Solved Assignment-5002-Buisness Communication-M.LIS-Buisness Communication

<i><b>Solved Assignment-5002-Buisness Communication-M.LIS-Buisness Communication</b></i><br /><b>Q. 1 Describe Communication Process Model with appropriate examples. </b><br />ANS: Communication is a complex process, and it is difficult to determine where or with whom a communication encounter starts and ends. Models of communication simplify the process by providing a visual representation of the various aspects of a communication encounter. Some models explain communication in more detail than others, but even the most complex model still doesn’t recreate what we experience in even a moment of a communication encounter. Models still serve a valuable purpose for students of communication because they allow us to see specific concepts and steps within the process of communication, define communication, and apply communication concepts. When you become aware of how communication functions, you can think more deliberately through your communication encounters, which can help you better prepare for future communication and learn from your previous communication. The three models of communication we will discuss are the transmission, interaction, and transaction models. <br />Although these models of communication differ, they contain some common elements. The first two models we will discuss, the transmission model and the interaction model, include the following parts: participants, messages, encoding, decoding, and channels. In communication models, the participants are the senders and/or receivers of messages in a communication encounter. The message is the verbal or nonverbal content being conveyed from sender to receiver. For example, when you say “Hello!” to your friend, you are sending a message of greeting that will be received by your friend. <br />The internal cognitive process that allows participants to send, receive, and understand messages is the encoding and decoding process. Encoding is the process of turning thoughts into communication. As we will learn later, the level of conscious thought that goes into encoding messages varies. Decoding is the process of turning communication into thoughts. For example, you may realize you’re hungry and encode the following message to send to your roommate: “I’m hungry. Do you want to get pizza tonight?” As your roommate receives the message, he decodes your communication and turns it back into thoughts in order to make meaning out of it. Of course, we don’t just communicate verbally—we have various options, or channels for communication. Encoded messages are sent through a channel, or a sensory route on which a message travels, to the receiver for decoding. While communication can be sent and received using any sensory route (sight, smell, touch, taste, or sound), most communication occurs through visual (sight) and/or auditory (sound) channels. If your roommate has headphones on and is engrossed in a video game, you may need to get his attention by waving your hands before you can ask him about dinner. <br /><i><b>Transmission Model of Communication </b></i><br />The transmission model of communication describes communication as a linear, one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver (Ellis & McClintock, 1990). This model focuses on the sender and message within a communication encounter. Although the receiver is included in the model, this role is viewed as more of a target or end point rather than part of an ongoing process. We are left to presume that the receiver either successfully receives and understands the message or does not. The scholars who designed this model extended on a linear model proposed by Aristotle centuries before that included a speaker, message, and hearer. They were also influenced by the advent and spread of new communication technologies of the time such as telegraphy and radio, and you can probably see these technical influences within the model (Shannon & Weaver, 1949). Think of how a radio message is sent from a person in the radio studio to you listening in your car. The sender is the radio announcer who encodes a verbal message that is transmitted by a radio tower through electromagnetic waves (the channel) and eventually reaches your (the receiver’s) ears via an antenna and speakers in order to be decoded. The radio announcer doesn’t really know if you receive his or her message or not, but if the equipment is working and the channel is free of static, then there is a good chance that the message was successfully received. <br />Since this model is sender and message focused, responsibility is put on the sender to help ensure the message is successfully conveyed. This model emphasizes clarity and effectiveness, but it also acknowledges that there are barriers to effective communication. Noise is anything that interferes with a message being sent between participants in a communication encounter. Even if a speaker sends a clear message, noise may interfere with a message being accurately received and decoded. The transmission model of communication accounts for environmental and semantic noise. Environmental noise is any physical noise present in a communication encounter. Other people talking in a crowded diner could interfere with your ability to transmit a message and have it successfully decoded. While environmental noise interferes with the transmission of the message, semantic noise refers to noise that occurs in the encoding and decoding process when participants do not understand a symbol. To use a technical example, FM antennae can’t decode AM radio signals and vice versa. Likewise, most <br />French speakers can’t decode Swedish and vice versa. Semantic noise can also interfere in communication between people speaking the same language because many words have multiple or unfamiliar meanings. <br />Although the transmission model may seem simple or even underdeveloped to us today, the creation of this model allowed scholars to examine the communication process in new ways, which eventually led to more complex models and theories of communication that we will discuss more later. This model is not quite rich enough to capture dynamic face-to- face interactions, but there are instances in which communication is one-way and linear, especially computer-mediated communication (CMC). As the following “Getting Plugged In” box explains, CMC is integrated into many aspects of our lives now and has opened up new ways of communicating and brought some new challenges. Think of text messaging for example. The transmission model of communication is well suited for describing the act of text messaging since the sender isn’t sure that the meaning was effectively conveyed or that the message was received at all. Noise can also interfere with the transmission of a text. If you use an abbreviation the receiver doesn’t know or the phone autocorrects to something completely different than you meant, then semantic noise has interfered with the message transmission. I enjoy bargain hunting at thrift stores, so I just recently sent a text to a friend asking if she wanted to go thrifting over the weekend. After she replied with “What?!?” I reviewed my text and saw that my “smart” phone had autocorrected thrifting to thrusting! You have likely experienced similar problems with text messaging, and a quick Google search for examples of text messages made funny or embarrassing by the autocorrect feature proves that many others do, too. <br /><b>Interaction Model of Communication </b><br />The interaction model of communication describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts (Schramm, 1997). Rather than illustrating communication as a linear, one-way process, the interaction model incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive, two-way process. Feedback includes messages sent in response to other messages. For example, your instructor may respond to a point you raise during class discussion or you may point to the sofa when your roommate asks you where the remote control is. The inclusion of a feedback loop also leads to a more complex understanding of the roles of participants in a communication encounter. Rather than having one sender, one message, and one receiver, this model has two sender-receivers who exchange messages. Each participant alternates roles as sender and receiver in order to keep a communication encounter going. Although this seems like a perceptible and deliberate process, we alternate between the roles of sender and receiver very quickly and often without conscious thought. <br /> The interaction model is also less message focused and more interaction focused. While the transmission model focused on how a message was transmitted and whether or not it was received, the interaction model is more concerned with the communication process itself. In fact, this model acknowledges that there are so many messages being sent at one time that many of them may not even be received. Some messages are also unintentionally sent. Therefore, communication isn’t judged effective or ineffective in this model based on whether or not a single message was successfully transmitted and received. <br /><i><b>Q. 2 Why effective communication is important for organizational performance, discuss with arguments. </b></i><br />ANS: The importance of communication in an organization can be summarized as follows: <br />1. Communication promotes<a href="https://managementstudyguide.com/importance_of_motivation.htm"> motivation </a>by informing and clarifying the employees about the task to be done, the manner they are performing the task, and how to improve their performance if it is not up to the mark. <br />2. Communication is a source of information to the organizational members for decision-making process as it helps identifying and assessing alternative course of actions. <br />3. Communication also plays a crucial role in altering individual’s attitudes, i.e., a well informed individual will have better attitude than a less-informed individual. Organizational magazines, journals, meetings and various other forms of oral and written communication help in moulding employee’s attitudes. <br />4. Communication also helps in socializing. In todays life the only presence of another individual fosters communication. It is also said that one cannot survive without communication. <br />5. As discussed earlier, communication also assists in controlling process. It helps controlling organizational member’s behaviour in various ways. There are various levels of hierarchy and certain principles and guidelines that employees must follow in an organization. They must comply with organizational policies, perform their job role efficiently and communicate any work problem and grievance to their superiors. Thus, communication helps in controlling function of management. <br />An effective and efficient communication system requires managerial proficiency in delivering and receiving messages. A manager must discover various<a href="https://managementstudyguide.com/communication_barriers.htm"> barriers to</a> <a href="https://managementstudyguide.com/communication_barriers.htm">communication,</a> analyze the reasons for their occurrence and take preventive steps to avoid those barriers. Thus, the primary responsibility of a manager is to develop and maintain an effective communication system in the organization. <br />Communication Flows in an Organization <br />In an organization, communication flows in 5 main directions- <br />1. Downward <br />2. Upward <br />3. Lateral <br />4. Diagonal <br />5. External <br />1. Downward Flow of Communication: Communication that flows from a higher level in an organization to a lower level is a downward communication. In other words, communication from superiors to subordinates in a chain of command is a downward communication. This communication flow is used by the managers to transmit work-related information to the employees at lower levels. Employees require this information for performing their jobs and for meeting the expectations of their managers. Downward communication is used by the managers for the following purposes - <br />Providing feedback on employees performance <br />2. Upward Flow of Communication: Communication that flows to a higher level in an organization is called upward communication. It provides feedback on how well the organization is functioning. The subordinates use upward communication to convey their problems and performances to their superiors. <br />The subordinates also use upward communication to tell how well they have understood the downward communication. It can also be used by the employees to share their views and ideas and to participate in the decision-making process. <br />Upward communication leads to a more committed and loyal workforce in an organization because the employees are given a chance to raise and speak dissatisfaction issues to the higher levels. The managers get to know about the employees feelings towards their jobs, peers, supervisor and organization in general. Managers can thus accordingly take actions for improving things. <br />Grievance Redressal System, Complaint and Suggestion Box, Job Satisfaction surveys etc all help in improving upward communication. Other examples of Upward Communication are -performance reports made by low level management for reviewing by higher level management, employee attitude surveys, letters from employees, employee-manager discussions etc. <br />3. Lateral / Horizontal Communication: Communication that takes place at same levels of hierarchy in an organization is called lateral communication, i.e., communication between peers, between managers at same levels or between any horizontally equivalent organizational member. The advantages of horizontal communication are as follows: <br />It is time saving. <br />It facilitates co-ordination of the task. <br />It facilitates co-operation among team members. <br />It provides emotional and social assistance to the organizational members. <br />It helps in solving various organizational problems. <br />It is a means of information sharing <br />It can also be used for resolving conflicts of a department with other department or conflicts within a department. <br />4. Diagonal Communication: Communication that takes place between a manager and employees of other workgroups is called diagonal communication. It generally does not appear on organizational chart. For instance - To design a training module a training manager interacts with an Operations personnel to enquire about the way they perform their task. <br />5. External Communication: Communication that takes place between a manager and external groups such as - suppliers, vendors, banks, financial institutes etc. For instance - To raise capital the Managing director would interact with the Bank Manager. <br /><b><i>Q. 3 Challenges of business communication in the 21st century, discuss with arguments.</i></b> <br />ANS: 1. Although it began with the failure of subprime loans and mortgage-backed <br />securities, the most recent financial crisis has touched every aspect of our society and called into question many of the basic assumptions by which we have lived for the last fifty years. It has been the ultimate interdisciplinary dilemma, implicating technological innovation as much as financial innovation, scholarly theory as much as global realpolitik. The essays collected in this volume reflect the range of causes and examine many of the consequences. But this volume does not merely rehearse the well-documented errors, failures, and misfortune that resulted in the panic of Fall 2008. Instead, it seeks a way forward. In December 2009, with guidance from Jay W. Lorsch and Rakesh Khurana, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and New York University School of Law convened a group of distinguished scholars and business leaders to help consider what we have learned from the recent economic crisis. (A list of conference attendees is included at the end of this volume.) The discussions and essays resulting from this meeting are presented here. Since its founding, the Academy has studied the American business enterprise. At a meeting in 1781, Academy Fellows resolved to “attend to the subject of the Commerce of America, to enquire into the principles on which it has been heretofore conducted and the effect of those principles as the balance of trade, to investigate the most advantageous sources of future trade both in a commercial and political view and particularly to consider the subject of money the medium of trade.” Recent examinations include the 1988 study “The U.S. Business Corporation: An Institution in Transition” and a project on “Corporate Responsibility,” led by Martin Lipton, Jay Lorsch, and Larry Sonsini. The latter brought together leading scholars and practitioners to reflect on the corporate scandals of the early 2000s. The first publication of the project, Restoring Trust in American Business (MIT Press, 2005), featured essays by eighteen prominent scholars and business leaders, including John Reed, Felix Rohatyn, and John Biggs, who examine the failure of “gatekeepers” to stand between corporate misconduct and the public interest. In that volume, Mark Roe predicted that the failure of Enron, WorldCom, Arthur Anderson, and other giants in the early 2000s would not be the last of the major corporate cascades. “If we’re lucky,” Roe commented, “someone will anticipate the problem and fix it up beforehand. If not, we’ll muddle through once again.” The articles in this present volume offer more than one way out of the most recent muddle. <br />The ability of a business to communicate is crucial to its success. From effectively communicating policies to staff to reaching out to clients and customers, communication is a huge factor in business operations. There are challenges inherent to business communication, however, not least that every method of communication requires a slightly different approach. <br />Listening to Learn, Not Just To Respond <br />Possibly the most important aspect of communication is listening. However, it may be very difficult for people to develop this skill. Because of the innate pressures of maintaining success in the business, there may not be time to sit and listen to the needs of the employees and the customers. Without truly taking the time to listen and finding a way to understand others point of view, managerial staff may never fully understand or be aware of the needs, wants, frustrations and hardships of company staff and customers. <br /><b>Hiding Behind Technology </b><br />It is easy for businesses to rely too heavily upon technology for communication purposes. Email, texting, voice mail and instant messaging can be quite effective for the quick transfer of factual, direct information. However, the reliance upon this technology to communicate emotion can lead to drama and dissent in the workplace. Businesses may find that communication through technology saves time, energy, and money, but face-to-face communication, especially when emotion is involved, is a much better channel of communication. Tone, posture, facial expression and eye contact cannot be expressed effectively using technology. <br />Meetings: Essential or a Waste of Time? <br />Many businesses are moving away from meetings as tools of communication in order to save time and to promote efficiency. Employees often see meetings as time-wasters. No matter how challenging it is to use meetings effectively, meetings are an important part of doing business. Meetings can build teamwork, making employees feel a part of something - ideally, the company. Meetings are avenues for workers can provide input and share their opinions. The simple challenge of using meetings in your business communication is creating meetings that are concise, informative, participatory and positive. <br />Symptoms of Communication Issues <br />If a business is having challenges with communication, warning signs appear that should trigger action by the managerial staff. Some indicators are lack of cooperation, unreached goals, high level of mistakes, casting blame, low motivation, low productivity, unsatisfied customers, arguments, high employee turnover and loss of clients. All of these can be symptoms of poor or problematic communication. <br />Solving the Problems <br />It is possible to take steps to improve communication to overcome the challenges that abound in business communication. As mentioned, listening is high on this list. Use tools like surveys and comment boxes to encourage healthy and confidential feedback. Avoid pointing the finger at one person; instead work on an issue with an entire group of people by using appropriate training or counseling. Those in leadership roles should have great communication skills, be empathetic and natural problem solvers. <br />If troubles persist, a business might outsource the problem to a neutral negotiator to resolve the situation in an unbiased manner. <br />Q. 4 Discuss barriers to effective communication in organizations with examples. <br />ANS: Barriers to Effective Communication <br />Communicating can be more of a challenge than you think, when you realize the many things that can stand in the way of effective communication. These include filtering, selective perception, information overload, emotional disconnects, lack of source familiarity or credibility, workplace gossip, semantics, gender differences, differences in meaning between Sender and Receiver, and biased language. Let’s examine each of these barriers. <br /><b>Filtering </b><br />Filtering is the distortion or withholding of information to manage a person’s reactions. Some examples of filtering include a manager who keeps her division’s poor sales figures from her boss, the vice president, fearing that the bad news will make him angry. The old saying, “Don’t shoot the messenger!” illustrates the tendency of Receivers (in this case, the vice president) to vent their negative response to unwanted Messages on the Sender. A gatekeeper (the vice president’s assistant, perhaps) who doesn’t pass along a complete <br />Message is also filtering. The vice president may delete the e-mail announcing the quarter’s sales figures before reading it, blocking the Message before it arrives. <br />As you can see, filtering prevents members of an organization from getting a complete picture of the way things are. To maximize your chances of sending and receiving effective communications, it’s helpful to deliver a Message in multiple ways and to seek information from multiple sources. In this way, the effect of any one person’s filtering the Message will be diminished. <br />Since people tend to filter bad news more during upward communication, it is also helpful to remember that those below you in an organization may be wary of sharing bad news. One way to defuse the tendency to filter is to reward employees who clearly convey information upward, regardless of whether the news is good and bad. <br />Here are some of the criteria that individuals may use when deciding whether to filter a Message or pass it on: <br />• Past experience: Was the Sender rewarded for passing along news of this kind in the past, or was she criticized? <br />• Knowledge, perception of the speaker: Has the Receiver’s direct superior made it clear that “no news is good news?” <br />• Emotional state, involvement with the topic, level of attention: Does the Sender’s fear of failure or criticism prevent him from conveying the Message? Is the topic within his realm of expertise, increasing his confidence in his ability to decode it, or is he out of his comfort zone when it comes to evaluating the Message’s significance? Are personal concerns impacting his ability to judge the Message’s value? <br />Once again, filtering can lead to miscommunications in business. Each listener translates the Message into his or her own words, creating his or her own version of what was said (Alessandra, 1993). <br />Selective Perception <br />Selective perception refers to filtering what we see and hear to suit our own needs. This process is often unconscious. Small things can command our attention when we’re visiting a new place—a new city or a new company. Over time, however, we begin to make assumptions about the way things are on the basis of our past experience. Often, much of this process is unconscious. “We simply are bombarded with too much stimuli every day to pay equal attention to everything so we pick and choose according to our own needs (Pope, 2008).” Selective perception is a time-saver, a necessary tool in a complex culture. But it can also lead to mistakes. <br /> Think back to the earlier example conversation between Bill, who was asked to order more toner cartridges, and his boss. Since Bill found his boss’s to-do list to be unreasonably demanding, he assumed the request could wait. (How else could he do everything else on the list?) The boss, assuming that Bill had heard the urgency in her request, assumed that Bill would place the order before returning to the other tasks on her list. <br />Both members of this organization were using selective perception to evaluate the communication. Bill’s perception was that the task of ordering could wait. The boss’s perception was that her time frame was clear, though unstated. When two selective perceptions collide, a misunderstanding occurs. <br />Information Overload <br />Information overload can be defined as “occurring when the information processing demands on an individual’s time to perform interactions and internal calculations exceed the supply or capacity of time available for such processing (Schick, et. al., 1990).” Messages reach us in countless ways every day. Some are societal—advertisements that we may hear or see in the course of our day. Others are professional—e-mails, and memos, voice mails, and conversations from our colleagues. Others are personal— messages and conversations from our loved ones and friends. <br />Add these together and it’s easy to see how we may be receiving more information than we can take in. This state of imbalance is known as information overload. Experts note that information overload is “A symptom of the high-tech age, which is too much information for one human being to absorb in an expanding world of people and technology. It comes from all sources including TV, newspapers, and magazines as well as wanted and unwanted regular mail, e-mail and faxes. It has been exacerbated enormously because of the formidable number of results obtained from Web search engines (PC Magazine, 2008).” Other research shows that working in such fragmented fashion has a significant negative effect on efficiency, creativity, and mental acuity (Overholt, 2001). <br />Going back to our example of Bill. Let’s say he’s in his cubicle on the phone with a supplier. While he’s talking, he hears the chime of e-mail alerting him to an important message from his boss. He’s scanning through it quickly, while still on the phone, when a coworker pokes his head around the cubicle corner to remind Bill that he’s late for a staff meeting. The supplier on the other end of the phone line has just given Bill a choice among the products and delivery dates he requested. Bill realizes he missed hearing the first two options, but he doesn’t have time to ask the supplier to repeat them all or to try reconnecting to place the order at a later time. He chooses the third option—at least he heard that one, he reasons, and it seemed fair. How good was Bill’s decision amid all the information he was processing at the same time? <br /><b>Emotional disconnects </b><br />Emotional disconnects happen when the Sender or the Receiver is upset, whether about the subject at hand or about some unrelated incident that may have happened earlier. An effective communication requires a Sender and a Receiver who are open to speaking and listening to one another, despite possible differences in opinion or personality. One or both parties may have to put their emotions aside to achieve the goal of communicating clearly. A Receiver who is emotionally upset tends to ignore or distort what the Sender is saying. A Sender who is emotionally upset may be unable to present ideas or feelings effectively. <br />Lack of Source Credibility <br />Lack of source familiarity or credibility can derail communications, especially when humor is involved. Have you ever told a joke that fell flat? You and the Receiver lacked the common context that could have made it funny. (Or yes, it could have just been a lousy joke.) Sarcasm and irony are subtle, and potentially hurtful, commodities in business. It’s best to keep these types of communications out of the workplace as their benefits are limited, and their potential dangers are great. Lack of familiarity with the Sender can lead to misinterpreting humor, especially in less-rich information channels like e-mail. For example, an e-mail from Jill that ends with, “Men, like hens, should boil in vats of oil,” could be interpreted as antimale if the Receiver didn’t know that Jill has a penchant for rhyme and likes to entertain coworkers by making up amusing sayings. <br />Similarly, if the Sender lacks credibility or is untrustworthy, the Message will not get through. Receivers may be suspicious of the Sender’s motivations (“Why am I being told this?”). Likewise, if the Sender has communicated erroneous information in the past, or has created false emergencies, his current Message may be filtered. <br />Workplace gossip, also known as the grapevine, is a lifeline for many employees seeking information about their company (Kurland & Pelled, 2000). Researchers agree that the grapevine is an inevitable part of organizational life. Research finds that 70% of all organizational communication occurs at the grapevine level (Crampton, 1998). <br />Employees trust their peers as a source of Messages, but the grapevine’s informal structure can be a barrier to effective communication from the managerial point of view. Its grassroots structure gives it greater credibility in the minds of employees than information delivered through official channels, even when that information is false. <br />Some downsides of the office grapevine are that gossip offers politically minded insiders a powerful tool for disseminating communication (and self-promoting miscommunications) within an organization. In addition, the grapevine lacks a specific Sender, which can create a sense of distrust among employees—who is at the root of the gossip network? <br /> When the news is volatile, suspicions may arise as to the person or persons behind the Message. Managers who understand the grapevine’s power can use it to send and receive Messages of their own. They also decrease the grapevine’s power by sending official Messages quickly and accurately, should big news arise. <i><b><br />Q. 5 Discuss components of communication with examples from various organizations. </b></i><br />ANS: Business Communication & Its Components <br />effective communication produces a meeting of the minds where everyone involved shares the same information. In business, this serves a practical purpose. Communication establishes order and unity, enables people to act and promotes wise decisions. Effective communication powers a successful business, as it’s the only way to share a company’s goals and coordinate the work that achieves those goals. All communication has the same components, and knowing how these components apply to a business can help an owner enhance communication within the organization. <br /><b>Sender </b><br />Senders initiate the process of communication. To ensure a successful communication, the sender must consider the context of the message, who will receive it and what the message should accomplish. This enables the sender to properly shape and deliver the message. <br /><b>Receiver </b><br />The receiver of a business message may be a supervisor, subordinate, peer, group, customer or supplier. Additionally, more than one audience might receive the communication. For instance, a subordinate can send a proposal to a supervisor -- the primary recipient -- who can forward it to his own manager -- the secondary recipient -­to solicit feedback. Considering the message’s audience affects choices such as language and tone. <br /><b>Context <br /></b>Every communication occurs within a context, which helps shape the message. Business context includes urgency, timing, company culture and the setting in which the message will be received. A presentation to a group that will use the information for a brainstorming session in a creative environment calls for a different approach than delivering news to a supervisor about a drop in sales.<br /><b>Message</b> <br />The message component contains the actual information a sender needs to supply. Effective messages keep the point of the communication at the forefront. The sender also should consider the results of the message -- what the communication needs to accomplish or what action it should spur. Written communications require giving thought to visual appeal. Messages should be easy to read and navigate; fonts, white space and headings can help or hinder the communication process. Including a visual element such as a chart might get across difficult information more effectively than words. <br /><b>Medium </b><br />The medium is the means by which a sender transmits a message. At a workplace, messages can be oral or written. Aside from spoken words, oral communications carry non-verbal messages. Tone, facial expression and a relaxed or agitated demeanor provide supplemental information to the receiver. Written messages include email, faxes, reports and memos. A small business owner might want certain types of communications -- or instance, resource requests or evaluations -- to always be in written form. <br /><b>Feedback </b><br />Receivers supply feedback when they respond to messages. Feedback lets the sender know whether the receiver correctly interpreted the message and encourages further interaction. For an owner fielding employee requests or complaints, a handy approach to providing feedback is to summarize the message. As the authors of “Management: Meeting and Exceeding Expectations” point out, if a receiver can’t restate a message, it’s a sure sign the message wasn’t understood.  <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />

Solved Assignment-5002-Buisness Communication-M.LIS-Buisness Communication

Solved Assignment-5002-Buisness Communication-M.LIS-Buisness Communication Q. 1 Describe Communication Process Model with appropriate exampl...

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Solved Assignment 5001 economic analysis MBA Semester autumn 2020 aiou

<p><br /><i><b>Solved Assignment     5001  economic analysis      MBA Semester   autumn 2020       aiou<br /> Q.1 Explain Islamic Economic System. Discuss the features of Islamic Economic System over the Capitalist and socialist Economies. </b></i><br /><b>Property</b> <br />In the Islamic system, property is a trust. The real owner is Allah (Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala). Man’s disposal of worldly goods is in the capacity of a viceroy and a trustee. His rights are, therefore, circumscribed by the limits Allah has prescribed, and should be exercised toward the ends Allah has defined. Unlike the capitalist system, the right to property is not absolute but has limitations and qualifications enforced not by the power of the government but by the power of one's faith and desire to be a pious Muslim. Hence, the common-good and the welfare of fellow Muslims are internalized in the decision making process of every Muslim. It is Socialism with at the state. <br />In view of the purposive nature of man's life in the Islamic world view, even these limited rights of ownership are not devoid of purpose. Wealth is an instrument in the effective discharge of man responsibilities as the viceroy of Allah, and the achievement of well­being in the life for himself, his fellow Muslims and fellow human beings. No where this viceroyship is displayed like in the Shari’ah laws of inheritance. These laws clearly assume that once the individual is dead, his wealth goes back to the original owner, who specifies to whom the wealth should go. The laws of inheritance specify where exactly this wealth should go, regardless of the approve or the consent of the deceased owner. He is permitted to endow only 1/3 of his legacy. Even then, such endowment should not go to a beneficiary (one also is included in the inheritors) not to uses that are not considered is Shari’ah a charity. <br />Distribution Because al-adl (justice and fairness) is a basic value of the Islamic economic order, distributive justice is a major concern of the system. Equitable distribution of income and wealth is therefore an objective by itself. Operationally, this is accomplished through certain institutions which form the backbone of the social security in Islam. Examples are a bound: <br />Zakah <br />Zakah is the third pillar of the Islamic faith. It is a unique system of social security. Zakah is not a hand-out from the rich to the poor. It is a right of the have nots in the wealth of the haves. It is a measure designed to directly transfer part of the wealth from the well-to-do to the poor and not to the government. Because the purpose is redistribution of income and wealth, without creating a class society zakah is levied on almost every one. Even the not very well to do, pay zakah. He may then receive the zakat of others at the same time. Zakah is levied annually on the wealth itself and not on the individual or income, at a general rate of 2% % per annum. This is not all. Zakah is a requirement. However, a Muslim is always engaged not to confine his charity to that requirement by giving alms (sadaqat).<b>Laws of Inheritance </b><br />It would not be possible to guarantee the functioning of the system free from injustices °o <br />without a built-in-mechanism to prevent injustice reproducing itself generation after 0 <br />generation. Studies show that one of the major causes of inequality in income distribution, is the distribution of wealth. One major outcome of the Islamic laws of inheritance, is to 0° <br />prevent concentration of wealth. This is because legacy is distributed in a pre-set ratios which take into consideration need and closeness to the deceased. Yet giving the deceased the right to assign part of his wealth (not exceeding 1/3) to charitable uses. <br /><b>Economic Freedom </b><br />Freedom is a cornerstone in the Islamic economic system. In fact, it is so basic that the whole message of Islam came to free man from all kind of slavery. Freewill is a necessary condition for the validity of all contracts. The basic human rights which are now included in the laws of civilized countries has been a part of legal system of Islam since the Prophet (P.B.U.H ) . In fact, all the so called Magna Charta has been enjoyed as the basic individual rights in Islam for centuries. Furthermore, to guarantee competition in the marketplace and freedom of transaction, many measures were adopted by the Prophet (P.B.U.H). Prohibition of monopoly, manipulation of prices and restricting entry to the market are but a few of these measures. <br /><b>The Islamic Economy is Interest-Free </b><br />Today’s trade and commerce in the whole world is run on the basis of interest based debt. If we look at the money and capital markets in any country we find that they are basically markets for exchanging financial obligations and receivables. It is no wonder that just the mere thought that interest rate may go up (or down) will bring havoc to all sectors of the economy. Standard economic analysis tells that interest rates play important roles in the economy. Firstly, that it provides incentives for savings, and secondly that it performs an allocative function with regard to capital. The argument goes as follows: <br />1. Saving is essential to any economy because on which depends the rate of investment, and hence the rate of growth of the economy and the property of its citizens. Since economic development is the objective of every society, improving the nascent rate of saving becomes a basic requirement for the achievement of a 1° °l <br />viable and sustainable economic growth. Because too much saving may be just as <br />IL unproductive as too little, interest rates, furthermore, provide a tool for policy as regards savings where this rate is controlled in such a way as to attain the right magnitude of savings as required by the going economic circumstances. <br />2. As regards the distributive function of interest, it is believed that interest rate plays a yardstick (benchmark) for evaluating the feasibility of investment projects and other uses of scarce resources. Since capital is scarce, the economy need a tool through which this resource is directed to the best use, i.e. the one that produces o0 °° <br />the highest returns. Without such a tool, it is quite possible to see capital going to <br /> relatively poor projects, while the sound ones are left out of investment capital. With the tool of interest rate, expected profits are always compared to the rate of interest. Since the latter measures the cost of capital, only these projects which make more returns than “cost” will be financed. Even self financing will be subject to such a benchmark since interest plays an “alternative” to any investment opportunity (i.e. an opportunity cost)</p><p><b> Q.2 Explain law of Demand. Critically discuss the law of demand and its practical implications on the common person of the society. </b><br />ANS: The law of demand is one of the most fundamental concepts in economics. It works with the law of supply to explain how market economies allocate resources and determine the prices of goods and services that we observe in everyday transactions. The law of demand states that quantity purchased varies inversely with price. In other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded. This occurs because of diminishing marginal utility. That is, consumers use the first units of an economic good they purchase to serve their most urgent needs first, and use each additional unit of the good to serve successively lower valued ends. <br />• The law of demand is a fundamental principle of economics which states that at a higher price consumers will demand a lower quantity of a good. <br />• Demand is derived from the law of diminishing marginal utility, the fact that consumers use economic goods to satisfy their most urgent needs first. <br />• A market demand curve expresses the sum of quantity demanded at each price across all consumers in the market. <br />• Changes in price can be reflected in movement along a demand curve, but do not by themselves increase or decrease demand. <br />• The shape and magnitude of demand shifts in response to changes in consumer preferences, incomes, or related economic goods, NOT to changes in price. </p><p><b> Law of Demand </b><br />II <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economics.asp">Economics </a>involves the study of how people use limited means to satisfy unlimited wants. 0° <br />The law of demand focuses on those unlimited wants. Naturally, people prioritize more urgent wants and needs over less urgent ones in their economic behavior, and this carries over into how people choose among the limited means available to them. For any economic good, the first unit of that good that a consumer gets their hands on will tend to be put to use to satisfy the most urgent need the consumer has that that good can satisfy. <br />For example, consider a castaway on a desert island who obtains a six pack of bottled, fresh water washed up on shore. The first bottle will be used to satisfy the castaway's most urgently felt need, most likely drinking water to avoid dying of thirst. The second °O <br />bottle might be used for bathing to stave off disease, an urgent but less immediate need. The third bottle could be used for a less urgent need such as boiling some fish to have a hot meal, and on down to the last bottle, which the castaway uses for a relatively low priority like watering a small potted plant to keep him company on the island. <br />In our example, because each additional bottle of water is used for a successively less <br />°O highly valued want or need by our castaway, we can say that the castaway values each additional bottle less than the one before. Similarly, when consumers purchase goods on the market each additional unit of any given good or service that they buy will be put to a °o <br />less valued use than the one before, so we can say that they value each additional unit less and less. Because they value each additional unit of the good less, they are willing to pay less for it. So the more units of a good consumers buy, the less they are willing to pay in terms of the price. By adding up all the units of a good that consumers are willing to buy at any given price we can describe a market demand curve, which is always downward-sloping, like the one IIs <br />shown in the chart below. Each point on the curve (A, B, C) reflects the quantity demanded (Q) at a given price (P). At point A, for example, the quantity demanded is low (Q1) and the price is high (P1). At higher prices, consumers demand less of the good, and at lower 11° <br />prices, they demand more. <br /><b> Demand vs Quantity Demanded </b><br /> In economic thinking, it is important to understand the difference between the phenomenon of demand and the quantity demanded. In the chart, the term "demand" refers to the green line plotted through A, B, and C. It expresses the relationship between the urgency of consumer wants and the number of units of the economic good at hand. A change in demand means a shift of the position or shape of this curve; it reflects a change in the underlying pattern of consumer wants and needs vis-a-vis the means available to satisfy them. On the other hand, the term "quantity demanded" refers to a point along with horizontal axis. Changes in the quantity demanded strictly reflect changes in the price, without implying any change in the pattern of consumer preferences. Changes in °O <br />quantity demanded just mean movement along the demand curve itself because of a change in price. These two ideas are often conflated, but this is a common error; rising (or falling) in prices do not decrease (or increase) demand, they change the quantity demanded. <br />Factors Affecting Demand <br />So what does change demand? The shape and position of the demand curve can be impacted by several factors. Rising incomes tend to increase demand for normal economic goods, as people are willing to spend more. The availability of close substitute products °o <br />that compete with a given economic good will tend to reduce demand for that good, since they can satisfy the same kinds of consumer wants and needs. Conversely, the availability of closely complementary goods will tend to increase demand for an economic good, °o <br />because the use of two goods together can be even more valuable to consumers than using them separately, like peanut butter and jelly. Other factors such as future expectations, changes in background environmental conditions, or change in the actual or oo <br />perceiv d quality of a good can change the demand curve, because they alter the pattern IL <br />of consumer preferences for how the good can be used and how urgently it is needed.<br /> <i><b>Q.3 Critically discuss the relationship between elasticity of demand and the revenue <br /> with examples. </b></i><br />ANS: Price elasticity of demand describes how changes in the price for goods and the demand for those same goods relate. As those two variables interact, they can have an 0° <br />impact on a firm’s total revenue. Revenue is the amount of money a firm brings in from sales—i.e., the total number of units sold multiplied by the price per unit. Therefore, as the price or the quantity sold changes, those changes have a direct impact on revenue. <br />Businesses seek to maximize their profits, and price is one tool they have at their disposal to influence demand (and therefore sales). Picking the right price is tricky, though. What <br />happens with a price increase? Will customers buy only a little less, such that the price increase raises revenues, or will they buy a lot less, such that the price increase lowers revenues? Might the company earn more if it lowers prices, or will that just lead to lower revenue per unit without stimulating new demand? These are critical questions for every business. <br />In this section, you’ll learn more about how firms think about the impact of price elasticities on revenue. <br />The specific things you’ll learn in this section include the following: <br />• Explain the interaction between price and revenue, given elastic demand r <br />• Explain the interaction between price and revenue, given inelastic demand <br />• Explain how changes in production costs affect price <br />Learning Activities <br />The learning activities for this section include the following: <br />• Reading: Elasticity and Total Revenue i* <br />• Reading: Elasticity, Costs, and Customers <br /> Self Check: Price Elasticity and Total Revenue <br /><b>Q.4 Explain joint stock company. Critically discuss the advantages of Joint Stock Company over partnership business. </b><br />Ans: <br />Joint Stock: <br />What Is a Joint-Stock Company? <br />The modern corporation has its origins in the joint-stock company. A joint-stock company <br />is a business owned by its investors, with each investor owning a share based on the amount of stock purchased. <br />Joint-stock companies are created in order to finance endeavors that are too expensive for an individual or even a government to fund. The owners of a joint-stock company expect to share in its profits. <br /><b>Advantages of Joint Stock Company: </b><br />1. Larger Capital- The huge capital required by modern enterprises would not be possible under other forms of organisations like sole individual proprietorship and even in partnership. The joint stock company by its widespread appeal to investors of all classes can raise adequate resources of capital required by large-scale enterprise. <br />2. Limited Liability- Liability of the shareholders of a company is limited to the face value of the shares they have purchased. It has a stimulating effect on investment. The private property of shareholder is not attachable to recover the dues of the company. <br />3. Stability of Existence- The organisation of a company as a separate legal entity gives it a character of permanence or continuity. As an incorporated body, a company enjoys perpetual existence. <br />4. Economies of Scale- Since the company operates on a large scale, it would result in the realisation of economies in purchases, management, distribution or selling. These economies would provide goods to the consumer at a cheaper price. <br />5. Scope for Expansion- As there is no restriction to the maximum number of members in a IIs <br />public company, expansion of business is easy by issuing new shares and debentures.  <br />6. Public Confidence- Formation and working of companies are well regulated by the <br />provisions of the Companies Act. The provisions regarding compulsory publication of some documents, accounts, director’s report, etc., create confidence in public. Their accounts are audited by a chartered accountant and are to be published. This creates confidence in the public about the functioning of the company. <br />7. Transferability of Shares- The shareholders of a public company are entitled to transfer the shares held by them to others. The shares of most joint stock companies are listed on the stock exchange and hence can be easily sold. <br />8. Professional Management- The management of a company vests in the directors duly elected by shareholders. Normally, experienced persons are elected as directors. Thus, the available skill is utilized for the benefit of the company. The company organisation, therefore, is like a bridge between the skill and capital. <br />9. Tax Benefits- Company pays lower tax on a higher income. This is because of the reason that the company pays tax on the flat rates. Similarly, company gets some tax concessions if it establishes itself in a backward area. <br />10. Risk Diffused- The membership of a company is large. The business risk is divided among several members of the company. This encourages investment of small investors. <br />I I- Disadvantages of Joint Stock Company: <br />1. Difficulty in formation- The legal formalities and procedures required in the formation of a company are many. It has to approach large number of people for its capital and it cannot commence business, unless it has obtained a certificate of incorporation and a certificate to commence business. <br />2. Lack of Secrecy- Every issue is discussed in the meeting of the board of directors. The <br />minutes of meeting and accounts of the firm’s profit and loss etc., have to be published. In L o <br />this situation maintenance of secrecy is difficult. <br />3. Delay in Decision Making- In company form of organisation, all important decisions are taken by the board of directors and shareholders in general meeting. Hence, decision making process is time consuming. Board of directors itself has often to be at the mercy of bureaucracy. <br />4. Concentration of Economic Power- The company form of organisation gives scope for 0° <br />concentration of economic power in a few hands. It gives easy scope for the formation of combinations which results in monopoly. Large joint stock companies tend to form themselves into combinations or associations exercising monopolistic power which may prove detrimental to other firms in the same line or to the consumers. <br />5. Lack of Personal Interest- In company form of organisation, the day-to-day management °o <br />is vested with the salaried persons or executives who do not have any personal interest in the company. This may lead to reduced employee motivation and result in inefficiency. <br />6. More Government Restrictions- The internal working of the company is subject to statutory restrictions regarding meeting, voting, audit, etc. The establishment and running of a company, therefore, would prove to be troublesome and burdensome because of °o <br />complicated legal regulations. <br />7. Incapable and Unscrupulous Management- Unscrupulous individuals may bring IL <br />economic ruin to the community by promoting bogus companies. The fraudulent promoters may be fool the public to collect capital and misuse it for their personal gain. Misuse of property, goods and money by the managerial personnel may harm the interests of the shareholders and create panic among the investing public. <br />8. Undue Speculation in the Shares of the Company- Illegitimate speculation in the values of shares of a company listed on the stock exchange is injurious to the interest of r <br />shareholders. Violent fluctuations in the values of shares as a result of gambling on the IL  <br />stock exchange, weakens the confidence of investors and may lead to financial crisis. <br /><i><b>Q.5 Explain perfect market. Critically evaluate the assumptions and features of perfect <br />market with examples. </b></i><br />Perfect Competition - a Pure Market  We can take some useful insights from studying a world of perfect competition and then comparing and contrasting with imperfectly competitive markets and industries <br />• Economists have become more interested in pure competition partly because of the growth of e-commerce as a means of buying and selling goods and services. And also because of the popularity of auctions as a device for allocating scarce resources among competing ends. What are the main assumptions for a perfectly competitive market? <br />1. Many sellers in the market - each of whom produce a low percentage of market output and cannot influence the prevailing market price - each firm in this market is a price taker - i.e. it has to take the market price <br />2. Many individual buyers - none has any control over the market price <br />3. Perfect freedom of entry and exit from the industry. Firms face no sunk costs and L Jl <br />entry and exit from the market is feasible in the long run. This assumption means that all firms in a perfectly competitive market make normal profits in the long run <br />4. Homogeneous products are supplied to the markets that are perfect substitutes. <br />This leads to each firms being “price takers" with a perfectly elastic demand curve if OO <br />for their product <br />IL <br />5. Perfect knowledge - consumers have all readily available information about prices and products from competing suppliers and can access this at zero cost - in other words, there are few transactions costs involved in searching for the required information about prices. Likewise sellers have perfect knowledge about their f ... "i <br />competitors 6. Perfectly mobile factors of production - land, labour and capital can be switched in response to changing market conditions, prices and incentives. We assume that °r <br />transport costs are insignificant <br />7. No externalities arising from production and/or consumption <br /> Understanding the real world of imperfect competition! <br />It is often said that perfect competition is a market structure that is out-dated not worthy of study! Clearly the assumptions of pure competition do not hold in the vast majority of real-world markets. <br />• Suppliers may exert control over the amount of goods and services supplied and exploit their market power <br />• On the demand-side, consumers may have monopsony power against their suppliers because they purchase a high percentage of total demand. <br />• In addition, there are always some barriers to the contestability a market and far from being ho mogeneous; most markets are full of heterogeneous products due to product differentiation <br />• Consumers have imperfect information and preferences are influenced by persuasive marketing <br />• In every industry we can find examples of asymmetric information where the seller knows more about quality of good than buyer - a frequently quoted example is the market for second-hand cars! <br />• The real world is one in which negative and positive externalities from both production and consumption are numerous - both of which can lead to a divergence between private and social costs and benefits. <br /> Finally there may be imperfect competition in related markets such as the market for key raw materials, labour and capital goods. <br />Edit by; Hayyat Afridi<br />Media Partner: <br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> </p>

Solved Assignment 5001 economic analysis MBA Semester autumn 2020 aiou

Solved Assignment     5001  economic analysis      MBA Semester   autumn 2020       aiou Q.1 Explain Islamic Economic System. Discuss the f...

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2nd solved Assignment- 417 aiou. Autumn 2020

<p> 2nd solved Assignment- 417 aiou.  Autumn 2020</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu1ZCRflBT0JZjnk30fc4pb30Zgm8eK0DajwLRLWFUDhQL79x7r-gPnE3hCa6UvFyrg8c6NeAlTbyW7bHmxFQNi5lbqcRCmN6UdnOVjEmq4UZgjWxSbUV68Eq6BVQ7vg1Vje1lHYYJxgY/s2048/IMG_1672.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1503" data-original-width="2048" height="470" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu1ZCRflBT0JZjnk30fc4pb30Zgm8eK0DajwLRLWFUDhQL79x7r-gPnE3hCa6UvFyrg8c6NeAlTbyW7bHmxFQNi5lbqcRCmN6UdnOVjEmq4UZgjWxSbUV68Eq6BVQ7vg1Vje1lHYYJxgY/w640-h470-rw/IMG_1672.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>

2nd solved Assignment- 417 aiou. Autumn 2020

 2nd solved Assignment- 417 aiou.  Autumn 2020  

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1st solved Assignment- 417 aiou. Autumn 2020

<p> 1st solved Assignment- 417 aiou.  Autumn 2020</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpgtgvyjmsm8dEBVPyG2WtGcSfm5Ste2R_nSvzI7okX8ny64He9XdWrg4lDw7Xp3JBv-T1556CRyAA8SlTBeZp0CRWTPXzIsZRR868dG9Z5P9KEi3jLNjb5xeb1_w4NjvlhusbFjRFPaU/s2048/IMG_1671%25282%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1381" data-original-width="2048" height="432" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpgtgvyjmsm8dEBVPyG2WtGcSfm5Ste2R_nSvzI7okX8ny64He9XdWrg4lDw7Xp3JBv-T1556CRyAA8SlTBeZp0CRWTPXzIsZRR868dG9Z5P9KEi3jLNjb5xeb1_w4NjvlhusbFjRFPaU/w640-h432-rw/IMG_1671%25282%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmZrSGEmHoaFTXFh_vA4DuV5Kerq8pcM9YztR7qyHHPKAJwHcpK3MoY5mYj9oEfaGSXr6xnbZHtedhFTRvt1LQxVyTV-mD_LNOxwxtQehsJC_udYifW3GA7ZDi2JgwzvGumG8sDx7c0vE/s2048/IMG_1757%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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1st solved Assignment- 417 aiou. Autumn 2020

 1st solved Assignment- 417 aiou.  Autumn 2020

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2nd Solved Assignment 487 aiou Autumn 2020

<p><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>     2nd Solved Assignment 487           aiou                  Autumn 2020 </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>                                                      Assignment # 2</b></span><br /><i><b>Q.l In Unit 6 of your text book you have leant how to express Approval and Disapproval for something. Given below are some situations. Express your </b></i><br />approval or disapproval about them. Use a different expression each time. Ansi Expressing Approval or Disapproval; <br />1-Drinking fruit juice. <br />really like drinking fruit juice. <br />2-Corporal punishment . <br /> I'm strongly against corporal punishment in Schools. <br />3-Drinking 2-Iiter water daily. <br />quite appreciate drinking 2 liter water daily<br />4-Dinner at 11pm. <br />/ would rather disagree with the habit of taking dinner at 11 p.m. <br />5-Talking loud. . <br />\ I don't appreciate talking loud. <br /><b><i>Q.2 , Rewrite the following sentences avoiding unnecessary words. You can get <br />help from Unit 6 of your text book. . </i></b>' <br />Ans:<span style="color: red;"><b> Avoiding Unnecessary Words: </b></span><br />1-We trust that in future you will hot fall behind again in making your payments. <br />Ans. We hope you will not fall behind again in making your payments. <br />2-The photocopier is in the front office which is not working. <br />Ans. The photocopier, in the front office it not working. <br />3-The secretary was often in the habit of returning late from her tea break. ; <br />Ans. The secretary often returned late from her tea break. He knew the reason why his computer had stopped working. <br />Ans. He knew why his computer had stopped working. <br /><i><b>Q3 Sequencing of events is very important in any process work like cooking,. writing dramas and even in some traditions. Write about any traditional cultural event that you have attended keeping in </b></i><br />mind the sequence. Unit 7 is about sequencing. <br /> <span style="color: red;"><b>A Wedding Ceremony_ </b></span><br />I attended the wedding ceremony of my cousin Rabia last Friday. It was long awaited so it took place with great pomp and show and all the kith and kin attended the ceremony. It was arranged in a park near the house therefore the park was converted into a fairy land. The Shahnai was being pl&yed very softly. Men in their best dresses and women and young girls in gold and silver added to the dreamland atmosphere. <br />The 'Barat’ arrived in the afternoon. Then there was a grand show of fire-work, band and dance by the young ones^The ’Barat’ was accorded a warm welcome.^feven the bridegroom was garlanded and seated on a raised, decorated platform. They all were entertained with cold drinks. Then came the dolled up < bride, accompanied by her sisters and friends, walking at a slow pace. At last the ’Nikah’ ceremony took place followed by congratulations and good wishes. Finally the guests were entertained with tasty dishes and cold drinks. After that all the relatives offered good wishes and gifts to the newly married couple. In the evening the 'Barat’ returned and a very colourful wedding ceremony came to an end. <br />Fiction(Prefix)| Strong (Suffix) <br />Comfort(Suffix) <br />Trouble(Suffix) <br />in iu sentences. <br />Possible(Prefix) <br />Set (Prefix) | Friend (Suffix) <br />Possible^Prefix) <br />Equal (Prefix) <br />Kind (Suffix) <br /><i><b>Q-4 Add prefixes or suffixes to the </b></i><br />Fiction (Prefix): Nonfiction: Strong (Suffix): Strongly: Comfort (Suffix): Comfortable: Trouble (Suffix): Troublesome: Possible (Prefix): Impossible: <br />This is nonfiction section pf our library. <br />He faced troubles strongly. <br />I feel comfortable h <br />I find math very troublesome for me. <br />Set (Prefix): <br />Upset: <br />Friend (Suffix): <br />Friendship: <br />imposiblc for me. <br />This tas <br />Why are you so upset? <br />I value frour friendship. <br />Possible (Prefix): <br />Impossible: This task is quite impossible for her. <br />Equal (Pr Unequ Kin <br /><i><b>Q.5 as quite an unequal contest. </b></i><br />Words                                 Sentences <br />(i) Eat                                We eat food. <br />(ii) Cook                            I like cooking. <br />(iii)  Digest                        They will digest everything. <br />(iv) Hunger                        It will satisfy your hunger. <br />(v) Dish                              Now we will have sweet dish. <br />(vi) Bread .                        I need two slices of bread. <br />(vii) Serve                          Now serve, the meal. <br />(viii) Butter                       We need bread and butter. <br />(ix) Curry                           I like chickeh curry. <br /> (x) Meal                             Now we should have meal.<br /><i><b>Q.6 In Unit 9 of your text book you have learnt about rhyming words that may be. adjectives, verbs, adverbs and/or nouns. Write words with </b></i><br /> similar sounds as the nouns given. , \ \ <br />|, Book | Stuff ~~ Buddle | Would | Light <br />Ans: Rhyming Words: <br />(i) Book: Cook, brooke, mistook, precook, overtook. Bluff, rough, snuff, chuff, fluff.  Cuddle, cruddie, fuddle, huddle, muddle. Should, wood, could, stood, good. Right, flight, night, fight, delight. <br />show alliteration and rhyme. <br />The repetition of same letter or sound is called. <br />alliteration.lt is used to add sound quality to the poem.For example, A weak wild wolf was wandering in the woods<br />What is Rhyme <br />fme" is a feature of a poem or verse that ilar sounds especially at the ends of lines <br />such as crowd, cloud, shroud etc. <br />1-l   Words showing Alliteration: <br />Weak, weary; rare, radiant, silken sad, deep, darkness, doubting, dreaming, dreams, dared <br />2- Words showing Rhyme: <br />Dreary, weary, silken, uncertain, curtain, peering, wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming <br /><i><b>Q.7 Write a Formal letter to the editor of any leading newspaper of your area telling him about the troubles public face during Dhernas (protests) in your area. </b></i><br />Ans: <br />Letter to Editor: <br />The Editor, ' The Daily News, Islamabad.. ‘ - <br />Respected Sir, <br />Through the columns of your esteemed paper I want to draw the attention of general public and higher authorities to the problem of Dharnas (Sits-in) being staged our area these days. The agitators block the roads incomping and outgoing violently. The people going to their work places and general public face a great trouble due to these Dharnas. The protestors render the government machinery difunctional. Schools remain shut with children losing valuable learning time. The international image of Pakistan has severely been shattered. The 'government has so far estimated overall losses to the economy due to 'Dharnas' at about Rs 500 billion rupees. The government should handle the situation wisely and peacefully. The protestors should adopt reasonable ways and means to achieve their demands. The biggest crime in any society is "fasad" (discord) because it disturbes the social order. <br />Your Truly, Abdullah </p>

2nd Solved Assignment 487 aiou Autumn 2020

     2nd Solved Assignment 487           aiou                  Autumn 2020                                                        A...

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2nd Solved Assignment-486 aiou Autumn 2020

<p><span style="color: red;"><i><b>Compulsory English-1 (386)                                                                        Level: Intermediate <br />Semester, Autumn 2020                                                                               Passing Marks : 40 </b></i></span><br />                                                              <span style="color: #274e13;"><b>   Assignment No. 2 </b></span><br />                                                                        (Unit 6-9) <br /><i><b>Q.l You have read how to apologize in Unit 6, Section A. Recall that unit, look at the sentences and then write appropriate responses of apology. Follow the example. </b></i><br />Example: Ice-cream I love eating chocolate ice-cream. <br />1. Are you coming to the marriage ceremony? <br />2. I hope you will keep your temper from now. <br />3. You have not paid your fee yet. <br />4. Did you call the doctor? <br />5. You missed my birthday party. <br /><i><b>Q.2 In Unit 6, Section B, we discussed and practiced the skill of skimming. Can you skim the following paragraph for answering the questions given at the end? </b></i><br />Here's something to think about the next time you go shopping. Have you ever noticed how many trolleys are available when you go to the supermarket? In my experience, it seems like hundreds! But how about the number of hand baskets? Invariably I struggle to find even one, especially when I only need a few items. Why might this be the case? Well, it seems to be a tactic used to encourage us to buy more. If you are walking around with an empty trolley, you are more tempted to fill it, so if you a planning on only doing a quick shop, always try to find a basket. It will be lighter, easier to use and is sure to save you money! <br />• What can you find in large numbers at a supermarket? <br />• Why can this be a problem? <br />• How many baskets are available as compared to trollies? <br />• How can you avoid spending more than you planned? <br />• Why is it a good idea to use a basket instead of a trolley? <br />Answer:- <br />1. What can you find in large numbers at a supermarket? <br />We can find trolleys in large numbers at a super market. <br />2. Why can this be a problem? <br />It can be a problem when you only need a few items and you find no hand basket- <br />3. How many baskets are available as compared to trollies? <br />Very few hand baskets are available as compared to trollies. <br />4. How can you avoid spending more than you planned? <br />If you want to avoid spending more than you planned, always try to find a basket instead of a trolley. <br />5. Why is it a good idea to use a basket instead of a trolley? <br /> It is easier to use a bask and sure to save your money rather than to use a trolley. <br /><b><i>Q.3 In Unit 7, Section A you read about different professions. Select a profession of your choice and write a few logical reasons for appreciation of the particular profession. </i></b><br />Answer:- <br />A profession teaching:- I am the student of B.S class. I have selected teaching as my future profession. I have many reasons to select this profession. I want to be a teacher because knowledge is the beauty of our character. Since all evils spring out of ignorance, we need to spread education as much as possible. As my mother is a teacher. I am getting training by her to become a good teacher in future. Since our knowledge should be sound to become a teacher, therefore, I read books on a verity of topics. I know that many boys and girls cannot get education due to poverty. For this reason, I have decided that I shall try to help my students. I shall contact other rich people to join hands in helping and educating poor students. Our country needs good, brilliant teachers. I am burning the midnight oil to achieve good grades in my exams. Since I am firm, I shall put my all energies to become a good teacher, because a teacher is the spiritual parent of his students. May Allah help me in getting my sacred ambition, amen. <br /><i><b>Q.4 In Unit 8, Section A, you have learned how to use sequence markers. Given below are a number of sentences to show how wood is taken from the forest. Arrange these points in the form of a paragraph. Add sequence makers wherever necessary to link the sentences. </b></i><br />1. The logs are taken in the logging trucks to nearby saw mills. <br />2. Trees are cut down. <br />3. These are placed in lumber yards where people can buy them. <br />4. Their branches and leaves are cut-off. <br />5. These logs are cut-up into large pieces of wood called lumber for building houses. <br />6. They are now logs.- <br />Answer:- <br />First of all trees are cut down. Then their branches and leaves are cut - off. They are now logs. After that the logs are taken in the logging trucks to nearby saw mills. Now these logs are cut up into large pieces of wood called lumber for building houses. Finally these are placed in lumber yards where people can buy them. <br /><i><b>Q.5 Develop a paragraph from the stems given below as you have learned in Unit 8 of your textbook. </b></i><br />1. Pour flour and salt into a bowl <br />2. Add some ghee <br />3. Mix the ingredients <br />4. Place dough into an oiled bowl<br />5. Wait for sometime <br />6. Make small bolls <br />7. roll with a rolling pin <br />8. Heat a tawa <br />9. Cook chapatti on both sides <br />10. Serve <br />Answer:- <br />A recipe - Making Chapatti:- <br />First of all take 2 cups flour in a large bowl. Then add some salt and ghee and mix <br />the ingredients. Now start mixing water li <br />your hands and bring the dough together. The dough needs to be soft and pliable. Then let the dough rest for 20 to 30 minutes. Now make small balls out of the dough. Then take a ball and roll evenly using a rolling pin. Tawa should be hot before you add the rolled. Chapatti. Cook chapatti on both sides. To keep chapatti soft, apply some ghee while cooking. If you see brown spots all over, means it has cooked <br />enough. Now serve them with dall Tarka or bhindi masala.<br /><i><b>Q.6 An incomplete story is given below. The ending is missing. Predict and write its ending. Take guidance from Unit 9 of your book. </b></i><br />Ali went with his grandfather for a picnic to the beach. They saw a turtle lying on the beach dying. They picked it, took it home and treated it. After a few days, it got well. Ali made a nice aquarium for it. One day when Ali woke up, the turtle was nowhere to be found................................................ <br />Answer:- <br />Ali went with his grandfather for a picnic to the beach. They saw a turtle lying on the beach dying. They picked it, took it home and treated it. After a few days, it got well. Ali made a nice aquarium for it. One day when Ali woke up, the turtle was nowhere to be found slowly slowly the turtle kept on moving and soon he was out of sight. It was a hot day. The turtle thought, "I will just have a little nap under the tree". He was soon fast asleep. Ali came that way in search of turtle. He saw it was fast asleep under the tree. Soon the turtle woke up and moved on. It was moving to the same beach. Ali thought that it would be happier living in its natural atmosphere. He took it up in his hands and came to the beach, he put the turtle in the shallow water. It dived and soon it disappeared in the deep water. Ali came home sad but satisfied. <br /><i><b>Q.7 Read the article given below and answer the following questions. </b></i><br />Rhinos mind their own business. They like nothing better than to stand around and eat grass from the ground, or, depending on what kind of rhino, nip leaves off bushes. They love to roll in the mud, too. Mud keeps rhinos cool, and they use it for sunscreen. Then he tubbed his chin on the rock. And his stomach. And his hips, "rock-rubber," I called him. Rhinos have marvelous ears. Have you ever looked at a rhino ear? It is somehow like a curled leaf, or flower petals, or a gracefully rolled paper cone for holding nuts. Rhinos seem mythical or magical to some people. Maybe that is because they A HORN. Actually, they have two horns, but one is more prominent. Maybe rhinos are behind the idea of the unicorn. When people see something near-magical in an animal, they want that thing. In the case of rhinos, it's the horn. So people kill the rhinos and cut off their horns, even though the horns are make of the same kind of protein that's in your hair or fingernails. But people who want magic horns don't like to hear that. They don't seem to care that there are only about 30,000 rhinos left in the world today. I wish they would mind their own business. Rhinos mind their own business. The eat grass. They lick rocks. They rub rocks. A living rhino makes a fine acquaintance. Take time to get to know rhinos on World rhino Day, celebrated every year on September 22. <br />1. What is the article about? <br />2. Who will be the reader of the article? <br />3. What information is given in the article? <br />4. What does the writer want to convey? <br />5. What message did you get from it? <br />Answer:- <br />1. What is the article about? <br />The article is about Rhinos, very large, wild animals. <br />2. Who will be the reader of the article? <br />Everybody who is interested in reading about wild life can be the reader of this article. <br />3. What information is given in the article? <br />The article conveys very interesting information about Rhinos. Rhinos mind their own business. They love to role in the mud. Rhinos have marvelous ears, like curled leaves. Rhinos eat grass. They lick rocks. People kill them for their horns. There are only about 3000 Rhinos left in the world today. <br />4. What does the writer want to convey? <br />The writer wants to convey that wild life be saved especially Rhinos which are about to disappear from the surface of the earth. <br />5. What message did you get from it? <br />We got message that we should take time to know about Rhinos and take measures to save this huge, innocent creature. <br /><i><b>Q.8 Suppose you want your friend to read a particular book. Give him at least five reasons for convincing him to read that book. Follow the example. </b></i><br />Example want you to read this book because it's really interesting. <br />Answer- <br />Reading a book: <br />Dear Asad! Books guide us how to lead a fantastic life. I love reading all kinds of good books. I suggest you, read the Holy Quran with Urdu translation. <br />1. The Holy Quran is the greatest book of knowledge and instruction for all humanity and for all time. <br />2. It is a store house of wisdom and knowledge. <br />3. It encourages those who fear God and it promises hell to those who are non-believers. <br />4. It not only deals with the worldly affairs but also with matters of the world hereafter. <br />5. It helps us lead a noble, honest, humble and fair life. <br /> </p>

2nd Solved Assignment-486 aiou Autumn 2020

Compulsory English-1 (386)                                                                        Level: Intermediate Semester, Autumn 2020 ...

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1st solved Assignment. 248 math. aiou. autumn 2020

<p> 1st solved Assignment.  248  math.   aiou.   autumn 2020</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSS2ZmEQxo1l1oDh1qR24aJV9gUxYfiWCwfQF28hkY8LURgLkFPSYredvemujbAXJeIV2YgvP1wO0WtRa_Az_qJYP1aJYGHM_p1ELSodKTPurL4uzcnMZWclKM_AnjFXr7zrLE2hdU7MU/s2048/IMG_1665.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1088" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSS2ZmEQxo1l1oDh1qR24aJV9gUxYfiWCwfQF28hkY8LURgLkFPSYredvemujbAXJeIV2YgvP1wO0WtRa_Az_qJYP1aJYGHM_p1ELSodKTPurL4uzcnMZWclKM_AnjFXr7zrLE2hdU7MU/w340-h640-rw/IMG_1665.jpg" width="340" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXIAzx4XoDUxs6Z3K6znt6QgPrv4_jM0OKz176SFeXvuTEwBtpppVUqhe4Qac2tv3ms4Ry9pObMWsXTlLySUzNTCLV-r-ga2LXswgsuQah6Q53Ufc0NyibMhmV6tleITCNfN-l2gVGkYU/s2048/IMG_1666.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1108" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXIAzx4XoDUxs6Z3K6znt6QgPrv4_jM0OKz176SFeXvuTEwBtpppVUqhe4Qac2tv3ms4Ry9pObMWsXTlLySUzNTCLV-r-ga2LXswgsuQah6Q53Ufc0NyibMhmV6tleITCNfN-l2gVGkYU/w346-h640-rw/IMG_1666.jpg" width="346" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8hHVMMNwf8T_0fHKGjm5Cp5zK9lcnKHF_nFg5Glptw4CLRjjVcEBbXf0UzOdrpX7WQ9Ee2XpuPFgEOE-i5LaiC7jhP8vIcPh53gkqo3_zq2elZ74mFYIy6oxyvE0ZPdtPaWkGVQN_KEQ/s2048/IMG_1667.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1106" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8hHVMMNwf8T_0fHKGjm5Cp5zK9lcnKHF_nFg5Glptw4CLRjjVcEBbXf0UzOdrpX7WQ9Ee2XpuPFgEOE-i5LaiC7jhP8vIcPh53gkqo3_zq2elZ74mFYIy6oxyvE0ZPdtPaWkGVQN_KEQ/w346-h640-rw/IMG_1667.jpg" width="346" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrydC3628dVLDADZajgYjh22KrOCWzyzWYndKWfrCwcqly6QBNwql2H_rKsBqXewoZIYWRbFJUMgIpsih0ZD61nufeheM7hLz-tQ9LqQbzJLxPyo7I6wbiJA6nrmnLjFZV1AvYTMyTjhw/s2048/IMG_1668.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1196" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrydC3628dVLDADZajgYjh22KrOCWzyzWYndKWfrCwcqly6QBNwql2H_rKsBqXewoZIYWRbFJUMgIpsih0ZD61nufeheM7hLz-tQ9LqQbzJLxPyo7I6wbiJA6nrmnLjFZV1AvYTMyTjhw/w374-h640-rw/IMG_1668.jpg" width="374" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIxV-S0tpVj0mEiJCNkyXPqmVFQ5soiz2NKyrDkYN7GYgb3GnllKpvMzKc9dIJBGVroNJH3Q4AJmoRpwutuEYrDwFYFu-GiPeSVWoAlOPISLh63LIxZkmo-tKmHxq_waQJ-DWoJAai2UM/s2048/IMG_1669.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1107" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIxV-S0tpVj0mEiJCNkyXPqmVFQ5soiz2NKyrDkYN7GYgb3GnllKpvMzKc9dIJBGVroNJH3Q4AJmoRpwutuEYrDwFYFu-GiPeSVWoAlOPISLh63LIxZkmo-tKmHxq_waQJ-DWoJAai2UM/w346-h640-rw/IMG_1669.jpg" width="346" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzlsiNVOvrV6DhXRZ_2V_eJF-5TgLVSXFX960eBh7ynbAWObW9tkgOFxFPoBV0IMzmSX__icsBb5pl5kJtXAJAr9HICWwY3IpgwStYEM3474jELb0kcMy7l8sH8kAQ2mnS66us4bD0Svg/s2165/IMG_1670.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="838" data-original-width="2165" height="155" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzlsiNVOvrV6DhXRZ_2V_eJF-5TgLVSXFX960eBh7ynbAWObW9tkgOFxFPoBV0IMzmSX__icsBb5pl5kJtXAJAr9HICWwY3IpgwStYEM3474jELb0kcMy7l8sH8kAQ2mnS66us4bD0Svg/w400-h155-rw/IMG_1670.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><br />

1st solved Assignment. 248 math. aiou. autumn 2020

 1st solved Assignment.  248  math.   aiou.   autumn 2020

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2nd Solved Assignment. 248 aiou. autumn 2020

<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /><span style="color: red;"><b> Solved Assighnments.            248.               Assignment No 2.                                aiou</b></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl36DhJ2PimX_dq79BSUV7jjbYPdfSgaZ3HvdymK6bdiZjSs5ONv6NGx69oiNfO3AaBHDWitFKR2nRUagjse4VkLOcvT10Wv_-G9JCiyoI3rauwv4CAlEQj6n_Kdt8_BMrYNhfYEDkxlo/s2048/IMG_1599.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1106" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl36DhJ2PimX_dq79BSUV7jjbYPdfSgaZ3HvdymK6bdiZjSs5ONv6NGx69oiNfO3AaBHDWitFKR2nRUagjse4VkLOcvT10Wv_-G9JCiyoI3rauwv4CAlEQj6n_Kdt8_BMrYNhfYEDkxlo/w346-h640-rw/IMG_1599.jpg" width="346" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ90EKnIo2FNt7qpQljdJZ4LSOKWQDEDrAZf2uwUS3_iiWt80RicBDoY3IhCeUrT72eyX-H8VqvEZ9WulyMM_XgdmQVT-t0zSk7c318X2oNGGIw33F5CpAwcEAN_omRO8Maz-qGmEsPfo/s2048/IMG_1600.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1068" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ90EKnIo2FNt7qpQljdJZ4LSOKWQDEDrAZf2uwUS3_iiWt80RicBDoY3IhCeUrT72eyX-H8VqvEZ9WulyMM_XgdmQVT-t0zSk7c318X2oNGGIw33F5CpAwcEAN_omRO8Maz-qGmEsPfo/w333-h640-rw/IMG_1600.jpg" width="333" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS0d_5FN94m6fjvpYP4FnssIK_0PAwzEgLJZft5krPF5Pp2Yr3TQpnjK6OOge8NNAIp6qo4Aj3TTbCaepHzkZa_LJ_DkwlGuPVhz5J8vsFjn8NpEfHcmPigwOnIcvN7VH27px18k6LYj0/s2048/IMG_1601.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1169" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS0d_5FN94m6fjvpYP4FnssIK_0PAwzEgLJZft5krPF5Pp2Yr3TQpnjK6OOge8NNAIp6qo4Aj3TTbCaepHzkZa_LJ_DkwlGuPVhz5J8vsFjn8NpEfHcmPigwOnIcvN7VH27px18k6LYj0/w366-h640-rw/IMG_1601.jpg" width="366" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1183" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk5Fa6rFAe5gWOUFCRbHHnGe5jsVG8LHBLDC5eCeTBhDAVCCoABnIjxdwHHiSBPSIso-O44ubi2yE9D2MTxnSWuBJ89PYqtYMw8ROl0knWIfaHPdNyCYMFnM660jLhLOubflWGCFnGWmg/w370-h640-rw/IMG_1603.jpg" width="370" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB6dkj9A1zLvAjr-8NFSjITbDgubb-Sk77kqyurEKStT1RhHofCW21b_rUnr3beMtJIrFmDcSmpmYv4AzhZ60hwJ6xnUllzGKEqfxeA5GMxKQ5JDJM3ROuEwcbM14rG9RUOMPxDH6KSXY/s2048/IMG_1604.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1218" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB6dkj9A1zLvAjr-8NFSjITbDgubb-Sk77kqyurEKStT1RhHofCW21b_rUnr3beMtJIrFmDcSmpmYv4AzhZ60hwJ6xnUllzGKEqfxeA5GMxKQ5JDJM3ROuEwcbM14rG9RUOMPxDH6KSXY/w380-h640-rw/IMG_1604.jpg" width="380" /></a><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Co7NBNA_W1xR_HK65eRnmGxTPPPnIAiJWezPX1xfdGxmSzkTkYDUqDH5iIzin1Hb86Lt8VFpkbFph4-FYyqR-T-P-aKpdPvZQw6j25ftnUWBeecBO0JaDhU4R_r7WManKW8GFcZIg7U/s2048/IMG_1605.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1128" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Co7NBNA_W1xR_HK65eRnmGxTPPPnIAiJWezPX1xfdGxmSzkTkYDUqDH5iIzin1Hb86Lt8VFpkbFph4-FYyqR-T-P-aKpdPvZQw6j25ftnUWBeecBO0JaDhU4R_r7WManKW8GFcZIg7U/w352-h640-rw/IMG_1605.jpg" width="352" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6faQPhBIBzPbT5KLxlsKxXf60pn_UngB0l0BbgHUrYu36Z1uM0ZqpXpDmbH7BW6D5EMcui2Az7Y7ruJpUAAwmMrsSa9ymDi3t-6-00FpWT5N_xbf8zPTQIeQz6M-rFFHdIwF50b_HFqY/s2048/IMG_1606.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1245" data-original-width="2048" height="390" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6faQPhBIBzPbT5KLxlsKxXf60pn_UngB0l0BbgHUrYu36Z1uM0ZqpXpDmbH7BW6D5EMcui2Az7Y7ruJpUAAwmMrsSa9ymDi3t-6-00FpWT5N_xbf8zPTQIeQz6M-rFFHdIwF50b_HFqY/w640-h390-rw/IMG_1606.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8a-hfh_iAu65R4HBZ7mk9-oB2AKryiZbX5p2a0dDSV7ze2Ri_bmCPCjzniThDQz_u79awYwccBMPpBmR_qhKIF6XYTX-XLKh6l4lOh0xPU-fsOoZp_igw-fHJjGx-Y1ImW5bkF4XNPI8/s2048/IMG_1607.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2045" data-original-width="2048" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8a-hfh_iAu65R4HBZ7mk9-oB2AKryiZbX5p2a0dDSV7ze2Ri_bmCPCjzniThDQz_u79awYwccBMPpBmR_qhKIF6XYTX-XLKh6l4lOh0xPU-fsOoZp_igw-fHJjGx-Y1ImW5bkF4XNPI8/w640-h640-rw/IMG_1607.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWuxkA0b78RI3lc5fCU-vWxYoOxKzyIco1NPl5XEqNATIbCSPSOiMsL11SoOtTbqntP1ykjrj1pkdtv3gnviuETgPLZxFVskdSMArLxba_cnZa0NW80_04pn9YTKm2bbsuoM1__OqUorA/s2048/IMG_1608.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWuxkA0b78RI3lc5fCU-vWxYoOxKzyIco1NPl5XEqNATIbCSPSOiMsL11SoOtTbqntP1ykjrj1pkdtv3gnviuETgPLZxFVskdSMArLxba_cnZa0NW80_04pn9YTKm2bbsuoM1__OqUorA/w480-h640-rw/IMG_1608.jpg" width="480" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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2nd Solved Assignment. 248 aiou. autumn 2020

 Solved Assighnments.            248.               Assignment No 2.                                aiou

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<p> 2nd Solved Assignment.    247                aiou.                       autumn 2020</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibIdXEyjvbYY5IUT2YE8v2CFDUU7OHZVU3HR9sKkqOU1UXrpG6MBWkEHtcezAWrGz6oZCJDk6WtN6g2uiFZrHPBFL638MW8iHJsOautr-PbodZsg6N0Kwi3tOYsupiCa0UjGyosNTz9N8/s2048/IMG_1551.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1034" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibIdXEyjvbYY5IUT2YE8v2CFDUU7OHZVU3HR9sKkqOU1UXrpG6MBWkEHtcezAWrGz6oZCJDk6WtN6g2uiFZrHPBFL638MW8iHJsOautr-PbodZsg6N0Kwi3tOYsupiCa0UjGyosNTz9N8/w324-h640-rw/IMG_1551.jpg" width="324" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifZD-LGD1eKeFGo9rxeCzqt5TKC0E6k6KmWTMD2VN9s088ldBCAHIaed5ksrjI3jNtwM65ehMuwYlcrMm8AUjfHYte_xSiAya2G2gCz0OWFLojZKtAqRVWk91AhyMyKMXEtyCIYf5YIpA/s2048/IMG_1552.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1213" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifZD-LGD1eKeFGo9rxeCzqt5TKC0E6k6KmWTMD2VN9s088ldBCAHIaed5ksrjI3jNtwM65ehMuwYlcrMm8AUjfHYte_xSiAya2G2gCz0OWFLojZKtAqRVWk91AhyMyKMXEtyCIYf5YIpA/w380-h640-rw/IMG_1552.jpg" width="380" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXjQmzHHZ1a4qGelR1H_52XYqegwmgGFzxLo2f9rJb6wd206JzWJ1o4WkkXGpd8bvRRbP0nVoW7bHa34rtz4w-wXQfov9-l1uVa__cY3d5QdDhyEoSM4KiMdU7MTyRO8COGcl_ZjguqFE/s2048/IMG_1553.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1174" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXjQmzHHZ1a4qGelR1H_52XYqegwmgGFzxLo2f9rJb6wd206JzWJ1o4WkkXGpd8bvRRbP0nVoW7bHa34rtz4w-wXQfov9-l1uVa__cY3d5QdDhyEoSM4KiMdU7MTyRO8COGcl_ZjguqFE/w366-h640-rw/IMG_1553.jpg" width="366" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7dt5EobnE6tNfB7uNcer8GlpEn0yWtXcI1YStfKdWBuc5yBevIoeIW68kdOJF718OI7WHf-djv8Ez54loVJfPuovMXY1c1t_BgLjvlcniEHbfbd8K2b0AiOUtiyQviVBabcX4VfDCA-Q/s2048/IMG_1554.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1407" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7dt5EobnE6tNfB7uNcer8GlpEn0yWtXcI1YStfKdWBuc5yBevIoeIW68kdOJF718OI7WHf-djv8Ez54loVJfPuovMXY1c1t_BgLjvlcniEHbfbd8K2b0AiOUtiyQviVBabcX4VfDCA-Q/w440-h640-rw/IMG_1554.jpg" width="440" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlSX7cFRBR61mPPpiP2g-cJcGpxZpIE7me3cghGs6ee6D_eHe6D-G1O8t8gPEXfvYRvktFwtbumY6ToRwt22-ZyvHjcZfhgV9Hn2VL4vnpyBcbQfIYJLk1Sa3HUQTkb3PTzm3VniwpZ70/s2048/IMG_1555.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1252" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlSX7cFRBR61mPPpiP2g-cJcGpxZpIE7me3cghGs6ee6D_eHe6D-G1O8t8gPEXfvYRvktFwtbumY6ToRwt22-ZyvHjcZfhgV9Hn2VL4vnpyBcbQfIYJLk1Sa3HUQTkb3PTzm3VniwpZ70/w392-h640-rw/IMG_1555.jpg" width="392" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBvVUCrG1gXU9f8wAb9Kv8Dz_0vsoMlRN8hJ3QoEEhWZ8U5rqxLOGM_BIfnwzjs5Qo0kWbkHIR4ipRiIqADezMB5GHWjt56TK0fERASxw9tZzsocxBYoz4jsR_xXd2_ohAHs_VJ2QC2-4/s2048/IMG_1556.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1769" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBvVUCrG1gXU9f8wAb9Kv8Dz_0vsoMlRN8hJ3QoEEhWZ8U5rqxLOGM_BIfnwzjs5Qo0kWbkHIR4ipRiIqADezMB5GHWjt56TK0fERASxw9tZzsocxBYoz4jsR_xXd2_ohAHs_VJ2QC2-4/w552-h640-rw/IMG_1556.jpg" width="552" /></a></div><br />

 2nd Solved Assignment.    247                aiou.                       autumn 2020

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