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1st solved Assignment 8606 aiou autumn 2019

Abdullah 0 8606, aiou, autumn 2019, B.ED, solved assignments Friday, April 24, 2020

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<span style="color: red;"><b>1st solved Assignment 8606 aiou autumn 2019</b></span><br />
Level: B. Ed (2.5 Year                                        <br />
                                                      <span style="color: #274e13;">                                                Assignment No. 1(Units: 1- 4) </span><br />
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Q. 1a) Define the concept of social structure.<br />
b) Analyze the cultural elements of Pakistani society. <br />
Q. 2a) Discuss the principles of group dynamics.<br />
b) What is the role of a teacher in molding<br />
           the individual and group behavior in the classroom environment? <br />
Q. 3   a) Highlight the role of education in preserving and promoting the culture of a society.<br />
          b) Suggest possible ways in which teachers may socialize with their students in school<br />
              and class<br />
Q. 4  a) Elaborate the process of socialization.<br />
b) Analyze the role of media in manipulating<br />
             social opinion. <br />
Q. 5a) Discuss the working of some major institutions of society?<br />
b) How do recreational<br />
           institutions influence socialization?<br />
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<span style="color: #741b47;">Q.l a) Define the concept of social structure.</span></h3>
Ans:<br />
Social structure, in sociology, the distinctive, stable arrangement of institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live together. Social structure is often treated together with the concept of social change, which deals with the forces that change the social structure and the organization of society.<br />
Although it is generally agreed that the term social structure refers to regularities in social life, its application is inconsistent. For example, the term is sometimes wrongly applied when other concepts such as custom, tradition, role, or norm would be more accurate.<br />
Studies of social structure attempt to explain such matters as integration and trends in inequality. In the study of these phenomena, sociologists analyze organizations, social categories (such as age groups), or rates (such as of crime or birth). This approach, sometimes called formal sociology, does not refer directly to individual behaviour or interpersonal interaction. Therefore, the study of social structure is not considered a behavioral science; at this level, the analysis is too abstract.<br />
It is a step removed from the consideration of concrete human behaviour, even though the phenomena studied in social structure result from humans responding to each other and to<br />
Social structure is sometimes defined simply as patterned social relations—those regular and repetitive aspects of the interactions between the members of a given social entity. Even on this descriptive level, the concept is highly abstract: it selects only certain elements from ongoing social activities. The larger the social entity considered, the more abstract the concept tends to be. For this reason, the social structure of a small group is generally more closely related to the daily activities of its individual members than is the social structure of a larger society. In the study of larger social groups, the problem of selection is acute: much depends on what is included as components of the social structure. Various theories offer different solutions to this problem of determining the primary characteristics of a social group.<br />
Before these different theoretical views can be discussed, however, some remarks must be made on the general aspects of the social structure of any society. <br />
Territorial boundaries delineate these places and are defined by rules of property that determine the use and possession of scarce goods. Additionally, in any society there is a more or less regular division of labor. Yet another universal structural characteristic of human societies is the regulation of violence. All violence is a potentially disruptive force; at the same time, it is a means of coercion and coordination of activities. Human beings have formed political units, such as nations, within which the use of violence is strictly regulated and which, at the same time, are organized for the use of violence against outside groups.<br />
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b) Analyze the cultural elements of Pakistani society.</h3>
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1. Religious Uniformity</h4>
Pakistan came into existence to provide its people with a system based on Islam. The people, in spite of some language differences, customs and traditions commonly follow one religion. Islam is practiced by all Pakistanis.<br />
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2. Language</h4>
A number of languages are spoken in Pakistan. Some of them are Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Belukha. But Urdu is spoken and understand in all parts of Pakistan. Being the official language, it is the media of communication between all regions of Pakistan.<br />
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3. Literature and Poetry</h4>
Literature is an important aspect of our cultural life. Most of our poets reflect Islamic code and deliver the message of love and brotherhood. A similarity of thought among poets and writers of all regions is an important factor of our cultural life.<br />
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<b>4. Dress and Diet</b></h4>
Dress is an important manifestation of culture. Regional dresses of Pakistan have undergone changes due to local traditions, economic conditions, and wealth. But in all provinces, people generally wear the traditional dress by Sal war Kamet.<br />
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<b>5. Mixed Culture</b></h4>
Pakistani culture is a mixed culture although majority of people are Muslims by birth and faith. However there is great influence of Hindu and British culture on present Pakistani society.<br />
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6. Male Dominated Society</h4>
In Pakistani culture the male member of the family enjoys the key position. The family is headed by a male member and in most cases, he is the sole source of income for other members of the family.<br />
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7. Arts and Architecture</h4>
The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and pattern in the use of elegant designs, based on geometric figures and floral forms borrowed from nature. The Shah Johan Mosque, Shalimar Garden, Badshahi Mosque, Shahi Qila and many such graceful buildings are a living proof of the splendid Mughal architecture.<br />
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<span style="color: #0c343d;"><i>Q-2    a) Discuss the principles of group dynamics.</i></span></h3>
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Ans: 1- Principles of group dynamics:</h4>
An essential group dynamic is for the group members to have a strong sense of togetherness. Moreover, a group will not be able to function to its fullest without the coordination and belongingness that the members feel. It is very important for the group members to feel like they belong to the right group.Moreover, this feeling of belongingness is what drives the group to perform their best, in turn boosting the group morale. Therefore, the principle of belongingness is a rather important principle of group dynamics.<br />
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2. Interpreter and designer of learning programmes and materials</h4>
The educator will understand and interpret provided learning programmed, design original learning programmed, identify the requirements for a specific context of learning and select and prepare suitable textual and visual resources for learning. The educator will also select, sequence and pace the learning in a manner sensitive to the differing needs of the subject learning area and learners.<br />
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3. Leader, administrator and manager</h4>
The educator will make decisions appropriate to the level, manage learning in the classroom, carry out classroom administrative duties efficiently and participate in school decision making structures. These competences will be performed in ways which are democratic, which support learners and colleagues, and which demonstrate responsiveness to changing circumstances and needs.<br />
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4. Scholar, researcher and lifelong learner</h4>
The educator will achieve ongoing personal, academic, occupational and professional growth through pursuing reflective study and research in their learning area, in broader professional and educational matters, and in other related fields.<br />
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5. Community, citizenship and pastoral role</h4>
The educator will practice and promote a critical, committed and ethical attitude towards developing a sense of respect and responsibility towards others. The educator will uphold the constitution and promote democratic values and practices in schools and society. Within the school, the educator will demonstrate an ability to develop a supportive and empowering environment for the learner and respond to the educational and other needs of learners and fellow educators. Furthermore, the educator will develop supportive relations with parents and other key persons and organisations based on a critical understanding of community and environmental development issues. One critical dimension of this role is HIV/AIDS education.<br />
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6. Assessor</h4>
The educator will understand that assessment is an essential feature of the teaching and learning process and know how to integrate it into this process. The educator will have an understanding of the purposes, methods and effects of assessment and be able to provide helpful feedback to learners. The educator will design and manage both fonnative and summative assessment in ways that are appropriate to the level and purpose of the learning and meet the requirements of accrediting bodies. The educator will keep detailed and diagnostic records of assessment. The educator will understand how to interpret and use assessment results to feed into processes for the improvement of learning programmed.<br />
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7. Learning area/subject discipline/phase specialist</h4>
The educator will be well grounded in the knowledge, skills, values, principles, methods, and procedures relevant to the discipline, subject, learning area, phase of study, or professional or occupational practice. The educator will know about different approaches to teaching and learning (and, where appropriate, research and management), and how these may be used in ways which are appropriate to the learners and the context. The educator will have a well- developed understanding of the knowledge appropriate to the specialism.<br />
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<span style="color: purple;">Q.3 a)Highlight the role of education in preserving and promoting the culture of a society.</span></h3>
Ans:<br />
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<b> Preservation of Culture:</b></h4>
Culture is the blood vein of a society, which needs to be conserved. It is an important function of education to help in the preservation of culture or social heritage.Education, through its specialized agencies, tries to inculcate the traditions, customs, values, arts, morals etc. into the tender minds of pupils.<br />
T.P. Nunn has emphasized this aspect in his views on education. Our first prime minister, Pt. J.L. Nehru viewed, “Education must help in preserving the vital elements of our heritage”.<br />
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Transmission of Culture:</h4>
In addition to preservation of culture, it is a task of education to maintain the continuity of culture by handing down the existing cultural experiences, values, traditions, customs etc. from<br />
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 Restoring Unity of Mankind through Diffusion of Culture:</h4>
It is a dire necessity of the civilization that unity of mankind is to be restored. It is to be made possible through education which assists in diffusion of culture in an effective manner. Education should treat human culture as a whole like a full-bloosom flower whose different petals represent different groups.<br />
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b) Suggest possible ways in which teachers may socialize with their s classroom.</h4>
Consider ways you can be a role model. This doesn't mean you need to already be in great shape or have a rigorous exercise routine. Modelling this behavior could be as simple as finding ways to incorporate regular movement into everyday routines.<br />
Perhaps you plan to take breaks in classroom time to encourage students to move a bit or to stretch or walk around yourself. If you have interests that relate to physical activity, share this with your students either in conversation or by bringing these interests into your lesson plans.<br />
For example, let's say you're a math teacher, and you're trying to figure out how you could possibly play a role in encouraging physical activity. While developing a math problem, you could decide to replace the language of one of the problems with a story about students riding their bikes.<br />
Let's say you like to take after-dinner walks sometimes. You could use yourself as the participant jin a math problem discussing how many miles are walked in a week. Any opportunity to bring up the topic in the classroom is a good way to subtly introduce a range of activities to your students.<br />
Involve Students<br />
It's important to recognize that students have different ways of enjoying physical movement. Not every student will be passionate about team sports, just as not every student will like to dance or jog. Students also start with different levels of fitness. While it may be ideal for a student to enjoy some more rigorous activities, for some students, simply walking more often or not sitting still as long may be a great start.<br />
One strategy to try is a physical activity break, a short period of time in the classroom used primarily for (safe and appropriate) physical moment. Obviously, you're not going to be playing a full game of soccer in a classroom, so think of activity breaks that are modified for a small space and a short period of time<br />
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<i><span style="color: #0c343d;">Q.4 a)Elaborate the process of socialization.</span></i></h3>
Ans:<br />
Socialization is a process that introduces people to social norms and customs. This process helps individuals function well in society, and, in turn, helps society run smoothly. Family members, teachers, religious leaders, and peers all play roles in a person's socialization.<br />
This process typically occurs in two stages: Primary socialization takes place from birth through adolescence, and secondary socialization continues throughout one's life. Adult socialization may occur whenever people find themselves in new circumstances, especially those in which they interact with individuals whose norms or customs differ from theirs.<br />
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The Purpose of Socialization</h4>
During socialization, a person leams to become a member of a group, community, or society. This process not only accustoms people to social groups but also results in such groups Sustaining themselves. For example, a new sorority member gets an insider's look at the customs and traditions of a Greek organization. As the years pass, the member can apply the infonnation she’s learned about the sorority when newcomers join, allowing the group to carry on its traditions.<br />
Stages and Forms of Socialization<br />
Sociologists recognize two stages of socialization: primary and secondary. Primary socialization occurs from birth through adolescence. Caregivers, teachers, coaches, religious figures, and peers guide this process.<br />
Secondary socialization occurs throughout our lives as we encounter groups and situations that were not part of our primary socialization experience. This might include a college experience, where many people interact with members of different populations and learn new norms, values, and behaviors. Secondary socialization also takes place in the workplace or while traveling somewhere new. As we learn about unfamiliar places and adapt to them, we experience secondary socialization.<br />
Meanwhile, group socialization occurs throughout all stages of life. For example, peer groups influence how one speaks and dresses. During childhood and adolescence, this tends to break down along gender lines. It is common to see groups of children of either gender wearing the same hair and clothing styles.<br />
Organizational socialization occurs within an institution or organization to familiarize a person with its norms, values, and practices. This process often unfolds in nonprofits and companies. New employees in a workplace have to learn how to collaborate, meet management's goals, and take breaks in a manner suitable for the company. At a nonprofit, individuals may leam how to speak about social causes in a way that reflects the organization's mission. <br />
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b) Analyze the role of media in manipulating  social opinion. </h4>
Media manipulation is a series of related techniques in which partisans create an image or argument that favours their particular interests.Such tactics may include the use of logical fallacies, psychological manipulations, outright deception, rhetorical and propaganda techniques, and often involve the suppression of information or points of view by crowding them out, by inducing other people or groups of people to stop listening to certain arguments, or by simply diverting attention elsewhere. In Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes, Jacques Ellul writes that public opinion can only express itself through channels which are provided by the mass media of communication - without which there could be no propaganda.<br />
Advertising is the action of attracting public attention to something, especially through paid announcements for products and services.This tends to be done by businesses who wish to sell their product by paying media outlets to show their products or services on television breaks, banners on websites and mobile applications.<br />
These advertisements are not only done by businesses but can also be done by certain groups. Non-commercial advertisers are those who spend money on advertising in a hope to raise awareness for a cause or promote specific ideas.These include groups such as interest groups, political parties, government organizations and religious movements. Most of these organizations intend to spread a message or sway public opinion instead of trying to sell products or services. Advertising can not only be found on social media, but it is also evident on billboards, newspapers, magazines and even word of mouth.<br />
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Hoaxing: </h4>
A hoax is something intended to deceive or defraud. When a newspaper or the news reports a fake story, it is known as a hoax. Misleading public stunts, scientific frauds, false bomb threats and business scams are examples of hoaxes. A common aspect that hoaxes have is that they are all meant to deceive or lie. For something to become a hoax, the lie must have something more to offer. It must be outrageous, dramatic but also has to be believable and ingenious. Above all, it must be able to attract attention from the public. Once it has done that then a hoax is in full effect<br />
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 Q. 5  a) Discuss the working of some major institutions of society?</h3>
Ans: <br />
Social Institutions are the establishment in a society that makes the society fun as the backbone of a society. Without the social institutions a society cannot                                                         entin terms of economy, academy or relationships. When there are no                              tons in a society, people are more likely to indulge in crime and other                                   rities. Social institutions help in taming such activities.<br />
They contribute in organizing a society and its peo institutions which come with a set of rules and no violation of such rules often results in condemn;<br />
Corruption is one of the most negative pliticians often give dishonest assurances to people what they said. If a country gets to be corruption most anti-society factor and activity in a country.<br />
Economy ll Miaf social institution which produces and distributes the goods and services and monitors their consumption. The goods and services are two of the basic things that the people of a country toqnire. The two main economic systems are Capitalism and Socialism. The economy is an institution that keeps on changing. There are many economic trends like diversity in the work place, globalization, self- employment etc. The transaction of goods and services requires currencies as a medium. The introduction of currencies in today’s world has made the transactions much easier and advance. Before the currencies came into existence, the barter system was the only medium of transaction, barter system is where a person provides good and services in return of other goods and services. <br />
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b) How do recreational institutions influence socialization?</h4>
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Social Institutions</h4>
Bertrand defined it as “system of social relationship for meeting various felt human needs” Maciver and page consider it “an established form of conditions of procedure.”<br />
In general, we may infer that social institution is an established machinery to satisfy human needs.<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Family</li>
<li>Religious institutions</li>
<li> Political institutions </li>
<li>Recreational institutions</li>
<li> Educational institutions</li>
<li> Economic institutions</li>
</ol>
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Family</h4>
Horton & Hunt: “family is a kinship grouping which provides for the rearing of children and for certain after bond needs.”<br />
In the primitive society, family was a source of authority. Council of elders in the primitive times exercised great influence within the family and the society.<br />
Structure of the family<br />
The following relationships exist in a simple family when there are children with parents:<br />
1. Husband & Wife 2. Father & son 3. Father & Daughter 4. Mother & Son 5. Mother & Daughter 6. Brother & brother 7. Sister & sister 8. Brother & sister<br />
These bonds of relationship create structure of the family. These members compose a family<br />
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Types of family</h4>
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Nuclear conjugal Family: </h4>
This family consists of married couple and their unmarred children living together. Husband & wife make core in this family. Radcliff Brown called it elementary family.<br />
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Consanguine Family:</h4>
Ihis family is founded upon blood relationship of a large number of kins relationships. This family is extended to blood relations together with their mates & children. It is the main bar is of kinship In Pakistani society unmarried brother and sister live together with parents. It means uncle and aunt also live together within the nuclear family. Practically it is found today in Pakistani society where father is strongly dominant.<br />
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Extended Family: </h4>
It consists of three generations. Grandfather, father and son living within the family are a typical extended family.<br />
The three kinds are:<br />
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a.             Extended Family:</h4>
 Husband & wife and their either of the married children living together.<br />
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b.             Patrilineal Extended Family:</h4>
 parents + their sons + son’s wives and their children living together.<br />
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c.              Matrilineal extended family:</h4>
 Parents + their daughters + daughter’s husband + their children living together.<br />
In Pakistani society they are usually called “ghar jawai”<br />
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