Educational Wealth: social study

3 june ki taqseem ka mansooba

Abdullah 0 social study Monday, June 08, 2020

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3 june ki taqseem ka mansooba<br />
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3 june ki taqseem ka mansooba

3 june ki taqseem ka mansooba

THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT(part 1)

Abdullah 0 Article, social study Sunday, March 09, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT </span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Pakistan Movement did not start abruptly. It grew out of necessity, slowly and gradually.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> SIMLA DEPUTATION </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Deputation of Muslims known as ‘Simla Deputation’ Ied_by Sir Aga Khan met Lord Minto who was then Viceroy of India on October 1, 1906 and expressed the concern of the Muslims of India over the situation and also impressed upon him to look into the genuine demands of the Muslims. The Viceroy promised to sympathetically and judiciously consider the Muslim viewpoint. It was probably the result of these efforts that the Muslims were granted the right of separate electorate in the Minto-Moriey Reforms of 1909.

When Indian National Congress was fomed in 1885 which was an overwhelmingly Hindu body. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan advised the Indian Muslims to stay away from it. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The Muslims of India had no political organization of their own, therefore in 1906 they decided to form a political party known as All India Muslim League.

In 1913 Quaid-e-Azam joined the Muslim League and did his best to bridge the gulf between the Hindus and the Muslims Which won him the title of "Ambessador of Hindu-Muslim Unity”

Quaid-e-Azam continued his efforts to bring Hindus and Muslims closer. Thus, there was a much greater need of Hindu-Muslim unity. The leaders of the two communities got together at Lucknow in 1910 and drew up a document which was.subsequently known as the ‘Lucknow Pact..’

It was agreed that in Hindu majority provinces, Muslims would get- more representation than Hindu population warranted.

The existence of Muslim League, as the sole representative political

organization of the Muslims of the sub-continent, was recognized by the Hindus and the Indian National Congress</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> MUSTAFA KAMAL PASHA </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Luckily, Mustafa Kamal Ataturk' came on the scene and proved to be a man of destiny. His.personal courage, devotion to motherland and unquestioned leadership bore fruit. The Greeks were given a severe beating and through a treaty between Turkey and the European powers most.of the restrictions on Turkey Were withdrawn. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> ROWLATT ACT</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> After World War I, the British Government- in India 'apprehending uprising against the agreement because it had not kept its promises made during the war with the Muslims of India, enacted a law known as Rowlatt Act by which any person could be imprisoned without filing a suit against him. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The.British Government introduced constitutional reforms in India in 1919.

One of the provisions of the Reforms of 1019 was that the Government would setup every ten years, a commission to assess the political and social conditions of India . </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">SIMON COMMISSION </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The British Government in 1927.sent a Commission known as Simon Commission under John Simon.

The Simon Commission was received everywhere with black flags. It failed miserably

The British Secretary of India Lord Birkenhead got annoyed at the failure of the Simon Commission and threw a challenge to Indian leaders to an agreed Constitution for the consideration of the British Government. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">NEHRO REPORT</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> After this challenge all the political parties got together at Delhi under the chairmanship of Moti La! Nehru. Meetings were frequently held among leaders and at the end, a report was produced, which is known as ‘Nehru Report. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">                                      <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/the-famous-fourteen-points-of-quaid-e.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #274e13;"><b>   Next.............. part 2</b></span></a></span></div>

THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT(part 1)

THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT The Pakistan Movement did not start abruptly. It grew out of necessity, slowly and gradually. SIMLA DEPUTATION ...

Fourteen Points of the Quaid-e-Azam

Abdullah 0 social study Saturday, March 08, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Fourteen Points' of Quaid-e-  Azam</span></h2>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Quaid announces birth of pakistan</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">After the Nehru Report,<b> Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah</b> was disgusted and fully realized that the parting of ways of the two communities had to explain the viewpoint of the Muslims of the sub-continent. The Quaid - gave his own scheme which has gone down in history as the famous ‘Fourteen

Points’ of the Quaid which are given below </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">1- The form of the future constitution should be federal, with the residuary

powers vested in the provinces. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">2- A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.

3-All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities lovery without reducing the province.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">4-In the Central Legislature, Muslims representation shall not be less than one-third. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">5-Representation of communal group shall continue to .be, by means of separate electorate as at present. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">6- Any territorial redistribution that might at any time be necessary shall not, affect the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and NWFP Province. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">7- Full religious liberty, i.e., liberty of belief, worship and observance, propaganda, association and education shall be guaranteed to all communities.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">8- No bill or resolution or any part thereof shall be passed in any legislature or any other elected body if three-fourths of the members of that community in that particular body oppose such a part there of, on the ground that it would-be injurious to the, interests of that.

community or in-the alternative—streh other method-devised as  found feasible and practicable-to deal with 'sudrcases. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">9- Sindh should be separated from the Mumbai Presidency. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">10- Reforms should be-introduced in the NWFP and Balochistan on the same footing as in other provinces. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">11- Provision should be made in the Constitution giving Muslims an adequate share along with the other Lndians,

local self-governing bodies .</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">12-The constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of

Muslim cplture and for the protection and promotion of Muslim education, language, religion, personal laws and Muslim -dmitahle institutions. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">13-  No cabinet, either Central or Provincial, should be formed without there being a proportion of a least one-third Muslita Ministers. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">14- No change shall be made in the constitution by the Central Legislature exrept with theromirrem. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Presidential address of Allama Iqbal </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The annual meeting of the Muslim League which was   held at       Allahabad in

1930 was presided over by Allama Iqbal.

In his Presidential address he said that the NWFP, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan should be combined in one State. Allama further said that there was no way out; it was destined to become an independent state because this was the only way'by which Muslims could live an honourable - life. They must- have a homeland so that they could preserve their culture, civilization and modes of worship.

Thus a forceful demand was put forward for an independent Muslim State.

The Allahabad address caught the imagination of the Muslim who started

working hard for the preservation of their rights and ultimate independence.  </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">
The First Round Table Conference</span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The First Round Table Conference was held in       London in December, 1930

which    was attended by prominent Muslim leaders but       the Congress stayed away.

Many issues were debated upon, but without any tangible results.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">  Second Round Table Conference:</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Lord Irwin,  then Viceroy of India and Mr. Gandhi came to some agreement after which the Congress decided to attend the Second Round Table Conference.

It was decided that Sindh be separated from Mumbai and that reforms be introduced in NWFP on the lines they had been introduced in other provinces.

When the British Government-became convicted that the Hindus and Muslims could not offer an agreed formula they issued an ‘Award’ themselves in 1932. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">According to this Award known as Communal Award, the right of Muslims and other minorities to separate electorate was restored.

In the Communal Award the ‘Achhutes’ or ‘untouchables’ were treated as a distinct minority and given the right of separate electorate.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Poona Pact </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Mr. Gandhi started a ‘fast unto death’ and put a lot of pressure on Mr. Ambedkar, the Achhut leader, to surrender the right of separate electorate. Mr. Ambedkar could not withstand the pressure and finally signed a treaty known as ‘Poona Pact’ and thus put many million Achhutes in the lap of Hindus.

The Third Round Table Conference was held in November, 1932. The Congress did not attend and the Quaid-e-Azam was not invited. Only reports of various committees were discussed and finalized in this conference.

Based on the recommendations of the Third Round Table Conference held in 1932, the British Government enacted a new law known as the Government of India Act, 1935.

The main features of the Government of India Act 1935 are given underneath:

This Act, provided for the Federal type of Government in the subcontinent. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The provinces were given autonomy.

Provincial Assemblies were given more powers.     ,

increase in Number of Members in the

Number of members in the Central Assembly was also increased. In 1939 when World War II started, the Viceroy of India also declared war against Germany. Since the Congress Ministries had not been consulted, they resigned in protest. At this, on the advice of the Quaid-e-Azam, the Muslims celebrated the “deliverance day”</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Deliverence day 23 March 1940 </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">.

In 1940, the annual meeting of the Muslim League was held at Lahore at the place in the Iqbal Park where today the Minar-e-Pakistan stands in its majestic glory to remind the whole world that determined people can cut shackles of slavery and win freedom in a span of only seven years.

Maulvi Fazle Haque, the famous leader from Bengal, moved the historic resolution in this meeting on March 23, 1940 which was unanimously passed. This resolution goes down in history by the name of Lahore Resolution or Pakistan Resolution

The Resolution demanded that Muslim States be set up in Eastern and North-Western parts of India where Muslims could live in peace, lead an independent life according to the principles of Islam and preserve their distinct civilization and culture.

The Resolution proved a great boon. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The Muslims of the sub-continent, under the dynamic leadership of the Quaid-e-Azam, became organized and solid like a rock. They forced the two enemies, the British and the Hindus, to accept the demand for an independent Pakistan.      .

The World War was still on and Germany had won initial, successes. The Indian sub-continent was showing signs of restlessness and concern. The British Government realized it and sent another mission, Cripps Mission under Sir

Stafford Cripps with new proposals on the ‘take it or leave it principle’.

The Mission met the leaders of various important political parties. Briefly, the British Government offered to grant freedom to the sub-continent after the end of the war. She would be a dominion under the British Crown and a Constitution would be prepared in which each Province would be a member of the Federation for at least ten years after which they could break away if they so desired.

The Muslim League rejected the proposals because no guarantee had be given that the rights of the Muslims would be safeguarded.

Congress also rejected the proposals but on different grounds. They thought that if the provision that a province could secede after ten years was accepted, then Pakistan would come into being after ten years, surely against their wishes, so the Cripps Mission-failed.

in 1944 Lord Wavell was appointed Viceroy of India. In 1949 he prepared ’a pian and called a meeting of all important leaders, at Simla. This Conference knowm as Simla Conference also failed because no decision could be arrived at regarding the appointment of Muslim members to Viceroy’s Council.

During the Simla Conference a demand for general elections was put forward from all quarters. At this the Viceroy announced general elections in the winter of 1945. In the Central Legislative Assembly all the Muslim seats were won by the Muslim League. In the Provincial elections held in the beginning of 1946, the Muslim League won about 90 per cent of the Muslim seats. This amply proved the rolaim of Muslim League to be the sole representative body of the Muslims of India. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Cabinent mission </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The British Cabinet decided to send another Mission consisting of Lord Pathic Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander. This mission known as Cabinet Mission, also could not make the leaders of different political parties arrive at an agreed formula. In the absence of an agreement, the Mission presented their own formula of grouping Hindu majority provinces and Muslim majority provinces.  Congress and Muslim League also withdrew its support to the Cabinet Mission Plan. As a protest against the attitude of the British the Muslims returned all the titles conferred on them.      ,

Interim Government:

The British Government made a ludicrous move and asked Nehru to form the Government which he did in August, 1946. After some discussion, the League also decided to join the ‘Interim Government’. When the portfolios were allocated, Congress appropriated all the important portfolios itself and gave to the League nominees such portfolios as were either unimportant or the Congress thought that the Muslims would be unable to do well with them.

Liaquat Ali Khan, who was the Minister for Finance, made very intelligent move. He prepared a budget which was beneficial to the poor. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The Congress opposed the budget .

The British Prime Minister  announced the intention of the British Government to transfer power to the people of the sub-continent and also announced the appointment of Lord Mount-batten in place of Lord Wavell. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> When it was decided to partition Punjab and Bengal the British Governmevf appointed Sir Radcliff as the Chairman of the Boundary Commission. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">At last on August 14,1947 pakistan came into being. Quaid -e-Azam announced it on All India radio. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">                               <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/the-pakistan-movementpart-1.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>  Previous ...........Part 1 </b></span></a></span></div>

Fourteen Points of the Quaid-e-Azam

Fourteen Points' of Quaid-e- Azam Quaid announces birth of pakistan After the Nehru Report, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jin...

World wide trade

Abdullah 0 Article, social study Saturday, January 11, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Trade:</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Trade has always been an important profession. Trade means the exchange of goods between people. We have seen how people working in their homes, workshops and factories are busy manufacturing different kinds of articles. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Trade is a means of putting these articles in the hands of people who need them. In other words, trade is a bridge between the producers of goods and the users of goods. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Requirements for Modern Trade: </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Fast and efficient means of transport and communication are essential for modem trade. The modern world is a fast-moving world.
Cottage Industry:

These are industries carried on by a few individuals or by the members of a family on a small scale. Machines used in cottage industries are generally light such as power looms, paper-cutting and printing machines and tool-making machines etc. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Heavy Industry:</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h3>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Industry</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Factories which make machines etc. are known as heavy industry. To make machines we need metals and fuel. So the preparation of steel and the refining of mineral oil are basic to heavy industry. Countries that have developed heavy industry manufacture heavy machines like railway engines, electric machines, ships, aeroplanes and the like.  </span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">To make these heavy machines, a country needs to have its own steel mills and its own oil refineries.

Heavy industry also needs the services of a large number of skilled technicians and experts. This is why heavy industry is looked upon as the index of . a country’s progress. Sound industrial development depends on the development of heavy industry. .</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Light Industry and Foreign Markets: </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Besides meeting the country’s own needs, light industry tries to capture foreign markets. This it/can do if it gets a plentiful supply of raw materials and can sell its products at moderate prices.

In many countries farmers have to carry' their produce to the nearby market on the back of animals or in slow-moving bullock-carts. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Transport and communications need proper streamlining so that the country may really benefit from the industrial development. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">International Trade: </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">If the buying and selling of various articles is done not between individuals of the same country but between individuals of various countries or between the countries themselves is called international trade. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Different parts of the world differ in physical features and climate. Naturally they produce different kinds of crops and prepare different kinds of goods. This gives rise to the need for the exchange of all kinds of goods between different countries. Each country exports goods which it can produce easily, at low cost .and in abundance.  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In exchange it buys from other countries, goods which it cannot produce or produces in sufficient quantity, or can only produce at a very high cost. </span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Kinds of Goods Exchanged: </span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Goods exchanged between countries are of two kinds: raw material and finished goods. Raw materials fetch relatively low price. To manufacture goods one has to invest huge amounts of capital and make use of technical know-how. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">These factors make finished goods more expensive. Most of the Asiatic and African countries are largely exporters of raw materials. Their earning from these exports are quite low. On the other hand, Western countries export, for the most part, finished goods.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Their export earnings are very high.

How a poor country can develop?

International trade in a way keeps reminding the poor countries of the world that it is not beyond them to catch up with the advanced countries.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Determination, hard work and technical know-how can raise any people from the depth of misery. Modern China

To take an effective part in international trade, it is important that a country should have something to export. It can only export that which is surplus. It must either have surplus agricultural produce or surplus mineral out-put or surplus finished goods. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The only sensible course for poor countries is to develop modern industry.

Belgium, a tiny European country, is almost as densely populated as Bangladesh. But it has developed modern industry. There is no hunger or poverty in Belgium. In Bangladesh, a great majority of people depend on agriculture. Hence poverty is growing there.</span></div>

World wide trade

Trade: Trade has always been an important profession. Trade means the exchange of goods between people. We have seen how people working ...

Economic progress of the countries of the world(part 2)

Abdullah 0 Article, social study Saturday, January 11, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Mining: </span></h2>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mining</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mining means to take out various metals, coal, oil, natural gas, stones of various kinds, demands and scores of other things lying under the surface of the earth.
Mining as an Occupation:

Mining is a very old occupation. Mining as an occupation depends on the presence of mineral wealth in a country. </span><br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Methods for taking out Different Kinds of Minerals</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Various methods are used for taking out different kinds of minerals and for making them fit for use. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">However two following methods are mostly in use.
Open Sites

Some minerals, like gypsum, lime, marble, building stones etc. can be had from open sites.
By Making Tunnels:

However, most of the mineral deposits lie buried under the surface of earth. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">To haul them out, tunnels have to be dug. This is how coal, iron, copper, gold, silver and salt are taken out
Drilling:

Oil fields and gas fields are embedded in the deep layers of the earth. They are reached by drilling and driving pipe-lines deep below, the surface of the earth.
Different Stages in Mining of Minerals:

The mining of most of the minerals passes through three stages:

prospecting, extracting and refining.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Prospecting is first stage of mining </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The first stage in mining is the location of deposits. Most of the minerals are buried deep below the surface of the earth. Or they may lie in places not easily  approachable. The pin-pointing of mineral deposits calls for great skill and hard

work.
Extracting:

The extraction of minerals lying on open sites is no problem. But most of the minerals have to be taken out of deep layers of the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank"><b>earth</b></a>. Tunnels are dug to reach the deeper layers of rock and machines are used to cut them. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Special arrangements have to be made to allow fresh air to circulate in the mine. Rail tracks are laid to haul out the ore (crude minerals) from the mines in trolleys.
Refining:

For the purpose of refining it, the ore is transported to factories. Here impurities are removed and the mineral is made fit for use. Good transport between the mine and the factories is basic to efficient refining. Oil and gas are transported by means of pipelines. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Western countries led the way to scientific mining</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Western countries like Germany, England and the United States have led the way to scientific mining. The gold and diamond mines of South Africa and the oil-fields of Saudi-Arabia follow mining techniques developed in the West.
Reasons for Different Kinds of Cultivation:

Climatic Conditions:

, Agriculture is not equally developed in all the countries of the world. The climatic conditions and the physical features of different parts of the world differ greatly. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> People are not equally hardworking: </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Moreover, people of all the lands are not equally hardworking and hardy. These factors account for different kinds of cultivation. ’
Different Kinds of Cultivation:

. There are four types of cultivation going on round the world. A brief description is given underneath: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Temporary Cultivation: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The ‘equatorial region’ never lacks moisture and heat. Therefore, wild plants and trees grow everywhere in this region. The creeping forest rapidly covers any patch of bare ground that lies within its reach. This makes it quite difficult to get land for cultivation. Peopl^ living in the region clear small patches 1 of the forests and start cultivating crops. But after two or three years they find the weeds reappearing with a vengeance  yield of the land begins to fall. In despair, the poor farmers give up their fields to the forest. They move on to some other part of the forest. Here, they again clear patches of land and start cultivation, gv This drama goes on all the time. Sometimes a whole village has to move to a new place. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Traditional Cultivation: </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Outside the ‘equatorial region’, peasants have permanent headings of land in most countries of the world. They grow cereals like rice, wheat, millet and fibres like cotton and jute or fruits and vegetables. This kind of traditional cultivation only meets the needs of the cultivator and his family and the needs of the local community. The yield of these lands is limited and hence plays no role in the foreign trade of the country. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mechanized Cultivation </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The advanced countries of the world have mechanized agriculture. Machines till the soil, sow the seeds, spray insecticides/pesticides, harvest crops and haul them to the market. Mechanized cultivation has revolutionized.

Saindak copper project is of immense importance. It will yield large amounts of copper, silver and gold when completed.

agriculture. It has boosted per acre yield of various crops. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Collective Farming: Mechanized cultivation can be successful only if it is done on a large scale.. In the old world, the average peasant did not have a holding big enough for the use of machinery. The answer to it has been suggested by introducing ‘collective farming’ which is a form of co-operative farming. There is a plan to encourage people to set up co-operative farms of their own free will.
Co-operative Cultivation:

In co-operative cultivation, all members of the co-operative society pool their lands.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> This gives them a tract of land, large enough to justify use of the heavy agricultural machinery. Against the security of this land they can borrow sufficient money to buy necessary machinery and fertilizers. Run on sound lines, co-operative farming can change the very fate of our countryside.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Plantations: </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The large scale cultivation of certain crops of fruits in a specially suitable area, for commercial purposes is known as a plantation. Rubber, tea, coffee, sugar-cane and bananas are examples of crops grown on plantations Plantations were set up by European settlers in Asiatic and African Colonies for the supply of raw materials on a large scale to their industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> They were set up in tropical and sub-tropical regions, mostly on coastal strips or islands. Rubber plantations in Malaysia proved a singular success.

Factories preparing sugar, textiles, flour, shoes and other articles of daily use are called ‘light industry’. Machines used in light industry are not light. With the help of machines and the labour force they turn the raw material into finished goods on a very large scale. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Cottage Industry: </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">These are industries carried on by a few individuals or by the members of a family on a small scale. Machines used in cottage industries are generally light such as power looms, paper-cutting and printing machines and tool-making machines etc.
Heavy Industry:

Factories which make machines etc. are known as heavy industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> To make machines we need metals and fuel. So the preparation of steel and the refining of mineral oil are basic to heavy industry. Countries that have developed heavy industry manufacture heavy machines like railway engines, electric machines, ships, aeroplanes and the like. To make these heavy machines, a country needs to have its own steel mills and its own oil refineries.

Heavy industry also needs the services of a large number of skilled technicians and experts. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This is why heavy industry is looked upon as the index of . a country’s progress. Sound industrial development depends on the development of heavy industry.
Light Industry and Foreign Markets:

Besides meeting the country’s own needs, light industry tries to capture foreign markets. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This it 'can do if it gets a plentiful supply of raw materials and can sell its products at moderate prices.

The developing countries of Asia and Africa provide a big market for such goods. However, these countries are now trying to set up their own industries and turn their raw materials into finished goods themselves. This is just what Pakistan has done. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Formerly it imported cotton and woollen textiles as well as sugar. Now it does not. Thus it has created thousands of jobs for its youth. It is also saving millions of rupees in the form of foreign exchange. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">economic progress part 1.....................<a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/01/economic-progress-of-countries-of-world.html" target="_blank">previous</a> </span></div>

Economic progress of the countries of the world(part 2)

Mining: Mining Mining means to take out various metals, coal, oil, natural gas, stones of various kinds, demands and s...

Economic progress (part 1)

Abdullah 0 Article, social study Saturday, January 11, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Economic progress of a country</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">It depends on two main factors:  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Natural Resources  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Trained Manpower  </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Natural Resources:</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Fertile soil, rainfall, rivers, seas, forests, animals, fish and mineral wealth are the gifts of nature and are called the ‘natural resources’ of a country. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">River</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Trained Manpower:</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">These gifts of nature by themselves cannot make a country rich and powerful. Man has to learn how to put them to good use. In other words, we must develop our natural resources if we want a place of honour in the world. Pakistan is quite rich in natural resources. To develop them, we need a plentiful supply of  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">trained young men and women. Only trained manpower can give Pakistan large scale mechanized farming, mining, manufacturing, engineering and efficient transport. .<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="bookmark6"> </a></span> <br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Major Occupations of the World:</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Stock Rearing  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Mining  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Agriculture  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Industry  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Trade Stock Rearing:  </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Stock Rearing</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">means to rear cattle such as buffaloes, goats, sheep and horses etc.  </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Benefits of Cattle:</span></h4>
<span style="font-size: large;">The animals such as buffaloes, goats, sheep and/ horses supply several basic needs of man. They supply milk, butter, meat, leather and wool. Camels and horses are used for transport.  </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Reasons for Stock Rearing</b>:</span></h4>
<span style="font-size: large;">People can take to stock-rearing for two reasons:  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The scarcity of other resources may make stock-rearing the major occupation of the people. This is called traditional stock-rearing.  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Climatic conditions may make stock-rearing a profitable means of earning foreign exchange. This is called scientific and commercial stock rearing.  </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Stock Rearing in </b><b>Pakistan</b><b>:</b></span></h4>
<span style="font-size: large;">In Pakistan, traditional stock-rearing is done in the Sulaiman Mountain Range, area of the North Western Frontier Province, in the Cholistan area of the Punjab and in a greater part of Balochistan. Plans are under way to put stock- rearing on a scientific footing, so that it fetches a reasonable return to the people.  </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Stock Rearing in different areas of the world:</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">In the tropical and sub-tropical regions, the interiors of continents have vast stretches of dry lands. They do not have sufficient moisture for agriculture. The same is true of the cold Tundra tract, stretching towards the North Pole. Climatic conditions rule out agriculture is these areas. Grass is the only vegetation that can flourish. This naturally makes stock-rearing the chief occupation of the peqple.  </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Stock-Rearinq in Grasslands</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>:</b></span>  <br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Stock-rearing for home and foreign markets is a profitable occupation. It is an important occupation in the grasslands of the ‘Temperature Region’. Vast tracts of tall, tender grass abound in North America, South America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In the central plains of Canada, the central and western part of the United States and Northern Mexico, grass grows in the open plains, on the highlands and on mountain slopes. Both rainfall and temperature favour its growth. Similar climatic conditions prevail in Argentina, Uruguay, South Brazil, eastern and South eastern parts of Australia and the greater part of New Zealand. In these  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">lands, stock-rearing has been developed on modern scientific lines.  </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Commercial Stock Rearing:</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Commercial stock-rearing reaches its highest point in the southern continents i.e., South America, Australia and New Zealand. Climatic conditions favour vast pleasure-lands in the region. The needs of the home-market are limited. These factors make it profitable for these countries to raise stock and export dairy products to other countries of the world.  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Argentina...An exporter of meat:  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">As an exporter of meat, Argentina leads the world. It meets one-third of the demand of the international market for meat. Ranches in the northern and central parts of Argentina rear cows. The southern part of the country is relatively dry. It rears sheep.</span><br />
<a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/01/economic-progress-of-countries-of.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Next : economic progress part 2 </span></a></div>

Economic progress (part 1)

Economic progress of a country It depends on two main factors: Natural Resources Trained Manpower Natural Resources: Fertile soil...

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