Educational Wealth: Article

food and nutrition

Abdullah 1 Article, diet, food, nutrition Saturday, January 26, 2019

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Food and nutrition</h2>
outline<br />
1-Good nutrition<br />
2-definattion of food<br />
3-defination of health<br />
4-three things important for health <br />
5-exercise <br />
6-activity<br />
Good nutrition is vital to good health. With such multiculturism and 
modern society, food has established to be much more  
in variety. Poor 
nutrition is the major problem in our country. unhealthy diet and 
physical inactivity, have produced to the growth of obesity in our 
country.<br />
Food can be defined as the any substance that provides the nutrients 
necessary to maintain life. However when most 
of the animals feed, they repeatedly consume foods necessary for their 
wellbeing.Over the last 
100 years the society has believed that the apart from supplying basic 
energy ,food has very little sustain on physical and mental health .<br />
Health is defined as” a state of complete ,physical 
,mental and social wellbeing  Our health is affected by how we choose to 
live our life. <br />
There is three
 main things to remember about health<br />
 1-Being free from symptoms of disease.<br />
2-Being active ,able to do what you want.<br />
3-Being in good spirits and feeling emotionally healthy.<br />
Nutrition  includes the understanding which nutrients 
we need ,where to find them  ,how they are used by our bodies,and effect on our health .It s also considered the other 
factors such as society ,culture, economies and technology, our diet provides all the nutrients we 
need to stay healthy . if we choose a poor amount of <a href="https://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/food-of-world.html" target="_blank">food</a> in our body 
the essential nutrients will be missing in our body <br />
 but however to 
maintain the right nutrients it can be very challenging and difficult 
because we eat for many other reasons but we do not eat thinking that we
 need nutrients to maintain a good diet .<br />
There are over 40 nutrients important to ourlife. We 
need to consume these nutrients because it  is not made by 
our body. <br />
  Nutrients provide three basic functions in our body. Some 
nutrients provide energy, some provide antibodies and some provide basic
structure. Each nutrients has its own way of performing all these
 functions .the nutrients are needed for growth, to 
maintain and repair the body and to allow us to reproduce.<br />
Diet is the right amount of <a href="https://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/food-of-world.html" target="_blank">food </a>we eat . It is important to 
develop and control of what we eat . Although we have
 the right amount of nutrients it is important to have a balance 
diet. As for the formal routine of our meals which is three square meals
 depending on what we eat in our breakfast, lunch and dinner but many of
 us end up eating much more than how much we have to eat .<br />
we indulge 
ourselves with several snacks or treats thorough out the day depending 
on our <a href="https://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/food-of-world.html" target="_blank">food</a> and energy .the pattern of eating has been changing thus to 
maintain of body nutrients we need to have a  balanced diet and approach
 to healthy eating.<br />
Early childhood is considered the most important stage. Healthy early child development includes the physical. 
Healthy early child development includes the physical, social and cognitive behaviours each of which is equally 
important . our early childhood stages of influenced by,obesity, or stunting ,mental health, heart disease,literacy and 
numeracy criminality and economic participation through life.<br />
The relationship between lifestyle and health is regardless of 
understanding the personal decision making and 
patterns of behaviour that have tremendous effect on health and on the 
nations economy. Our dietary behaviours such as consumption of fat 
,sodium, and sugar ,leading to an epidemic of obesity. Fast <a href="https://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/food-of-world.html" target="_blank">food</a> has donimated the cycle of  industry .<br />
The 
cheaper price and tasty way of changing  how eat . it is yet very 
essential to at least jog or walk a mile everyday to re organise our body  We 
have easily coped with modern society and its technolog. 
These days children has no activities because they are lured in 
computers, video games and mobiles.</div>

food and nutrition

Food and nutrition outline 1-Good nutrition 2-definattion of food 3-defination of health 4-three things important for health 5-exerc...

Democracy

Abdullah 0 Article Tuesday, May 27, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Democracy</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Democracy literally means, the rule of the people. It has been defined as government of the people, by the people, for the people”. Modern democracy rests on the principle of representation. The people elect their representatives by vote. These representatives attend the legislature and act on behalf of the citizens. If the citizens are not satisfied with their representatives, they may not re-elect them in the next elections.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In theory, democracy is the best form of government. It is the government of the people as distinguished from the government of individual or of a class of people. It makes all the citizens interested in their country by giving them a voice in legislation. It gives them a feeling of importance and a sense of responsibility. It thus gives a new meaning to their personality. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Another merit of democracy is that it is less liable to revolution than other forms of government. Since people themselves elect the members of government, the need for a revolution does not arise. In addition to this, a democratic government usually guarantees freedom of thought, action and speech. This threefold freedom is a very' great advantage as it enables the individual to grow freely. Democracy thus offers the most favourable atmosphere for the development of the human personality. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">But democracy has its dangers, the greatest of which is that it may be the rule of ignorance. “Nine people out of every ten", Says Carlyle, “are fools”, and citizens who are not sufficiently intelligent or educated are likely to commit errors of judgment in the casting of votes. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The best men may thus fail to get elected. Elections are usually a matter of propaganda. However,, the voters in countries like Britain and America have not proved so lacking in judgment as many of the opponent of democracy would have us believe, though it is true that in our own country the people, being illiterate, rarely give evidence of sound or independent judgment.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Another criticism of democracy is that it is wanting in efficiency. For prompt and effective action, unity of action is essential. "One bad general”, said Napoleon, “is better than two good ones”. In a multitude of minds, much unprofitable discussion takes place. Whereas unity of control needed for a vigorous national life. According to Newman, for example, the British Government cannot cope with the emergencies created by war as effectively as a dictator can. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This criticism, however, is not very convincing because in times of war the British Prime Minister usually wields the powers of a dictator. During World War II, for example, Sir Winston Churchill faced few real difficulties as a result of the system of democracy in England.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> A sounder criticism of democracy in times of war would be to say that secrecy in military affairs becomes difficult, if not’-impossible, and that the opposition usually lowers the morale of people by its loud condemnation of the action of the Cabinet.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It was thought that the Great War of 1914-18 had made the world safe for democracy, but this forecast proved to be wrong. While democracy worked quite well in France and the English- speaking countries, most other countries swung towards dictatorship. So successful and powerful did their dictatorships become that the days of democracy seemed to be almost over. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Germany, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Russia  in all these countries dictatorship triumphed and flourished, till the outbreak of another World War. greater than the first, plunged the world into bloody strife the like of which had never been witnessed before in history. The conditions prevailing now in countries which were the strongholds of dictatorship  . Dictatorship is certainly not without its merits. As Carlyle points out, society is an organism and not a machine. No mechanical system like the ballot-box can, therefore prove satisfactory.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The safer course is to give all power to a dictator. The dictator must, of course, be one who has an exceptional ability to organise, direct and administer. Parliamentary rule usually means government by cliques of politicians whose purview is strictly limited by their private - interests. A dictator, on the other hand, can concentrate all his energies on the uplift and improvement of his country. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This is borne out by the phenomenal success achieved by Hitler and Mussolini in their respective countries. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">“My programme”, said Mussolini “is. action, not talk.”
Unfortunately, the methods of dictatorship are, and have to be, ruthless. Dictatorship employees force and violence to maintain itself. It resorts to physical compulsion, prisons, concentration camps, censorship, intimidation purges and executions. Both in Russia and Germany countless executions were ordered for the stability of dictatorship.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> A dictatorship cannot brook the slightest opposition. Thus </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">there can be no freedom of thought or speech under such a system. Iqte^sive propaganda is employed, as was done is Germany, to retqjm the support of the people.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Dictatorship, therefore, by its very nature hampers the free development for the human personality. It does not allow for diversity of political opinion and belief but tends towards political regimentation or standardization of human beings.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The greatest danger of dictatorship however, its partiality for war as an instrument .of national aggrandizement. Practically every dictator preaches war, partly because he is actuated by personal ambition and partly because he suffers from exaggerated nationalism.
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Democracy

Democracy Democracy literally means, the rule of the people. It has been defined as government of the people, by the people, for the pe...

Punctuality (A good habit)

Abdullah 0 Article Sunday, May 25, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Punctuality</span> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqZRC_IXfe1Gj3S0EQzT6MXqdNocQwccoV0h0Fp2zAR_swmagfwnfAR7cHE2K3h8ZbVbOB-s0UQJ1dHTBUJ-DfCHmRxQpS7Breulsb-tB-t9uo7ky0lJrF18gkQcslZ9B3nsQ9PIID30k/s1600/watch.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="190" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqZRC_IXfe1Gj3S0EQzT6MXqdNocQwccoV0h0Fp2zAR_swmagfwnfAR7cHE2K3h8ZbVbOB-s0UQJ1dHTBUJ-DfCHmRxQpS7Breulsb-tB-t9uo7ky0lJrF18gkQcslZ9B3nsQ9PIID30k/s1600-rw/watch.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">wall clock</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">    </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">  <b>P</b>unctuality is the habit of never being behind time appointed. The punctual boy comes to college in good time for his lessons, and is in his place with his books spread out ready for immediate use as soon as his teacher comes into the room. He has his lesson well prepared, as he began to learn it in good time.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> When he grows up to manhood, he is distinguished by the same excellent characteristic. If he makes an appointment, you may count upon finding him at the appointed time at the place of meeting agreed upon. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Give him any work to do, and if he promises to have it completed at a certain date, be is sure not to disappoint you.
The unpunctual man, on the contrary, goes through life as if he had deliberately determined to make a practice of being too late on every possible occasion. He begins the day by lying in bed too long. After hurriedly dressing, he finds that he has only time to snatch a few mouthfuls of breakfast, which he sw'allows so hastily that he suffers from indigestion for the rest of the day. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">He now starts off at a run in a vain effort to be in time for his work. On his way he suddenly recollects that in his hurry he has forgotten some important paper, so he has to run back to his house to get them. Perhaps he goes to his office by the railway. If this is the case, of course he misses his proper train, and has to wait impatiently for half an hour on the station platform.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Hot and tired with his struggles against time, he rushes into office at least half an hour late and receives a rebuke from his superiors. A large office is a complicated machine, and probably his more punctual associates have been unable to get on with their work satisfactorily owing to the absence of the late comer, for whom therefore they entertain no kindly feelings.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The whole establishment may have to be kept working for some time after office hours because one man has come late.
In the evening we may suppose that our unpunctual man's wife has a well-cooked dinner to refresh him after his day’s work. But she has to be ready at the hour w'hen he ought to return, and he loiters on the way. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">So when at last he arrives, the carefully prepared dinner has been kept waiting till it is overcooked, and the whole family sits down in no pleasant temper to a meal which might have been, but for one man's selfish irregularity, an agreeable termination to the labours of the day. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In this way the vice of unpunctuality makes a man a continued source of worry and annoyance to himself and others. In special cases it may produce far more serious evil effects. Many men by . being late for appointments have lost valuable chance of improving

their position in life, and opportunities of this kind, when once lost, are too likely never to return.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Unpunctuality in the starting of a train often leads to a disastrous railway accident. A campaign in war may be ruined by the failure of a general to effect a junction with his colleague at the appointed time and place. Marshall Blucher pledged himself to come to the support of Wellington on June 18th, 1815. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">If he had not made tremendous efforts punctually to keep his promise, Napoleon might have won the battle of Waterloo and changed the future course of European history. Although in ordinary matters such great issues do not depend on the faithful observance of appointments, in almost all cases the habit of unpunctuality works much mischief, and even- one who, without sufficient excuse, is late for an .appointment, is besides guilty of great rudeness to those whom he keeps waiting.
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Punctuality (A good habit)

Punctuality wall clock P unctuality is the habit of never being behind time appointed. The punctual boy com...

Good manners

Abdullah 1 Article Tuesday, May 06, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Good Manners </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We should  be kind and gentle towards our relatives. Among relatives are included parents, brothers and sisters, grandparents, uncles and aunts.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The people who live close to our house are called our neighbours. Islam tells us to treat our neighbours kindly. If a neighbour asks for help, try to help him. When he is ill, visit him to ask about his welfare. If he is successful, congratulate him. If he is in trouble console him. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">If he does wrong, forgive him. Send him some of the food you prepare for yourself. Also send him some of the fruits purchased for yourself.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> We should treat our friends with love and affection. We should respect them and co-operate with them. We should also try to have good and well-behaved friends. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">We should be careful that whatever we speak is true. Allah does not like people who lie. Speaking the truth is a very good habit. If a person always speaks the truth, he saves himself from a lot of trouble.
The Holy Prophet(pbuh) told the people not to tell lies even as a joke. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A liar is hated and shunned by everyone. No one will have confidence in him. No one would believe him even if he spoke the truth.
On the other hand, a truthful man is respected by everyone around him. If you always speak the truth, you can be a good person. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A Human should not harm or hurt other people. He should try to help them
in whatever way he can.  God considers the good that we do to others as done to Himself. He will reward us for it. 
There are may people who do not have food to eat or clothes to wear. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">We can help them by giving them food and clothes. We can also help them by giving them money to buy these things. 
When a Muslim makes a promise, he should fulfill it even if he has to make sacrifices.
Keeping a promise is a form of honesty. It is a very noble quality.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Islam considers it as one of the qualities of true believers. The Quran and the Holy Prophet(pbuh) also stressed upon Muslims the importance of fulfilling promises. Breaking a promise is a form of falsehood. The Holy Prophet(pbuh) hated it and described it as a sign of the hypocrites.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> We should try to fulfill all our promises. It is a very bad habit to take other people’s things without permission or to keep things that others have lost. This is called stealing. At school or at home or anywhere if you find something that does not belong to you, do not keep it but give it to an elder or your teacher. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Backbiting is to speak ill of people when they are not present. Islam commands us not to hurt people’s feelings by passing unkind remarks about them when they are present. It is much worse when we talk ill of them when they are not present.
The Quran says that a person who backbites is like one who has eaten the flesh of his dead brother.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> No one can even think of eating human flesh, let alone the flesh of a dead brother. A good Muslim therefore does not backbite.
Taking permission before using people’s things
It is wrong to use things that belong to other people without first taking permission. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Therefore, before we want to use other people’s things, we should ask their permission. If they allow us, then we can borrow their things.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> As soon as our work is done, they should be returned to their owners. Care should be taken that we do not spoil their things.
How to talk
There are many people who keep on talking, never giving others a chance to speak. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It is also bad manners to interrupt people when they are talking unless it is very necessary to do so. It is better to wait till they finish what they want to say. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Always wash your hands before you start to eat.
Always eat and drink with your right hand. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Sit properly while eating and do not recline.
 
Begin your meal with

Do not eat or drink too quickly.
Do not eat or drink so much that nothing is left for others.
Eat from what is near you.
Even if you do not like what is being served, eat a little of it to show thanks to Allah for giving you food to eat.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Do not breathe into the glass or cup while drinking from it.
Thank Allah after you have finished your meal.
Wash your hands after you finish eating.
Earning by hard work
To earn a living by hard work is an obligation laid down by Islam. Muslims are not allowed to earn their living in any way they like. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">They have to follow the rules laid down by Islam.
Islam has given much importance to earning by hard work. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) told the people that after they perform their morning prayers, they should not
go back to sleep. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">They should go out in search of work to earn a living. Islam dislikes idleness and inactivity. A Muslim is not permitted to live on charity if he is capable of earning his living.The Holy Prophet (pbuh) preferred the earning of livelihood through hard work and labour. He himself worked first as a shepherd and then as a trader to earn his living. He disliked begging and laziness. He said that it is better that a person should cut wood and sell it rather than beg from people.
The following are the sayings of the Holy Prophet(pbuh) about hard work.
“No one eats better food than that which he earns from the work of his own hands. ’’
“Allah is pleased with the person who goes to sleep at night tired from his efforts to earn lawful bread. ”
A Human  should earn his living by hard work and lawful means.

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Good manners

Good Manners We should be kind and gentle towards our relatives. Among relatives are included parents, brothers and sisters, grandp...

Tsunami

Abdullah 2 Article Monday, May 05, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">TSUNAMI </span></h2>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tsaunami in Japan </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Tsunami is a Japanes word which means "Under Sea <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/worlds-earth-quack.html" target="_blank"><b>Earthquake</b></a>" . In deep<a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2013/12/oceans-of-world.html" target="_blank"> <b>ocean </b></a>water, tsunami waves from

only a small hump, barely noticeable and harmless, which generally travels at a very high speed of 500 to 1000 Km/h (310 to 620 miles/h) in shallow water near coast lines, a tsunami slows down to only tens of Kilometers an hour but, in doing so forms large destructive waves.

The 2004 Indian ocean earthquake was an undersea earthquake that occured at UTC on Dec, 26, 2004. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The earthquake generated a tsunami that was among the deadliest disasters in modern history. At magnitude of 9.0, it was the largest earthquake since the 9.2 magnitude Good Friday Earthquake off Alaska in 1964 and tied for four largest since 1900.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> This is one of the ten worst earthquakes

recorded history. It is also the single worst tsunami in history which devastated a large world. The earthquake originated the Indian ocean just north of Simeulue <b>Island, </b>off the western coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The resulting tsunami devastated the shoses of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, South India, Thiland and other countries with waves upto 30m (100 feet).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The earthquake itself (Apart from the tsunami) was felt as far as Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thiland, Singapore and the Maldives. It caused serious damage and deaths as far as the east coast of Africa, with the furthest recorded death due to the tsunami occuring at part Elizabeth in South Africa, 800 km away from the epicentse.

Any where from 2,65,000 to 3,10,000 people are thought to have died as a result of the tsunami. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In Indonesia was particular 500 bodies a day were still being found in Feb, 2005 and the count was expected to continue past June. The true final talk may never be known due to bodies having been swept out to sea. Relief agencies washed of epidmics caused by poor sanitation, but the threat of starvation seemed then to have been largely averted People with tens of thousands reported missing, and over a million felt homeless .</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> one third of the dead appeared to be children. In some regions women were killed as many as four times more then men.

A great deal of humanitarian aid was needed due to widespread damage of the infrastructure. Shortages of food and water, and <b>economic</b> damage. In the days after the event, significant efforts was spent in busying bodies hurriedly for fear of <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/common-diseases-part-2.html" target="_blank"><b>disease</b>. </a>The world <b><a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/common-diseases-part-2.html" target="_blank">Food</a> </b>programme

provided food aid to more than 1.3 million people affectd by the tsunami. Nations all over the world had provided over USD 3 billion in aid for damaged regions, some of the countries are <b>Australia</b>, German, Japenese, Canada, USA, World Bank and <b>Asian</b> Development Bank. .</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The Indian ocean earthquake has caused an enermous environmental impact which will effect the region for many years to come.

The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) is working with governments of the region in order to determine the severity of ecological impact Tsunami is the great

disaster of this century. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The countries all over the world have been alarmed to take precaution meausres Every

country is trying to research out about how they can be allert from this silent killer". 
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Tsunami

TSUNAMI Tsaunami in Japan Tsunami is a Japanes word which means "Under Sea Earthquake " . In deep ocean water, ...

USE OF INTERNET AND E-MAIL IN EDUCATION

Abdullah 0 Article Monday, April 28, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">USE OF INTERNET AND E-MAIL IN EDUCATION</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The last decode has seen the rise of many new technologies. One of the most important of these developments in the Internet. We use the Internet from simple sending of e-mail to finding large volumes of information.

The Internet is a huge global network of computers. It compsises millions of interconnected networks. It was developed in the 1970's in the US. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Internet</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It was used by universities

exchange of research data in early times, The Internet is a data communication system. Now millions of people world wide use the Internet to share imformation and communicate with each other.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The most important facts about the internet are that it contains a wealth of information that can be sent across the world instantly It has ability to send and receive

massages, letters, documents, pictures video and sound easily. Buisnessmen have found new uses of the internet. It is called E-commerce (electronic commerce) for short. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It consists in carrying out financial transactions money matters. Its most important form is online shopping. Buisness create almost of market place on the Internet. The customers can relect goods and place orders. It provides them a faster, more efficient and cheaper wasy to serve customers. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The information from Internet opens up minds and unites people in different parts of the world. If anyone want to say something to the people they can place their ideas on it and can be heard by the world.

Where every field is going to get advantage from it. Internet has also revoulionized the field of education. Online education is another most important contribution of it. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It provides many options for teaching, learning and

knowledge building. A student can get every information about any subject, any language, any research and any field of teaching. It is a great source of information about any aspect of education. It wideness up the world of student as well as teacher. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It broadens the mind with educational programmes for all. Almost in all institutions which are aiming at to give education alongwith technology to the students and explore the world, the

tut run Publications

Interne, is being used these.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It helps the students to get more proper oppertunities get education according to their aptitude They can take admission in recognized universities of the world from where ever they may be

However, there are disadvantages as well. People stay on line for many house and neglect their work, family and social lives. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The students are mostly effected by it. They turn away from their proper studies. Its use must be heltpful not be harmful. Another problem is that those people who have skill to capture over the Internet. They steal, cheat or misuse the confidential information. They use viruses to destroy vast amount of stored data. The question is not whether Internet is bad or good from any point of view but the fact is that no doubt, It is really a great power of sources go forward but it depends upon us whether we make healty use of it or not. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Internet is also being used for higher education, commerce and science. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Our students have been interest to use it. There are many intellectual students who are making proper use of it and enhancing the dignity of our country. The use of Internet in education is less than other countries due to shortage of trained teachers and lack provision of labortaries.</span></div>

USE OF INTERNET AND E-MAIL IN EDUCATION

USE OF INTERNET AND E-MAIL IN EDUCATION The last decode has seen the rise of many new technologies. One of the most important of these d...

Seasons

Abdullah 0 Article, essays Saturday, April 26, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Seasons</span></h2>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Seasons</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">As the <b><a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/01/our-earth-and-universe.html" target="_blank">Earth</a> </b>the Sun its changing position produces the seasons.  Outside the tropics there are four seasons each year. Each one lasts about three months.

The changes in the seasons occur because the tilt of the Earth’s axis is always the same as it circles the Sun. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When the Earth is on one side of the Sun, the Northern Hemisphere (half of the world) is tilted towards the<b> <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/sun-and-its-rays.html" target="_blank">Sun</a>.</b> It is summer in the north of the world and winter in the south. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In autumn, the leaves of deciduous trees change colour then drop off ready for winter. Nights grow cooler, and a mist will often develop by morning.

As the Earth moves a quarter way round the Sun, the northern half begins to tilt away. This brings cooler autumn weather to the north and spring to the south.

When the Earth moves another quarter to the far side of the Sun, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It is winter in the north and summer in the south. As the Earth moves three-quarters of the way round the Sun, the north begins to tilt towards the Sun again. This brings warmer weather of spring to the north, and autumn to the south.

Around March 21 and September 21, the night is exactly 12 hours long all over the world. These times are called the vernal (spring) equinox and the autumnal equinox.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The day when nights begin to get longer again is called the summer solstice. This is around June 21 in the north and December 21 in the south.

Many places in the tropics have just two six-month seasons: wet and dry. Weathering is the gradual breakdown of rocks when they are exposed to the air.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The seasons of the year differ in

different parts of the

world. In countries in the temperature zone, like England, the year is divided into four season. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">1- Winter (December, January and February), </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">2- Spring (March, April, and May), </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">3-summer (June, july and August) </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">4-Autumn (September, October and November), </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The winter is the cold season. The land is often coverd with snow; lakes and ponds and streams are frozen; the sky is dull and cloudy, and there are frequent storms of wind and rain. All <b>vegetation </b>seems to be dead; the trees are

bare, the grass is brown, and all the flowers have disappeared. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In March, the climate changes often suddenly.

The warm, moisture-laden west wind prevails, and the air becomes warm and mild. The flower come out, the trees put forth their new leaves, and the grass becomes green. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The birds begin nesting and the woods are full of their signing and the farmers are busy ploughing and sowing With June comes the summer - warm but no hot like the Pakistan summer - and flowers and trees are at their finest.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In June and July the farmers are busy making hay, and in August they begin to reap the wheat. Septemebr and October are beautiful autumn months, the harvesting is completed the orchards are laden with fruit, and

the leaves of the trees turn yellow and red and begin fall, while November is stormy and cold, and the days shorten" and the nights lengthen, till winter comes round again. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In a country, like Pakistan the seasons are different and are mark

throughout the year, but from October to June it is dry, while from June, when the monsoon breaks, there is more or less continual rain, until the end of September. In North Pakistan, there are violent extremes of heat and cold. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">From November to February is the cold seasons, the cold being sometimes

comparatively severe. In March it

begins to get hot, and the dry heat increases steadly until in June is blazing hot, and the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/temprature-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>temperature </b></a>often rises to 120 Fahrenheit, when the monsoon breaks, and the temperature is reduced, but it still remains hot, and the humidity in the air makes it steamy and very uncomfortable until the rain ceases. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This division of seasons gives Pakistan farmers two harvests in the year. They begin ploughing as soon as the monsoon rains often the soil in July, and sow cotton and maize, which they reap in October  the Kharif harvest. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Then they plough again and sow wheat and other crops, which they reap about March - the

Rabi harvest. The seasons are caused, of course, by the chages in the position of the earth to the sun, as it rolls round it in its yearly 
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Seasons

Seasons Seasons As the Earth the Sun its changing position produces the seasons. Outside the tropics there are f...

Wind

Abdullah 0 Article Monday, March 24, 2014

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<span style="font-size: x-large;">How Wind blows </span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Air is constantly on the move. Warm air rises and cold air moves down. This movement of air from a high pressure area to a low pressure area causes the wind to blow. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wind</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Effect of pressure on wind </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The greater the difference  in pressure between the two areas, the fiercer the wind will be. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Role of sun in wind blowing </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The sun plays a very vital role in these movements. The sun heats the the earth unevenly. For example, the equator is always very hot because the sun's rays shine directly down at it. However, the sun rays hit the remainder of the earth at varying degrees or angles.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Coriolis force</span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Because the earth rotates from west to east, winds blowing toward the equator have a tendency to curve toward the east. This is known as Coriolis force.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Wind belts </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Due to this force, the general circulation of the atmosphere is made up of winds that go around the earth in wind bands called wind belts. There are six of these wind belts.

"Wind is the movement of air over the earth's surface". Wind can blow slowly and gently or it may blow so hard and fast that it smashes buildings and pushes over large trees.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Wind as a part of weather</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Local winds arise only in specific areas on the earth. For instance, Chinooks are warm winds that blow down the side of a mountain. In Alberta, Canada, a Chinook can raise the temperature by 20°C (36°F) in just a few minutes.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Witch's wind</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> In Southern California in the United States, there is a hot dry wind called the witch's wind, or Santa Ana, which can keep brush fires burning for days. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Haboob wind</span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">In the Sudan, there is a strong wind called the haboob which whips up sandstorms. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Willy Willy wind Horricane </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">In Australia there is a hurricane called the willy-willy.

In the kite shapes which follow are names of more local winds as well as other words related to the wind. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Horrican</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Wind and Temperature </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> When the air around us alters from cold to hot and vice versa the air moves and this movement is called the wind.

Very often on a cold, blustery winter's day, we hear the weather forecaster make mention of the wind chill factor. What does it mean? What actually happens is that the air temperature and the wind combine to make the air feel colder than the actual temperature reading. As an example, if the outside temperature was -10°C (14°F) and the wind speed was 20 kmh (12 mph) the wind chill would make it feel like the temperature was -19°C (-1°F).</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Beaufort wind scale </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> In 1805 an Englishman named Sir Francis Beaufort devised the Beaufort wind scale. The scale is a series of numbers ranging from 0 to 17 that are used to indicate wind speeds. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Wind speed </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Wind speed is a feature of wind that is used in forecasting weather. In most countries, including Canada, wind speeds are measured in kilometres per hour while in the United States they are stated in miles per hour. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Effect of wind on weather </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Winds effect our weather a great deal. If you watch a flag blowing in the breeze you can judge from which direction the wind is blowing. North winds are cold while south winds usually mean warm weather. East winds often mean a cloudy day is in store. West winds are usually warm and we can be somewhat certain of blue skies. The flags that follow are all blowing toward the west.

Wind is moving air. Strong winds are fast-moving air; gentle breezes are air that moves slowly.

Air moves because the Sun warms some places more than others, creating differences in air pressure.

Warmth makes air expand and rise, lowering air pressure. Cold makes air heavier, raising pressure.

Winds blow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, which are called lows.

The sharper the pressure difference the stronger the winds blow. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Winds in Northern Hemisphere</span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">In the Northern Hemisphere,

winds spiral in a clockwise direction out of highs, and anticlockwise into lows.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Winds in </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Southern</span> Hemisphere</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true.

A prevailing wind is a wind that blows frequently from the same direction. Winds are named by the direction they blow from. For instance a westerly wind blows from the west.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Winds in tropics </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> In the tropics the prevailing winds are warm, dry winds. They blow from the northeast and the southeast towards the Equator.

In the mid-latitudes the

prevailing winds are warm, moist westerlies. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Tornadoes </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Tornadoes, or twisters, are long funnels of violently spiralling winds beneath thunderclouds.

Tornadoes roar past in just a few minutes, but they can cause severe damage.

Wind speeds inside tornadoes are difficult to measure,

Supercell

cloud

but they are believed to be over 400 km/h. </span><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Thunder clouds </span></h4>
<span style="font-size: large;">Tornadoes develop

beneath huge thunderclouds, called supercells, which occur along cold fronts.

England has more tornadoes per square kilometre than any other country, but they are usually mild. </span><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Tornado Alley in Kansas</span></h4>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Tornado Alley in Kansas, USA, has 1000 tornadoes a year. Some of them are immensely powerful. cloud base

Tornadoes are especially destructive in central USA but they can occur wherever there are thunderstorms. </span><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Origin of  Tornado </span></h4>
<span style="font-size: large;">A tornado starts deep inside a thundercloud, where a column of strongly rising warm air is set spinning by high winds roaring through the cloud’s top. As air is sucked into this column, or mesocyclone, it corkscrews down to the ground. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Incredible tornado </span></h4>
<span style="font-size: large;">A tornado may be rated on the Fujita scale, from gale tornado inconceivable tornado.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> An incredible tornado can lift a house and carry a bus hundreds of metres.

In 1990 a Kansas tornado lifted an 88-car train from the track and then dropped it in piles four cars high.

In 1879, a Kansas tornado destroyed an ron bridge and sucked up a river beneath it. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Hurricanes  </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Hurricanes are powerful, whirling tropical storms. They are also called willy- willies, cyclones or typhoons.   Hurricanes develop in late summer as clusters of thunderstorms build up over warm seas (at least 27°C).   As hurricanes grow, they tighten into a spiral with a calm ring of low pressure called the ‘eye’ at the centre.   Hurricanes move westwards at about 20 km/h. They strike east coasts, bringing torrential rain and winds gusting up to 360 km/h.   Officially a hurricane is a storm with winds exceeding 119 km/h.   Hurricanes last, on average, 3-14 days.
They die out as they move towards the Poles into cooler air. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Each hurricane is given a name in alphabetical order each year, from a list issued by the World Meteorological Organization. The first storm of the year might be, for instance,  A satellite view of a hurricane approaching Florida, USA. Notice the yellow eye in the centre of the storm.
Hurricane Andrew.   The most fatal cyclone ever was the one that struck Bangladesh in 1970. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It killed 266,000 with the flood from the storm surge - the rapid rise in sea level created as winds drive ocean waters ashore.   A hurricane generates the same energy every second as a small hydrogen bomb. Each year 35 tropical storms reach hurricane status in the Atlantic Ocean, and 85 around the world.

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Wind

How Wind blows Air is constantly on the move. Warm air rises and cold air moves down. This movement of air from a high pressure area to...

World's Population

Abdullah 0 Article Sunday, March 23, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">POPULATION</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIPU23bhK7nP-Q00iRhaweduO-b8kfZuX5DK9IoOQilgK0Qa6Pv59lIjXkQoinFCdpDZau-02yv77qsE0t7zgtLPpWCnwSiLGrHNgP9089dtIAic7a7dZ7c2Ll0-TKRM0xQhWZ8G87Jl0/s1600/popu.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="281" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIPU23bhK7nP-Q00iRhaweduO-b8kfZuX5DK9IoOQilgK0Qa6Pv59lIjXkQoinFCdpDZau-02yv77qsE0t7zgtLPpWCnwSiLGrHNgP9089dtIAic7a7dZ7c2Ll0-TKRM0xQhWZ8G87Jl0/s1600-rw/popu.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Population</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Rapid rise in world population has assumed very serious proportions. An estimate of this high rate of increase may be made by the fact that up to 1830 the total world population was only on billion. Now it has risen to seven billions. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">So population explosion has become one of the major problems  the world facing today, increasing population is a danger for the present world. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> There is shortage of food yet each year, there are many people to eat it. This situation has caused famine in many parts of the world. Million and million of people die of hunger.The rate of development in many countries has slowed.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> There unemployment is on increase. There is shortage of facilities like housing, food, clothing, education, transport, hospitals, schools and colleges. The cities are full of beggars.
Civic facilities do not increase at the same rate. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Problems of over crowding and traffic make life miserable . Because of the poor food and

the present food production of the world is insufficient  to support the rapidly  increasing population of the world. The result is that a vast majority of human race living in poorer countries does not get enough to eat. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In some parts of the world, people, especially children, are dying of hunger. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Famines  have been occurring from the beginning of time. During the last 1800 years, major famines have hit Europe In 350 different years. China alone had ninety major famines in one century in which millions of people died. The Russian famine in 1921-22 killed many millions of people.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> India had a number of famines in the present century.
Famines may be caused in many ways. Sometimes crops fail because of less'rains. Sometimes pests destroy crops. Famines caused in these ways may kill millions of people.
Some parts of the world are, however, in the grip of a constant famine. These are the countries which cannot produce enough food for their vast populations. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">So the people never have sufficient food. They are starving to death slowly but surely.
In fact, in the world of today there is not enough food for present population. Still population is increasing at a tremendous" rate, especially in the poorer countries of the world. The major factor for this is Increase In birth rate and decrease in death rate. In
the Western countries, the birth rate has been kept under control

overcrowding there are widespread diseases. This lowers the
productivity of labour. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The main reason for the population increase is the difference between birth rate and death rate. Science has helped us to control death-rate. But at the same time, birth rate has not been checked. In the Western countries the people have checked birth-rate. But the condition in Asia  is very poor. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Here the death rate has been brought down by modern medicine. But no attempt has been made to  limit the size  of the family.
According to the Economics Survey of Pakistan 2007-08, the population of Pakistan is 16 Crores 9 Lacs. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Majority of population lives in villages. Unfortunately, our natural resources  are not sufficient to meet the needs of the people.

Population control is the crying need of the hour. We should take two steps at the same time.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">we Should check the birth rate. The idea of family planning should be popularized.Artificial ways 
and medicines should be used to check undesirable pregnancies. 
Literacy rate should be raised. Female should also be given proper education. By taking these steps we can definitely reduce our birth rate and harmonize our population according to our resources. </span></div>

World's Population

POPULATION Population Rapid rise in world population has assumed very serious proportions. An estimate of this ...

Festivals of lsam

Abdullah 0 Article Friday, March 21, 2014

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Festivals of Islam</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">There are two main festivals in Islam. They are Eid-ul-Fitr and <b>Eid-ul- Azha.</b> On these occasions, the Muslims express their thanks to Allah, offer prayers, feed the poor, the orphans and the widows. These festivals are not devoted entirely to enjoyment and merry making, because even in joy and happiness, the Muslims are asked to remember Allah. </span><span style="font-size: large;">Wc celebrate' two Eids—Eid-ul-Fitrc and Eid-ul-Azha every
 year. These are happy and holy days. Both are-days of rejoicing and 
prayer.

The Shawal moon announces the arrival of Eid-ul-Fitre. It is the end of 
Ramazan, the holy month,of Islam,-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated on the first of Shawwal just 
after the completion of the month of fasting that is, Ramazan. It is an 
act of thanks giving to Allah for having given us the strength to keep 
the fasts of Ramazan. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span> The next morning the Muslims assemble in a great thanks to God. They thank the merciful Allah for giving this opportunity: and strength to observe the sacreif fasts. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">They ask Him to forgive them for their weaknesses and sins. They reaffirm their vow of faithfulness to Allah. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The evening, when the moon is expected to appear, is a memorable evening. As the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/sun-and-its-rays.html" target="_blank"><b>sun</b></a> goes down,'the faithful break their fast and offer the Nimaz-i-Maghrib. Then they rush to the roofs of their houses and join the search for moon. They turn their eyes towards the Western horizon.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> On every house top there are scores of people, all scanning the sky with keen, expectant eyes.

Then someone spots the thin silvery" arc'. He raises his arm towards the moon and shouts exitedly ‘The <b>moon</b> is there.” Other people, too, have seen the moon by now. They take up the happy shout and for sometime everyone is shouting. “The moon is there, the moon is there.” </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Someone explodes a cracker to announce the sighting of the moon. The people raise their hands in prayer.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Then the<b> moon night ( Chand Raat) </b>has started.Children arc particularly fond of seeing the Eid moon. As they sight it, their faces light up with joy.

The dinner is eaten in a joyous mood. The programmes for the Eid day are discussed. The menul is planned. Every member of the family wants a favourite dish in the morning. Last touches are given to the clothes prepared for the festival. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">On the occasion of Eid-ul-Fitr, all sane Muslims both 
male and female, who are Sahib-i- Nisab, which means people who own a 
certain amount of property have to pay Sadqat-ul-Fitr. The head of 
household who is Sahib-i-Nisab is required to pay sadqah on behalf of 
his children. This is either 1.63 kilos of wheat or its price at the 
market rate. This sadqah is to be paid to the poor and needy, widows, 
disabled persons and orphans. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Traditionally Muslims bathe and wear their best clothes on the morning of Eid. Sweets are also traditional on Eid.

</span> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The moon of Zil Haj is the harbinger of Eid-ul-Azha. Ten. days

after the appearance of the moon, this festival is celebrated. It

commemorates1 the sacrifice of Hazrat Ismail by his father Hazrat

Ibrahim. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Allah asked Ibrahim to sacrifice his only son to Him. Ibrahim willingly put the knife on his son’s neck. But Allah saved Ismail, Ibrahim and Ismail had stood the test of faithfulness. A ram was then sacrificed. Now the Muslims sacrifice rams to keep fresh the memory of that sacrifice.

The great activity that marks the appearance of the Eid-ul-Fitrc <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/moon-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>moon</b></a> is not repeated this time. All the rejoicings and celebrations arc reserved for the Eid day. The Eid day is a busy, happy and a memorable day. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Traditionally Muslims bathe and wear their best clothes on the morning of Eid. Sweets are also traditional on Eid.

Eid-ul-Azha

The second festival is Eid-ul-Azha, which is celebrated on the tenth of Zil-Hij. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It is a festival to thank Allah for the performance of the <b>annual pilgrimage</b> to Ka’abah. It is also meant to remind Muslims of the great sacrifice made by Hazrat Ibrahim, when he was asked by Allah to sacrifice his son, Hazrat Ismail. He taught a lesson to all believers that they should be ready to sacrifice their dearest possessions for the sake of Allah, and also to give up their comforts, desires and wealth for the sake of Allah. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This Eid is also an occasion for<b> charity.</b> Every Muslim who has the means is required to sacrifice an animal after Eid prayers. Animals sacrificed on this day are a symbol of the great sacrifice of Hazrat Ibrahim. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The meat of the animals is divided into three parts. One part is for the use of family, the second is for relatives and friends and the third is distributed amongst the poor and the needy. The skin of the animals should also be given to the poor or its price may be given for educational or social needs of the poor Muslims.

</span></div>

Festivals of lsam

Festivals of Islam There are two main festivals in Islam. They are Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul- Azha. On these occasions, the Muslims expres...

food of world

Abdullah 0 Article, Geography Sunday, March 16, 2014

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;">Foods of different countries </span></span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">Food of India</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Most Indians live on very plain diets - based on staples such as rice in the east and south, chapatis (flat wheat bread) in the north and northwest, and bajra (millet bread) in the Maharashtra region.

The staple foods are supplemented by dal (lentil porridge), vegetables and yoghurt.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Indian food</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Chillis and other spices such as coriander, cumin, ginger and turmeric add flavour.

Chicken and mutton are costly and eaten occasionally. Hindus will not eat beef and Muslims will not eat pork.

Many Indian meals are cooked in ghee (liquid butter). Ghee is made by heating butter to boil off water, then allowing it to cool and separate. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Ghee is scooped off the top.

Although many Indians have simple diets, India has an ancient and varied tradition of fine cooking.

Curries are dishes made with a sauce including the basic Indian spices - turmeric, cumin, coriander and red pepper. An Indian meal is rarely served on a single

Tamil kari or sauce plate. Instead, it comes in different dishes, which

diners dip into. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The basis of a curry is a masala,

a mix of spices, often blended with water or vinegar to make a paste.

Southern Indian vegetable curries are seasoned with hot blends like sambar podi.

Classic northern Indian Mughal dishes are often lamb, or chicken based, and seasoned with milder garam masala. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Chinese food </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The staple foods in China are rice and wheat with corn, millet and sorghum. In the south, the people eat more rice. In the north, they eat more wheat, as bread or noodles.Vegetables such as cabbage, bean and bamboo shoots are popular. So too is tofu (soya bean curd).

Favourite meats in China are pork and poultry, but the Chinese also eat a lot of eggs, fish and shellfish.A Chinese breakfast may

be rice and vegetables or rice porridge and chicken noodle soup or sweet pastries.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A Chinese lunch may

include egg rolls or meat or prawn dumplings called dim sum.The Chinese were drinking tea at least 4000 years ago.

World geography A Chinese main meal may be stir-fried vegetables with bits of meat or seafood in a stock, with rice or noodles.

China has a long tradition of fine cooking, but styles vary.

Cantonese cooking in the south has lots of fish, crabs and prawn. Huaiyang has steamed dishes. Sichuann is spicy.

Beijing cooking in the north is the most sophisticated, famous for its Peking duck (cripsy roast duck).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> favourite snack in China is fried

savoury dumplings. The Chinese often cook their food by stir-frying (stirring while hot

frying) in big round pans called woks. They eat the food from bowls with chopsticks and small china spoons, not with knives and forks.

Chinese drink tea without milk, typically made from jasmine leaves, oolong (green tea) or chrysanthemum. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Swidish food </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Bread play a major role in the traditional Scandinavian diet.

Gravadlax is a Swedish form of smoked salmon, usually served with pepper, dill and mustard sauce.

Traditionally, smoking fish such as salmon was a way of preserving it. Today, people still enjoy its unique flavour.

Smorgasbord is a Swedish speciality. It is a huge spread of bread and cold foods, including fish such as herring and salmon, and also cheeses.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Smorgasbord gets its name from the Swedish smorgds, meaning bread and bord, meaning table.

Every region in Germany has its own range of foods, but things like wurst (sausages), pretzels and sauerkraut (pickled cabbage) are widely popular.

A In the UK roast beef is served with Yorkshire pudding,

made from a batter of flour, eggs and milk. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A Lager, a type of beer, is popular in northern Europe.

The German national drink is beer, and every October a beer festival is held in Munich.

England is well known for its stews and winter roasts, especially roast beef. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The most popular food for eating out is Indian.

An English speciality is fish (deep-fried in batter) and chips (fried slices of potato).

Vienna in Austria is known for its coffee houses where the Viennese sit and enjoy Kaffee und Kitchen (coffee and cakes).

Poland is famous for its rye bread . </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Pacific food </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Pacific food

Most populated places around the Pacific are located near the sea, so fish plays an important part in diets.

In Japan fish is often eaten raw in thin slices called sashimi, or cooked with vegetables in batter as a dish called tempura, often served with soy sauce. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> At home most Japanese eat traditional foods including rice and noodles, as well as fish, tofu and vegetables or eggs.

When out, many Japanese people eat American-style fast food.

The Japanese eat only half as much rice now as they did in 1960, as younger people prefer bread and doughnuts.

Younger Japanese people have a diet richer in protein and fat than their parents’, so grow 8-10 cm taller. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Pacific islanders ate fish like bonito and tuna and native plants like breadfruit, coconuts, sweet potatoes and taro. They made flour from sago palm pith.

Many islanders now eat mainly canned Western food and suffer malnutrition.  Lightly grilled or barbecued giant prawns and other seafood play a major role in Pacific food.  Filippino food is a mix of Chinese, Malay, American and Spanish. Adobo is chicken or pork in soy sauce.  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Some Australians now often eat ‘fusion’ food which blends Asian with European cooking styles. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> European food </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Fish and bread play a major role in the traditional Scandinavian diet.

Gravadlax is a Swedish form of smoked salmon, usually served with pepper, dill and mustard sauce.  Traditionally, smoking fish such as salmon was a way of preserving it. Today, people still enjoy its unique flavour.

Smorgasbord is a Swedish speciality. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It is a huge spread of bread and cold foods, including fish such as herring and salmon, and also cheeses.

Smorgasbord gets its name from the Swedish smorgds, meaning bread and bord, meaning table.

Every region in Germany has its own range of foods, but things like wurst (sausages), pretzels and sauerkraut (pickled cabbage) are widely popular. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The German national drink is beer, and every October a beer festival is held in Munich.  England is well known for its stews and winter roasts, especially roast beef. The most popular food for eating out is Indian. An English speciality is fish (deep-fried in batter) and chips (fried slices of potato). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Vienna in Austria is known for its coffee houses where the Viennese sit and enjoy Kaffee und Kitchen (coffee and cakes).

Poland is famous for its rye bread and thick A In the UK roast beef is served with Yorkshire pudding,

made from a batter of flour, eggs and milk.
 
A Lager, a type of beer, is popular in northern Europe.

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food of world

Foods of different countries Food of India Most Indians live on very plain diets - based on staples such as rice in the east and south...

Tauhid(The first principal of Islam)

Abdullah 0 Article Thursday, March 13, 2014

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Tauhid </span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">The first principle of Islam is belief in the Oneness and Unity of Allah. This is known as Tauhid.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Allah (Tauheed)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This means that Allah is One, the Supreme Being, the Creator, the Master of the entire Universe, the Highest in authority and rank and, therefore, exclusively worthy of worship.
All the prophets of Allah preached about the Unity of Allah and declared that all things and human beings are His creations and subordinate to Him. Therefore, He alone is worthy of worship. </span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">“There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is His Prophet.” </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The main emphasis of the Quran is upon the principle of Tauhid. There are several verses in the Quran which highlight this concept. The most brief expression of this principle is to be found in Surah Ikhlas which says: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">“Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, the Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten. And there is no one like unto Him.”</span><br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> 112:1-4 </span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Allah is single</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Unity of Allah means that
 Allah is One and does not have partners. He is Single and Unique. He is incomparable, has no children, nor any parents.
'Allah' is the personal name of that Necessary Being
Whose non-existence is inconceivable. He comprises all the attributes of
perfection and is free from, or above, or overrides all kinds of
imperfections. Allah  is neither composed of
any elements, nor does He have any partner, nor has He any
resemblance to anything. This is a response to those who asked about
Allah whether He is made of gold or silver . </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">People turn to Allah for fulfillness </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Allah is He to whom the people turn for the fulfilment
of their desires and needs.All people depend on him, but he does not
depend on any one.' </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">No one similar to Allah </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">There is no analogy between Allah, the Creator, and His creation.
Allah Himself has no children, nor is He the child of anyone. There
is no one in the entire universe, nor ever was, nor ever can be, who is
similar to Allah  in His
attributes, works and powers in any degree whatsoever.
He is Matchless and Self-Sufficient and  is All-Knowing, All-Wise and All-Powerful. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">He is the First and the Last. He has no equal because He possesses attributes which no other being can claim to possess and is incomparable in power, knowledge and all other faculties which the human mind can conceive of.
No one can do the work which Allah has done or may do. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Allah created universe </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">He created the entire universe and is its Controller, Master and Sustainer.
When we ponder over the universe, we think of a Creator, because such an organised and well co-ordinated world could not have come into existence on its own. Observation reveals a harmonious order and systematic arrangement in the universe.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Perfect organization of universe </span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> The <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/sun-and-its-rays.html" target="_blank"><b>sun</b></a> and the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/moon-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>moon</b></a> rotate within their respective <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/what-are-planets.html" target="_blank">orbit</a>s while the night and day strictly follow their fixed schedule. All things have been created in a given proportion with perfect organisation.simply if we see the<b> <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank">creation of earth</a></b> ,it is amazing.</span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Accurate balance of universe</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> This accurate balance and arrangement of the universe proves that there is a Supreme Being who maintains this harmony and equilibrium. If there were several gods, there would have been a conflict leading to chaos and confusion in the universe.
Allah is the Creator, Nourisher and Provider of all His Creations, it is vital that we should avoid associating Him with any other being or object and submit and pray only to Him. We should have firm faith in Him and obey His Commands that He sent to us through His last prophet, Hazrat Muhammad(pbuh).

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Tauhid(The first principal of Islam)

Tauhid The first principle of Islam is belief in the Oneness and Unity of Allah. This is known as Tauhid. Allah (Tauheed) ...

THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT(part 1)

Abdullah 0 Article, social study Sunday, March 09, 2014

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT </span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Pakistan Movement did not start abruptly. It grew out of necessity, slowly and gradually.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> SIMLA DEPUTATION </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Deputation of Muslims known as ‘Simla Deputation’ Ied_by Sir Aga Khan met Lord Minto who was then Viceroy of India on October 1, 1906 and expressed the concern of the Muslims of India over the situation and also impressed upon him to look into the genuine demands of the Muslims. The Viceroy promised to sympathetically and judiciously consider the Muslim viewpoint. It was probably the result of these efforts that the Muslims were granted the right of separate electorate in the Minto-Moriey Reforms of 1909.

When Indian National Congress was fomed in 1885 which was an overwhelmingly Hindu body. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan advised the Indian Muslims to stay away from it. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The Muslims of India had no political organization of their own, therefore in 1906 they decided to form a political party known as All India Muslim League.

In 1913 Quaid-e-Azam joined the Muslim League and did his best to bridge the gulf between the Hindus and the Muslims Which won him the title of "Ambessador of Hindu-Muslim Unity”

Quaid-e-Azam continued his efforts to bring Hindus and Muslims closer. Thus, there was a much greater need of Hindu-Muslim unity. The leaders of the two communities got together at Lucknow in 1910 and drew up a document which was.subsequently known as the ‘Lucknow Pact..’

It was agreed that in Hindu majority provinces, Muslims would get- more representation than Hindu population warranted.

The existence of Muslim League, as the sole representative political

organization of the Muslims of the sub-continent, was recognized by the Hindus and the Indian National Congress</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> MUSTAFA KAMAL PASHA </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Luckily, Mustafa Kamal Ataturk' came on the scene and proved to be a man of destiny. His.personal courage, devotion to motherland and unquestioned leadership bore fruit. The Greeks were given a severe beating and through a treaty between Turkey and the European powers most.of the restrictions on Turkey Were withdrawn. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> ROWLATT ACT</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> After World War I, the British Government- in India 'apprehending uprising against the agreement because it had not kept its promises made during the war with the Muslims of India, enacted a law known as Rowlatt Act by which any person could be imprisoned without filing a suit against him. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The.British Government introduced constitutional reforms in India in 1919.

One of the provisions of the Reforms of 1019 was that the Government would setup every ten years, a commission to assess the political and social conditions of India . </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">SIMON COMMISSION </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The British Government in 1927.sent a Commission known as Simon Commission under John Simon.

The Simon Commission was received everywhere with black flags. It failed miserably

The British Secretary of India Lord Birkenhead got annoyed at the failure of the Simon Commission and threw a challenge to Indian leaders to an agreed Constitution for the consideration of the British Government. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">NEHRO REPORT</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> After this challenge all the political parties got together at Delhi under the chairmanship of Moti La! Nehru. Meetings were frequently held among leaders and at the end, a report was produced, which is known as ‘Nehru Report. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">                                      <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/the-famous-fourteen-points-of-quaid-e.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #274e13;"><b>   Next.............. part 2</b></span></a></span></div>

THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT(part 1)

THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT The Pakistan Movement did not start abruptly. It grew out of necessity, slowly and gradually. SIMLA DEPUTATION ...

Temprature of the earth

Abdullah 0 Article, Astronomy Wednesday, February 12, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">The Earth’s Tilt </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Some parts of the earth heated much more than others. To understand this we have to consider how the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank"><b>earth</b></a> moves. The earth rotates (turns) on its axis, an imaginary line that connects the North and South Poles, once every twenty-four hours. This spinning motion makes the sun appear to move from east to west and causes day and night on earth. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Rotation</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Rotation is the normal motion (movement) of most space objects. Rotate means ‘spin’.

Stars spin, planets spin, moons spin and galaxies spin - even atoms spin.

Moons rotate around planets, and <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/what-are-planets.html" target="_blank"><b>planets</b></a> rotate around stars. The Earth rotates once every 23.93 hours. This is called its rotation period.

We do not feel the Earth’s rotation - that it is hurtling around the Sun, while the Sun whizzes around the galaxy - because we are moving with it.

Things rotate because they have kinetic (movement) energy. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">They cannot fly away because they are held in place by gravity, and the only place they can go is round.

The fastest rotating planet is Saturn, which turns right around once every 10.23 hours.

The slowest rotating planet is Venus, which takes 243.01 days to turn round. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The Sun takes 25.4 days to rotate, but since the Earth is going around it too, it seems to take 27.27 days.

The fastest spinning objects in the Universe are neutron stars - these can rotate 500 times in just one second. Rotating galaxies are just part of the spinning, moving universe.

clip_image002

Rotation in universe

The sun is approximately 150 000 000 kilometres (93 000 000 miles) from earth. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The earth revolves (goes around) the sun once every year. In 365 days the earth travels a distance of 958 million kilometres (595 million miles) around the sun. This path is called the earth's orbit. The tilt of the earth's axis and the earth's revolution around the sun cause the change in seasons.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> How summer forms

For half the year, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun causing summer.
How winter forms

For other half of the year, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. That's when we have winter. The equator receives direct sunlight all year round.

The highest temperature ever recorded on earth was 58° C (136° F.) at Al Azizyah, Libya and that the lowest ever recorded was-88° C (-127° F) at Vostok in Antarctica.These are extremes. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The average surface temperature on earth is 14° C (57° F).

In order to take temperatures, a thermometer is used to record temperature changes. Mercury is a metal that is used in this instrument. Metals expand when they are heated and contract when the temperature drops. The mercury is contained in a bulb at the end of a long narrow glass tube. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When the temperature rises, the mercury expands in the bulb and is pushed up the tube. A scale is marked on the thermometer showing the degrees of temperature rise. The two most common temperature scales used on thermometers are Celsius and Fahrenheit. At very low temperatures alcohol, not mercury, is used because it has a lower freezing point. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> If you live in a climate where temperatures are bitter cold in winter, you can understand why people wait in anticipation for the first sign of warm weather. In such climates, the weather is often a daily topic of conversation. But what would it be like to live in a hot, sultry desert, or in the jungles of <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/antarticaafrica-worlds-largest-continent.html" target="_blank"><b>Africa</b></a>, or perhaps far north in the Arctic regions. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The temperature affects our moods, our choice of clothing, our jobs and our overall lifestyle.

Over the past while there has been an enormous amount of talk with relation to our environment and, more specifically, "The Greenhouse Effect". You may be somewhat puzzled as to what this "Greenhouse Effect" actually is. To increase your awareness and knowledge read the information that follows.

As heat from the sun enters our atmosphere a certain percentage is reflected back into space mostly by the clouds.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> But close to 50% of the sunlight reaches the earth's surface to heat the land and waters. Heat then comes from the land and waters to warm the atmosphere. The atmosphere absorbs the heat and it is prevented from passing back into space because of the buildup of carbon dioxide and other gases such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) and methane. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">These gases act like the glass in a greenhouse. A greenhouse is a building made basically from glass where plants can be grown all year round because the greenhouse allows the sunlight in but prevents the heat from escaping. Likewise, the sun's heat in our atmosphere is trapped by gases.
How smog produces

The carbon dioxide and other gases are the direct result of human activities. Exhaust from cars and other modes of transportation, smog pouring from the smokestacks of factories, the gases released from residential and commercial heating - all contribute to this deplorable problem. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The excessive chopping of trees also aggravates the issue because trees absorb a lot of carbon dioxide.

Scientists warn us about this global warming, as it's referred to. Our planet is gradually "heating" up. If it continues it can eventually lead to widespread drought and the melting of the polar <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/worlds-glaciers-and-ice-ages.html" target="_blank">ice</a> cap could cause coastal flooding. Generally speaking most authorities believe that it is essential that we all work together to rectify this problem. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The CFC's are also being blamed for the deterioration of the ozone layer. The ozone layer is a layer of gas called "ozone" that protects the Earth from nearly 90% of the sun's ultraviolet rays. In the late 1970's some scientists found a hole in the ozone layer over the Antarctica region. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Since then, the problem has gotten progressive worse. Exposure to an overabundance of ultraviolet rays can leac to all kinds of problems - from severe <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/sun-and-its-rays.html" target="_blank"><b>sun</b></a>burn to skin cancer. In 19th centurey a treaty was signed by forty countries to take action against CFC' One common source of CFC's is the use of aerosol spray cans. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> We all have a responsibility to clean up our environment. In the garbage cans below write six ways you can help with these environmental issues.

On a T-shirt shape create an illustration and slogan which will encourage people to become more conscious of environme issues, (i.e. banning aerosol cans, plastics, recycling, the greenhouse effect, the ozone crisis, etc.) "Whether" we save our planet or not is up to us. </span></div>

Temprature of the earth

The Earth’s Tilt Some parts of the earth heated much more than others. To understand this we have to consider how the earth moves. The ...

Space telescopes and Crafts

Abdullah 0 Article, Astronomy Thursday, February 06, 2014

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<span style="font-size: large;">Space telescopes </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Space telescopes are launched as satellites so we can study the Universe without interference from Earth’s atmosphere. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Telescope</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">First space telescope </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The first space telescope was Copernicus, sent up in 1972.

The most famous is the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/edwin-hubble-galilio.html" target="_blank"><b>Hubble space telescope</b>,</a> launchttp://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/what-are-planets.htmlhed from a space shuttle in 1990.

Different space telescopes study all the different forms of radiation that make up the electromagnetic spectrum .</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Hubble space telescope</b> </span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> In 1994 the crew of Discovery mended the Hubble space telescope in <b>orbit</b>.

The entire centre section of the orbiter is a cargo bay which can be opened in space so satellites can be placed in orbit</span> </span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Helios telescope </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Helios 
was one of many space telescopes studying the Sun.

X-rays can only be picked up by space telescopes such as the Einstein, 
ROSAT and XTE satellites.

Gamma rays can only be picked up by space telescopes like the Compton 
Gamma-Ray Observatory.

The Hubble space telescope’s main mirror was faulty when it was 
launched, but a replacement was fitted by shuttle astronauts in 1994. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Satellites </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> A One of the many hundreds of satellites now in Earth’s orbit.

Satellites are objects that orbit planets and other space objects. Moons are natural satellites. Spacecraft sent up to orbit the Earth and the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/sun-and-its-rays.html" target="_blank"><b>Sun</b></a> are artificial satellites.

The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched on 4 October 1957.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> About 100 artificial satellites are now launched every year.

A few of them are space telescopes.
<a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/01/ways-of-information.html" target="_blank">Communications</a> satellites beam everything from <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/01/ways-of-information.html" target="_blank"><b>TV</b></a>

pictures to <b><a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/01/ways-of-information.html" target="_blank">telephone</a> </b>calls around the world.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Observation satellites</span></b></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Observation satellites scan the Earth and are used for purposes such as scientific research, weather forecasting and spying. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Navigation satellites </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Navigation satellites such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) are used by people such as airline pilots to work out exactly where they are. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <b>Geostationary orbit</b></span> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Satellites are launched at a particular speed and trajectory (path) to place them in just the right orbit. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The lower a satellite’s <b>orbit</b>, the faster it must fly to avoid falling back to Earth. Most satellites fly in low orbits, 500 km above the Earth.

A geostationary orbit is 35,786 km up. Satellites in geostationary orbit over the Equator always stay in exactly the same place above the Earth. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">COBE satellite </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The COBE satellite picks up microwave radiation which may be left over from the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/03/galaxies.html" target="_blank"><b>Big Bang</b></a>. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">IRAS satellite </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The IRAS satellite studied infrared radiation from objects as small as space dust.

Space telescopes that study ultraviolet rays from the <b>stars</b> included the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), launched in 1978.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Polar orbiting satellites</span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Polar orbiting satellites circle the Earth from pole to pole about 850 km up, covering a different strip of the Earth’s surface on each orbit. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Communications satellites</span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Communications satellites act as relay stations, receiving signals from one location and transmitting them to another. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Spacecraft </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> There are three kinds of spacecraft -</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> 1-Artificial satellites</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">2- unmanned probes </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">3-Manned spacecraft. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Spacecraft have double hulls  to protect against other space objects that crash into them.

Manned spacecraft must also protect the crew from heat and other dangerous effects of launch and landing.

Spacecraft windows have filters to protect astronauts from the Sun’s dangerous ultraviolet rays. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Flying saucers</span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Supposed alien spacecraft are sometimes called ‘flying saucers’. Modern science-fiction portrays them as more like this.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Space travel

Radiators</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Space travel

Radiators on the outside of the spacecraft lose heat, to stop the crew’s body <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/temprature-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>temperature</b></a>s overheating the craft. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Manned spacecraft</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Manned spacecraft have life-support systems that provide oxygen to breathe, usually mixed with nitrogen (as in ordinary air). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Charcoal filters out smells.

The US space shuttle, the first reusable spacecraft, has made manned space flights out into Earth’s orbit and back almost a matter of routine.

The carbon dioxide that crews breathe out is absorbed by pellets of lithium hydroxide.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Spacecraft toilets</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Spacecraft toilets have to get rid of waste in low gravity conditions. Astronauts have to sit on a device which sucks away the waste.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Solid waste is dried and dumped in space, but the water is saved.

To wash, astronauts have a waterproof shower which sprays them with jets of water from all sides and also sucks away all the waste water. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Weightlessness of space</span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The weightlessness of space means that most astronauts sleep floating in the air, held in place by a few straps. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Rockets </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Rockets provide the huge thrust needed to beat the pull of Earths gravity and launch a spacecraft into space.

The space shuttle uses a huge fuel tank and two booster rockets to launch.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> After launch the booster rockets fall away from the shuttle. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The shuttle uses its own power to complete its mission before returning to Earth.

Rockets burn propellant , to produce hot gases that drive the rocket upwards.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Rocket's fuel </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Rocket propellant comes in two parts -a solid or liquid fuel, and an oxidizer. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Solid fuel</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Solid fuel is a rubbery substance that contains hydrogen, and it is usually used in additional, booster rockets. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Liquid fuel</span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Liquid fuel is usually liquid hydrogen, and it is typically used on big rockets.

There is no oxygen in space, and the oxidizer supplies the oxygen needed to burn fuel.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It is usually liquid oxygen (called ‘lox’ for short). </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>First liquid fuel rocket</b> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The first rockets were made 1000 years ago, in China.

Robert Goddard launched the very first liquid-fuel rocket in 1926.

The German V2 war rocket, designed by Werner von Braun, was the first rocket capable of reaching space.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Space shuttle </span></b></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Unlike other spacecraft, the space shuttle can land like an aeroplane ready for another mission. But even the shuttle has to be launched into space on the back of huge rockets. These soon fall back to Earth, where they are collected for reuse.

The most powerful rocket ever was the Saturn 5 that sent astronauts to the Moon. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The space shuttle is a reusable spacecraft, made up of a 37.2-m-long 
orbiter, two big Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs), three main engines and a 
tank.

The shuttle orbiter is launched into space upright on SRBs, which fall 
away to be collected for reuse. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Orbital velocity</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The biggest problem when launching a spacecraft is overcoming the pull of Earth’s gravity.

To escape Earth’s gravity, a spacecraft must be launched at a particular velocity .</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The minimum velocity needed for a spacecraft to combat gravity and stay in orbit around the Earth is called the orbital velocity. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Escape velocity </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">When a spacecraft reaches 140 percent of the orbital velocity, it is going fast enough to break free of Earth’s gravity. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This is called the escape velocity. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Launch vehicles</span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The thrust (push) that launches a spacecraft comes from powerful rockets called launch vehicles.

Launch vehicles are divided into sections called stages, which fall away as their task is done. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">First stage of Launch vehicles</span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The first stage lifts everything off the ground, so its thrust must be greater than the weight of launch vehicle plus spacecraft.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It falls away a few minutes after take off. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Second stage of Launch vehicles</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> A second stage is then needed to accelerate the spacecraft towards escape velocity.

After the launch stages fall away, the spacecraft’s own, less powerful, rocket motors start.

To stay in orbit 200 km up, a spacecraft

has to fly at over 8 km per second. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Wings and space craft </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">A spacecraft cannot use wings to lift it off the ground, as wings only work in the lower atmosphere. Instead, launch rockets must develop a big enough thrust to power them straight upwards, overcoming gravity with a mighty blast of heat.  </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Landing of Orbitars </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">When the mission is over the orbiter lands like a glider.

The orbiter can go as high as a near-Earth orbit, some 300 km above the Earth.

The maximum crew is eight, and a basic mission is seven days, during which the crew work in shirtsleeves.

Orbiter toilets use flowing air to suck away waste.

The orbiter can carry a 25,000 kg-load in its cargo bay. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">First four orbiters </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The first four orbiters were named after old sailing ships - Columbia, Challenger, Discovery and Atlantis. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Engines of orbitars </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The three main engines are used only for lift-off.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Orbital Manoeuvring System (OMS)</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> In space, the small Orbital Manoeuvring System (OMS) engines take over.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">The Reaction Control System (RCS) </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The Reaction Control System (RCS) makes small adjustments to the orbiter’s position.

In future, faster space planes may take over from shuttles, so that humans can visit other planets. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Tragedy with shuttle in 1986 </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The 2003 shuttle programme was brought to an untimely end when the Columbia exploded killing all seven crew members. This tragedy echoed the ill-fated Challenger programme of 1986.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Space probes Voyager 2 used Saturn’s gravity to fly on to Uranus and <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/two-most-important-planetsneptune-and.html" target="_blank"><b>Neptune</b></a>.

Space probes are automatic, computer-controlled unmanned spacecraft sent to explore space.

The first successful planetary probe was the USA’s Mariner 2, which flew past <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/mars-planet.html" target="_blank"><b>Venus</b></a> in 1962.  Mariner 10 reached Mercury in 1974. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Vikings 1 and 2 landed on  <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/mars-planet.html" target="_blank"><b>Mars</b></a> in 1976.  Voyager 2 has flown over six billion km and is heading out of the Solar System after passing close to Jupiter (1979), Saturn (1980), Uranus (1986) and Neptune (1989).

Most probes are ‘fly-bys’ which spend just a few days passing their target and beaming back data to <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/our-lovely-planetearth-creation-origin.html" target="_blank"><b>Earth</b></a>. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Slingshot</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">To save fuel on journeys to distant planets, space probes may use a nearby planet’s gravity to catapult them on their way.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> This is called a slingshot.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Space probes </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> In the first ten years of the 21st century, more than 50 space probes will be sent off to visit <b>planets</b>, asteroids and comets, as well as to observe the Moon and the <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/sun-and-its-rays.html" target="_blank"><b>Sun</b></a>.

Space probes will bring back samples from Mars, comets and asteroids early in the 21 st century.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Probes are equipped with a wealth of equipment for recording data and beaming it back to Earth.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF)</span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) may be used to detect planets circling nearby stars in 2009. </span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Voyagers 1 and 2 </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Voyagers are a pair of unmanned US space probes, launched to explore the outer planets.

Voyager 1 was launched on 5 September 1977.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It flew past Jupiter in March 1979 and Saturn in November 1980, then headed onwards.Jupiter's orange moon. Voyager 2 discovered sulphur volcanoes on this moon, in 1979.

on a curved path that will take it out of the Solar System altogether.

Voyager 2 travels more slowly.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Although launched two weeks earlier than Voyager 1, it did not reach Jupiter until July 1979 and Saturn until August 1981.

The Voyagers used the ‘slingshot’ of Jupiter’s gravity  to hurl them on towards <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/very-beautiful-saturn-rings.html" target="_blank"><b>Saturn</b></a>.

While Voyager 1 headed out of the Solar System, Voyager 2 flew past Uranus in January 1986 and <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/two-most-important-planetsneptune-and.html" target="_blank"><b>Neptune</b></a> on 24 August 1989. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It took the first close-up photographs of the two <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/what-are-planets.html" target="_blank">planets</a>.

The Voyagers revealed volcanoes on Io, one of Jupiter’s Galilean moons.

Voyager 2 found ten unknown moons around <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/two-most-important-planetsneptune-and.html" target="_blank"><b>Uranus</b></a>.

Voyager 2 found six unknown <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/moon-of-earth.html" target="_blank"><b>moon</b></a>s and three rings around Neptune.

Voyager 2 reached <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/02/two-most-important-planetsneptune-and.html" target="_blank"><b>Neptune</b></a> in 1989, revealing a wealth of new information about this distant planet.

Voyager 2 will beam back data until 2020 as it travels beyond the edges of the Solar System. </span></div>

Space telescopes and Crafts

Space telescopes Space telescopes are launched as satellites so we can study the Universe without interference from Earth’s atmosphere. ...

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