manager and a desktop environment.Most of the software included in Linux distribution is free and open source. They may include some proprietary software like binary blobs which is essential for a few device drivers. <br /><b>Q5 What are important types of communication media? Differentiate between analog and digital transmission </b><br />Answer. <br />The crucial difference between Analog and Digital Communication is that Analog communication uses analog signals for transmission and reception of data while digital communication uses digital signals for transmitting and receiving data. Analog signals are the continuous time-varying signal while digital signals are those which consist of discrete values. <br />Digital communication provides various advantages such as it is immune to noise and distortion as it possesses greater signal to noise ratio. The uses of repeaters in case of digital communication improve the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) further. Moreover, digital communication requires less power than analog communication. <br /><b>Difference between Analog Communication and Digital Communication :</b><br />ANALOG <br />Digital <br />In analog communication analog <br />In digital communication digital <br />signal is used for transmission. <br />01. information Analog communication signal is used for transmission, uses digital signal is of two levels either Low i.e., o or either High i.e., In digital uses analog signal communication <br />02. whose amplitude varies coding is possible. <br />Different coding continuously with time from 0 to 100. techniques can be used to detect and <br />correct errors. <br />It gets affected by Separating out ’n noise and signal in digital noise highly communication is possible. <br />during Digital <br />03. transmission through communication channel. In analog communication only limited <br />04. number of channels can be broadcasted simultaneously. <br />05. high. In analog communication noise immunity is <br />06. <br />poor. <br />In analog communication coding is not possible. <br />Separating out 08. analog communication system is having less complex hardware and more flexible. <br />In Digital <br />communication <br />coding is possible. <br />Different coding techniques can be used to detect and correct errors. Separating out ’n noise and signal in digital<br /> communication is possible. <br />Digital communication system is having less complex hardware and more flexible. <br />In Digital <br />communication for multiplexing Time Division <br />Multiplexing <br />Digital <br />communication system is high cost. <br />noise and signal in communication is not possible. <br />Analog <br />communication <br />09. system is having <br />complex hardware and less flexible. <br />In analog <br />communication <br />for multiplexing Frequency. <br />10. Division Multiplexing <br />Analog <br />11. communication system is low cost. <br />12. It requires low bandwidth. <br />Power <br />13. consumption is <br />high. <br />14. It is less portable. <br />No privacy or <br />15. privacy is less so not highly secured <br />Not assures an <br />16. accurate data <br />transmission. <br />It requires high bandwidth. Power <br />consumption is low. <br />Portability is high. <br />Privacy is high so it is highly secured. <br />It assures a more <br />accurate data transmission. <br />Synchronization problem is easier. <br />17. Synchronization problem. <br /><br /> <br /> <br /><br /> </p>

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