Educational Wealth

Co-education

Abdullah 0 essay Friday, May 30, 2014

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 CO-EDUCATION </h2>
 
Co-education means the education of boys and girls together. In recent years some of our colleges have adopted this system. Some people favour this system and want to introduce it in all schools and colleges. They say that this system is very useful.  
They give many arguments in support of their view. Their main argument is that in country like Pakistan it is impossible to maintain separate.in stitutions. Therefore, co-education should be adopted and the existing colleges and schools should be opened to girls.  
The supporters of co-education also say that in a progressive  society, men and women should come closer. Co-education would provide an opportunity to the young men and women to understand each other. This would be very helpful to them in their future life. It would also be good for the progress of the country.  
Another argument is that Co-education would raise the standard of education, because it will promote competition among boys and girls. 
In fact, the supporters of co-education talk of its benefits in such a manner as if it were the only road to heaven. Boys and girls have to live together in society,it will create a sence of healthy competiton among them.In this manner they will not feel shy in the presence of boys. The boys will also not tease the girls. 
Again if they are taught together ,it will create a sense of healthy competition among them.In this manner  they will work hard and pay serious attention to their studies.  
A feeling of comeradeship will also develop between boys and girls.The boys will not indulge in eve teasing and the girls will not be afraid of the boys.Thus they will have a balanced  development of their personality. 
It is also a common experience that boys behave decently in the company of girls.They donot use rough and abusive language in the presence of girls.They also dress properly and talk mannerly.The girls study with boys inthe same school or college can work withthem in factories and offices. 
A little thought would expose the hollowness of these arguments. Everyone who has visited even a couple of colleges and schools, knows that all of our institutions are frightfully overcrowded. The girls school and colleges, too, are overcrowded. Hundreds of new educational institutions are needed. 
 If some of these are reserved for girls, it would be cost more to the government. If the number of girls student, were small, then the consideration of economy could have been partly  valid.The second argument, too, is false.If young men and women cannot understand each other in their homes and families, then they would not be able to do so in the college: Why is it that one feels that one can understand the fair fellow only if one meets one’s neighbour’s daughter?
The system of co-education will not raise educational standards.  
Temptation of flirting is stronger than the urge for reading textbooks. Co-education will create many problems not only for the students but also for the teachers. Temptation does not distinguish between the students and the teachers.
The real reason why some people support co-education is that they like advance countries. But we have to consider whether our religion, our culture, our circumstances allow us to adopt co-education. Certainly not.  
If co-education was inevitable one would agree to it. But it is not a unnecessary evils. And there is no reason that we should patronize everything with a foreign name.Or young man and woman need education and not co-education. </div>

Co-education

Abdullah 0 essay Friday, May 30, 2014

CO-EDUCATION Co-education means the education of boys and girls together. In recent years some of our colleges have adopted this system. Some people favour this system and want to introduce it in a…

Alms giving (charity)

Abdullah 0 essay Friday, May 30, 2014

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Charity (Alms giving)</h2>
We often hear that man has made very great progress in all spheres of life. As compared to the past more civilized ,more comfortable and more happy. All this is quite believable but when we see a beggar in rags or an unfed orphan or a helpless widow, we begin to doubt the justness  of our claims to great development.Why are there still countless people who are living in utter want and misery. 
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Hardness </h3>
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remove </h3>
 The hardships of these poor and miserable persons can only be removed if charity  becomes common in modem times. It is a bitter fact at even today, a large number of our fellow human beings are without proper food, clothing and shelter. 
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 Economic disparity</h3>
 Religion has made it obligatory for men to help their poor and  
needy brethren. Those who are well-off are clearly told to share their possessions with those who are badly-off. This would reduce economic disparity between the rich and the poor.
To regularise the institution of charity, and to ensure its smooth working. 
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Zakat </h3>
 Islam has imposed Zakat’ upon its followers. Proper collection  
and distribution of Zakat will solve the problem of beggary in our country to a great extent. Besides this compulsory tax, Islam bids its followers to give as much in charity as possible. From the humanitarian point of view also, charity has its significance. It is  
our moral duty .to support our less fortunate fellow human beings. 
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People who deserves charity </h3>
 There are many kinds of persons who deserve alms. Foremost among them are widows, orphans, the disabled and the old.  
We can help them in various ways. If we are rich, we can establish orphanages, hospitals, or training centres where they would be taught some useful trade. Otherwise, we can always spare a few coins whenever we meet such a wretched being.  
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Alm taker and giver are blessed </h3>
Shakespeare said that the quality of mercy is doubly blessed. The same can be said about charity. The alms-taker is blessed because he is provided with his daily needs. The alms-giver is blessed because he will be rewarded in this as well as the world hereafter. But the purest motive for charity is selfless giving. The man who gives alms only with a view to receiving hundred-fold in the next world is ignorant of the true worth and significance of charity. 
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How charity be lost </h3>
 Sometimes charity is misplaced. It loses its purpose when we do not distinguish between those who deserve our help and those who do not. Men, women and children who have turned professional beggars are many in number. They are lazy and idle. We do not serve humanity if we spend our money on them. Instead, we should persuade them to give up begging and adopt some respectable profession.
Charity should, therefore, be carefully given. 
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 Indvidual charity</h3>
We must realize that individual  charity is not the solution to the problems created by poverty. For that purpose, we must exploit our full resources  in an organised manner. The regularisation of the institution of Zakat can remove the curse of beggary from our country if we are honest about it. We must ensure that charity is given in an organized manner and the really deserving people profit from it. </div>

Alms giving (charity)

Abdullah 0 essay Friday, May 30, 2014

Charity (Alms giving) We often hear that man has made very great progress in all spheres of life. As compared to the past more civilized ,more comfortable and more happy. All this is quite believable…

old papers-Inter part 1 (2012) biology-Group 2

Abdullah 0 biology, BISE lahore, lahore board, old papers Thursday, May 29, 2014

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Old papers</h2>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0BiGzzTOIyswrK_b40Cu3Jj5S3YVIzgJ6EoS812Y17y-AsWMGj_xQfG4y0XT7WccXN3NSIRd5lpgtPOM3iSJnxSR2sxXlOCKuYktJq8zwON0aX80tdHD_dQTP95t85DVgIkcdwanoNjo/s1600/board.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0BiGzzTOIyswrK_b40Cu3Jj5S3YVIzgJ6EoS812Y17y-AsWMGj_xQfG4y0XT7WccXN3NSIRd5lpgtPOM3iSJnxSR2sxXlOCKuYktJq8zwON0aX80tdHD_dQTP95t85DVgIkcdwanoNjo/s1600/board.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lahore board</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                
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Lahore Board (Inter Part - 1) 2012 </h3>
 
Subject: Biology                   (Obj. Type)                      Paper-I   
 Total Marks: 17                     Group-1I       Time Allowed:

20 Min .  
 Note: Four possible answers A, B,
 C and D to each question are given. The choice which you think is 
correct, fill that circle in front of that question with Marker or Pen 
ink. Cutting or tilling two or more circles will result in zero mark in 
that question. 
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>The syndrome having trisomy 
chromosome number 18 is :           (A) Down's (B) Patau's
(C) Edward's (D) Jacob's </li>
<li>Respiratory protein found in all aerobi  species is:                          (A) Cytochrome a (B) Cytochrome b                                         (C) Cytochrome                    (D) Cytochrome </li>
<li>Number of cervical vertebrae in a male camel ( Mammal) :              
(A) 7 (B) 11 </li>
<li>No definite number
 Varied with the size of neck
 Succession starts on dry soil is called                                                           (A) Uydrosere (B) Xerosere
(C) Derosere (D) Desertification </li>
<li>Which one is a haploid cell                                                        (A) Oogonia (B) Primary oocyte
(C) Secondary oocyte             D) Zygote </li>
<li>Which one is a plant of a desert :                                                      (A) Pinus (B) Dwarf Willow
(C) Rose (D) Cactus  </li>
<li>Which hormone is chemically a steroid?                                        (A) ADH (B) Cortisone
(C) Thyroxine (D) Insulin                </li>
<li>Which one of the following isheterotherm                                 (A) Bat (B) Frog
(C) Snake (D) Man
9. </li>
<li>Drosophila males for eye colour are                                          (A) Homozygous (B) Heterozygous
(C) Hemizygous              (D) None of these </li>
<li>Aspartame is a                                                                                  (A) Dipeptide (B) Tripeptide (C) Pentapeptide (D) Polypeptide  </li>
<li>Yellow
 cytoplasm of ascidian zygote gives rise to                          (A) Muscle cells (B) Gut
(C) Neural tube (D) Larval epidermis </li>
<li>Bone to bone attachment is by :                                                       (A) Tendon (R) Nerves
(C) Muscles(D)ligament                   </li>
<li>Hormone absent in developing seed                                          (A) Auxins (B) Gibberellins
(C) Cytokinins (D)Lthene                </li>
<li>The hormone promotes closing of stomata .                                    (A) Auxins (B) Gibberellins
(C) Abscisic acid (D) Cytokinin </li>
<li> Amino acid attachment site of  tRNA is                                             (A) G-end (B) 2'-end
(C) 3'-end (D) 5'-end </li>
<li> Disease caused by nutritional deficiency in man                            (A) Cholera (B) Beriberi
(C) Arthritis (D) Sugar
17 </li>
<li>Incidence of uric acid stone is                                                         (A) 5% (B) 10%
(C) 15% (D) 70%
</li>
</ol>
 
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 Lahore Board (Inter Part - I) 2012 </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
 </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Subject: Biology                   ( Sub.type)                  Paper-I           </div>
 Total Marks: 83                     Group-II   Time Allowed:3:10Hrs.       
                                                 SECTION-I </div>
 
<div class="MsoNormal">
Q:2 Write short answers to any EIGHT (8) questions : 16  
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li> Differentiate between ectotherms and endotherms. </li>
<li>What are poikilotherms? Give one example </li>
<li>What are pyrogens </li>
<li>Explain two types of Nastic movement. </li>
<li>Differentiate sclerenchyma from collenchyma cells </li>
<li>What is herniation of disc? </li>
<li>Explain the functions of two hormones secreted by Islets of Langerhans. </li>
<li>What is habituation Give an example. </li>
<li> Explain Hardy-Weinberg theorem. </li>
<li> Differentiate between homology and analogy. </li>
<li>Define food chain and food web. </li>
<li> Explain ecological Niche. </li>
</ol>
Write short answers to any EIGHT (8) questions :                    16  
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>What is Parthenocarpy and example? </li>
<li>Give the differences between oviparous and viviparous animals. </li>
<li>What is structure and function of corpus luteum? </li>
<li>What is gastrocoele and from which germ layer it is originated </li>
<li>How do final size of cells of cortex and tracheids is attained in zone of maturation </li>
<li>Give the names of the two sheet like layers into which mesoderm splits and name the cavity formed between these. </li>
<li>What is Alkaptonuria and its cause? </li>
<li>Give the role and kinds of tRNA. </li>
<li>Give the Layering characteristics of Grassland. </li>
<li>Mention the characteristics of plant life in desert ecosystem. </li>
<li>What are solid waste and how these can be used as source of energy?</li>
<li>What do you mean by population explosior and give its two causes.</li>
</ol>
Write short answers to any SIX (6 questions) :  
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>What is mitotic apparatus? Give its function </li>
<li> Give events of Zygotene. </li>
<li>Give two main importance of meiosis </li>
<li>What is test cross? Give its uses. </li>
<li>What are sex limited traits </li>
<li>Define crossing over. What is it'simportance? </li>
<li>What are palindromic sequences? </li>
<li> Define genome and genomic library. </li>
<li>What are the uses of PCR amplification and analysis? </li>
</ol>
                                        SECTION - II  
Note : Attempt any THREE questions.  
Q:4  
(a) Describe the process of excretion in plants    (4) 
(b) Describe how Hershey and Chase prove
that DNA is the  
      heredity material.  (4) 
Q:5  
(a) Define and explain briefly the fibrous cartilaginous and synoyial joints.  (4) 
(b) Define non-disjunction and discuss it's effects with one    example.  (4) 
Q:7  
(a) Discuss the nervous system of hydra      (4) 
(b) What is incomplete dominance? Explain it
with an example. (4) 
Q:8  
(a) Explain the process of birth inhuman .    (4) 
(b) Discuss green house effect in detail. (4) 
Q:9 
(a)Define abnormal development. Explair different factors 
      causing abnormalities.  (4) 
(b) Define hydrospheric ecosystem. Explain some common features of aquatic or hydrospheric ecosystem.                                     (4)</div>
</div>

old papers-Inter part 1 (2012) biology-Group 2

Abdullah 0 biology, BISE lahore, lahore board, old papers Thursday, May 29, 2014

Old papers Lahore board Lahore Board (Inter Part - 1) 2012 Subject: Biology (Obj. Type) Paper-I Total Marks: 17 Group-1I…

old papers: aiou ,3404,2011

Abdullah 0 3404, aiou, old papers, physics Wednesday, May 28, 2014

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
 Old Papers</h2>
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Physics </h3>
 
 
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg631E3T38WKi1W79dg5QQuomT_lo3ySCSL2VeLMtINqVYHOsJ3lZz6tlQ4K2Qxy9Jk2bmGBrx8mAxXfhqiu_Ql67g3Wqqo90qVL5n63vRka_4zCgqdVyDcq_zllACNrBxwsMky59sa8k8/s1600/allama.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg631E3T38WKi1W79dg5QQuomT_lo3ySCSL2VeLMtINqVYHOsJ3lZz6tlQ4K2Qxy9Jk2bmGBrx8mAxXfhqiu_Ql67g3Wqqo90qVL5n63vRka_4zCgqdVyDcq_zllACNrBxwsMky59sa8k8/s1600/allama.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AIOU</td></tr>
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            </h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
                     ALLMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY </h3>
Level Bachelor               Code : 3404            Semester Spring 2011 
Note: ATTEMPT ANY FIVE QUESTIONS .ALL CARRY  
            EQUAL MARKS 
 
Questions
#1 
     a) Calculate the electric field due to an electric dipole.  
     b) A molecule of water vapor causes an electric field in the  
         surrounding space as if it
 
were an electric dipole like that  
        of figure below. Its dipole moment has a magnitude  
        P = 6.2 x 1030cm.what is the magnitude of electric field at a  
       distance z =1.1 nm from the molecule on its dipole axis? 
Question #2                                                                              (20) 
Discuss Gauss’s Law and apply it on  
    i)     Cylindrical symmetry  
    ii)     Planar symmetry  
    iii)    Spherical symmetry.  
Question #3 
a)     Give a complete account on electric potential energy, calculate    
        potential due to an electric dipole?  
b)   The potential at the centre of a uniformly charged circular disk 
      of radius R = 3.5cm is Vo = 550V.  
i) What is the total charge q on the disk?  
ii) What is the potential at a point on the axis of the disk at a  
     distance z = 5 OR from the centre of the disk? 
 a) Discuss Ohm’s law in detail. Define electric current also.  
b)   One end of an aluminium wire whose diameter is 2.5mm is  
    welded to one end of a copper wire whose diameter is 1.88mm. 
    the composite wire carries a steady current i of 17 mA. 
    what is the current density in each wire?  
a) Calculate the field due to the current interaction of magnetic  
    field with current.  
b) Explain Biot Savart Law. 
a) Calculate the magnetic fields of a solenoid .Also calculate the  
    magnetic field of a toroid.  
b) What is thermo electrical seedback?  
a) What is Pelter’s and ThomsoB. effeet? Calcu!ate total EMF in     
    thermocouple.  
b) What is Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and  it's  
    differential from?  
a) Calculate power in alternating current circuits 
b) A series RLC circuit driven with £rms = 120V at frequency  
   fd = 60.0 Hz contains a resistance R=200 Ohm an iinductance with  
   Xl = 80.0 Ohm and  capacitance with Xc = 150 Ohm. 
i) What are the power factor cos ф and phase constant ф of the  
   circuits  
ii) What is the average rate Pav at which energy is dissipated  
     in the resistance. 
 
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Old Papers</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Physics </h3>
 
 
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg631E3T38WKi1W79dg5QQuomT_lo3ySCSL2VeLMtINqVYHOsJ3lZz6tlQ4K2Qxy9Jk2bmGBrx8mAxXfhqiu_Ql67g3Wqqo90qVL5n63vRka_4zCgqdVyDcq_zllACNrBxwsMky59sa8k8/s1600/allama.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg631E3T38WKi1W79dg5QQuomT_lo3ySCSL2VeLMtINqVYHOsJ3lZz6tlQ4K2Qxy9Jk2bmGBrx8mAxXfhqiu_Ql67g3Wqqo90qVL5n63vRka_4zCgqdVyDcq_zllACNrBxwsMky59sa8k8/s1600/allama.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AIOU</td></tr>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
            </h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
                     ALLMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY </h3>
Level Bachelor               Code : 3404            Semester Autum 2011 
Note: ATTEMPT ANY FIVE QUESTIONS .ALL CARRY  
            EQUAL MARKS  
 
Q 1. a) Describe Coulomb’s law and its gravitational law. What  
             are the differences between both laws?  
          b) A particle of charge -q, is located at the origin of an x-axis  
              at what location should a second particle of charge -4qi be  
              placed so that the net electric field of two particles is zero  
              at x = 3.0mm.                                                              [10]  
Q2.a) Define and explain the flux of an  
              electric field. [10]
b) A Gaussian surface in the form of a  
               cylinder of radius R is immersed in a uniform electric  
               field E. with the Cylinder axis parallel to the field .What  
               is the flux cp of the electric field through this closed  
               surface.  
Q3.a)     Describe scries RLC circuit and derive the expression for  
              e.m.f. developed across each component and the impedance  
              of the circuit. C \
b) Define resonance frequency and derive   
              the expression 
Q4. a)  Explain the relationship between the current and voltage  
       b)  Write Biot Savarfs Law   
Q5.     Analyze tlhe travelling electromagnetic wave quantitatively  
           and qualitatively.  
Q 6. 
     a) Explain the diamagnetic, paramagnetic and fciTOtbagmitic 
           behavior in matter,  
     b) Explain hysteresis curve and its practical application.  
Q7. Write note on any two of the following. 
i)  Faraday's law 
ii) Mutual Induction  
iii)  Ampere's law  
Q:8  
(a)  Derive the expression for field build up due to solenoid  
       and toroid  
b) Why magnetization vector "M' lags behind magnetic intensity  
      vector ‘H’? Expalin.
</div>

old papers: aiou ,3404,2011

Abdullah 0 3404, aiou, old papers, physics Wednesday, May 28, 2014

Old Papers Physics AIOU ALLMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY Level Bachelor Code : 3404 Semester Spring 2011 Note: ATTEMPT ANY FIVE QUESTIONS .AL…

Democracy

Abdullah 0 Article Tuesday, May 27, 2014

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Democracy</h2>
 Democracy literally means, the rule of the people. It has been defined as government of the people, by the people, for the people”. Modern democracy rests on the principle of representation. The people elect their representatives by vote. These representatives attend the legislature and act on behalf of the citizens. If the citizens are not satisfied with their representatives, they may not re-elect them in the next elections. 
 In theory, democracy is the best form of government. It is the government of the people as distinguished from the government of individual or of a class of people. It makes all the citizens interested in their country by giving them a voice in legislation. It gives them a feeling of importance and a sense of responsibility. It thus gives a new meaning to their personality.  
Another merit of democracy is that it is less liable to revolution than other forms of government. Since people themselves elect the members of government, the need for a revolution does not arise. In addition to this, a democratic government usually guarantees freedom of thought, action and speech. This threefold freedom is a very' great advantage as it enables the individual to grow freely. Democracy thus offers the most favourable atmosphere for the development of the human personality.  
But democracy has its dangers, the greatest of which is that it may be the rule of ignorance. “Nine people out of every ten", Says Carlyle, “are fools”, and citizens who are not sufficiently intelligent or educated are likely to commit errors of judgment in the casting of votes.  
The best men may thus fail to get elected. Elections are usually a matter of propaganda. However,, the voters in countries like Britain and America have not proved so lacking in judgment as many of the opponent of democracy would have us believe, though it is true that in our own country the people, being illiterate, rarely give evidence of sound or independent judgment. 
 Another criticism of democracy is that it is wanting in efficiency. For prompt and effective action, unity of action is essential. "One bad general”, said Napoleon, “is better than two good ones”. In a multitude of minds, much unprofitable discussion takes place. Whereas unity of control needed for a vigorous national life. According to Newman, for example, the British Government cannot cope with the emergencies created by war as effectively as a dictator can.  
This criticism, however, is not very convincing because in times of war the British Prime Minister usually wields the powers of a dictator. During World War II, for example, Sir Winston Churchill faced few real difficulties as a result of the system of democracy in England. 
 A sounder criticism of democracy in times of war would be to say that secrecy in military affairs becomes difficult, if not’-impossible, and that the opposition usually lowers the morale of people by its loud condemnation of the action of the Cabinet. 
 It was thought that the Great War of 1914-18 had made the world safe for democracy, but this forecast proved to be wrong. While democracy worked quite well in France and the English- speaking countries, most other countries swung towards dictatorship. So successful and powerful did their dictatorships become that the days of democracy seemed to be almost over.  
Germany, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Russia  in all these countries dictatorship triumphed and flourished, till the outbreak of another World War. greater than the first, plunged the world into bloody strife the like of which had never been witnessed before in history. The conditions prevailing now in countries which were the strongholds of dictatorship  . Dictatorship is certainly not without its merits. As Carlyle points out, society is an organism and not a machine. No mechanical system like the ballot-box can, therefore prove satisfactory. 
 The safer course is to give all power to a dictator. The dictator must, of course, be one who has an exceptional ability to organise, direct and administer. Parliamentary rule usually means government by cliques of politicians whose purview is strictly limited by their private - interests. A dictator, on the other hand, can concentrate all his energies on the uplift and improvement of his country.  
This is borne out by the phenomenal success achieved by Hitler and Mussolini in their respective countries.  
“My programme”, said Mussolini “is. action, not talk.”
Unfortunately, the methods of dictatorship are, and have to be, ruthless. Dictatorship employees force and violence to maintain itself. It resorts to physical compulsion, prisons, concentration camps, censorship, intimidation purges and executions. Both in Russia and Germany countless executions were ordered for the stability of dictatorship. 
 A dictatorship cannot brook the slightest opposition. Thus  
there can be no freedom of thought or speech under such a system. Iqte^sive propaganda is employed, as was done is Germany, to retqjm the support of the people. 
 Dictatorship, therefore, by its very nature hampers the free development for the human personality. It does not allow for diversity of political opinion and belief but tends towards political regimentation or standardization of human beings. 
 The greatest danger of dictatorship however, its partiality for war as an instrument .of national aggrandizement. Practically every dictator preaches war, partly because he is actuated by personal ambition and partly because he suffers from exaggerated nationalism.
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Democracy

Abdullah 0 Article Tuesday, May 27, 2014

Democracy Democracy literally means, the rule of the people. It has been defined as government of the people, by the people, for the people”. Modern democracy rests on the principle of representatio…

Dreams

Abdullah 0 essay Monday, May 26, 2014

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Dreams</h2>
Dreams are very different from waking life, but it is extremely difficult clearly to define in what the difference consists. When we are dreaming, we are nearly always convinced that we are awake, and in some cases real experiences have been mistaken from dreams.  
The latter mistake from the subject of a celebrated Spanish play called Life a Dream, and of an amusing story in the Arabian Nights, in which a poor man is for a jest treated as a mighty monarch, and it is contrived that he would afterwards think that all the honourable treatment he had actually received was merely a vivid dream. Sometimes even after waking, we may be doubtful whether our dream was a reality or not, especially if we happen to fall asleep in our chair and do not remember the circumstance of having fallen to sleep. 
 Of course this doubt can only arise when there has been nothing in our dream that seems impossible to our wakened mind. 
It is, however, only in rare cases that a dream exactly copies the experience of our waking hours. 
 As a rule, in our sleep all kinds of events seem to happen which in our waking hours were should know to be impossible. In our dreams we see and converse with friends who are at the other wide of the world or have been long dead. We may even meet historical or fictitious characters that we have read about in books. 
 We often lose our identity and dream that we are some one else, and in the course of a single dream may be in turn several different persons. Space and time to the dreamer lose their reality. It is possible in a dream that lasts a few seconds to appear to have gone through the experience of many years. 
 The limitations of space may also vanish into nothing, so that we seem to travel the most distant parts of the universe with the rapidity' of thought.
Our imagination gains in some cases such complete control over our reasons that we can contemplate all such contradictions to our ordinary experience without the least feeling of wonder. But this is not always the case. 
 It is impossible to assert as a universal rule that in a dream nothing, however extraordinary, can surprise us. Sometimes dreamers do have a feeling of wonder at their storage experiences. Nor can we say that moral reasons loses all control in our sleep.  
It does indeed sometimes happen that good men in their dreams seem to do without the slightest compunction horribly wicked deeds, but, on the other hand, even the dreamer sometimes hears the voice of conscience.
The origin of dreams may in many cases be traced to internal or external causes. 
 Nightmare is frequently due to indigestion or ill-health. When a dream is connected with an external cause, it is often possible to trace some resemblance between the cause and the effect, although our imagination erects a great dream fabric on a very small foundation.  
Instances are quoted of a dreamer who dreamt that he was wandering through regions of polar ice and woke up to find that he had kicked off his bed-clothes; and of another who, going to sleep with a hot bottle at.his feet, dreamt that he was walking over the crater of a volcano.  
The sound of a whistle heard at the moment of waking may make us dream of a long-continued struggle to catch a railway train on the point of starting.
In other cases a dream originates in something that the dreamer saw or was. thinking about just before sleep came upon him. Coleridge once fell asleep in his chair after reading how Kubla Khan ordered a palace to be made.  
The idea worked upon his imagination, and the consequence was that he composed a fine poem in his sleep. When he woke up , he remembered perfectly the lines that had presented themselves to his mind in the form of a dream, and he immediately began to write them down.  
Unfortunately, he was interrupted in the middle of his task by a visitor, after whose departure he could remember no more, so that the poem is only a fragment.
Not only the imagination but also the reasons has been known to do good work in dreams. There are instances of mathematicians solving in their sleep problems that they had vainly puzzled over when awake. 
 All the facts that we have been considering are so various that they chiefly illustrate the extreme difficulty of making any general statement about dreams. They show that in many cases dream-life is very different from real life, and that in other cases  
the mind of a sleeping man works much in the same, way as if he were awake. Perhaps the only definite general statement that can be made on the
subject is that imagination even in sleep cannot originate anything, although
it has an almost unlimited power of untiring together in more or less unusual
or even in impossible combinations that we have actually experienced. 
Dreams, pleasant and unpleasant, are indicative of 
one’s personality. It is so because what a person thinks about usually 
or what lies in his mind as desires, hopes or regrets is easily 
reflected in his dreams. So it is with me, and here I shall like to show
 how my dreams are mirrors in which 1 see my conscious and unconscious 
desires, regrets and fears, and often a bright, resplendent 
(impressively bright and colourful) future.  
Firstly,
 I may describe my dreams related to my desires and hopes. 1 had once 
desired as a child to be a famous political leader. Now, when 1 am an 
undergraduate student. I fell that, in my situation of life, I can never
 become a leader. So, when I lie down and go to sleep, 1 sometimes begin
 dreaming that I am a prominent member of a national political party and
 the common people. 
 Whenever I travel on 
crowded roads and through common markets, people on both sides greet me 
and cry in joy to see my hands, extended out of the car. Some of them 
come and shake hands with me, and even kiss me expressing the desire 
that I should be the next Prime Minister. Elections are 
held, and in the end, 1 become the Prime Minister.  
The
 second dream that I often have relates to visit to the most interesting
 cities or countries. I am very fond of traveling through 1 do not often
 get enough chances of doing so. In my sweetest dreams, I am often 
voyaging on the high seas to distant (far-off) islands like Sindhad the 
sailor. There 1 live in forests with wild people eating fruit and 
roasted meat and drinking spring water and then dancing around trees for
 hours on end .  
Sometimes I return home in 
my dram, but mostly I wake up abruptly (suddenly) when I face a 
dangerous animal or a group of armed people going to attack me.
The third dream that I sometimes have is really very frightful and 
horrible. 
 It concerns,floods brining about 
large-scale . destruction all around and causing a huge loss of life. In
 my sleep,
I find my house surrounded by floodwater. As the house in at a 
considerable height, it is beyond the reach of the street water, but I 
am stranded (unable to go out), and the fear of death with thirst and 
hunger looks me in the face.  
Somehow, a 
boat reaches our family wdth some helpers, and we board it. Soon, 
however, the boat becomes unbalanced and is going to sink that I wake up
 crying in fear.
The fourth dream is perhaps the most horrible, and it concerns flying 
and forced landing.  
In my dream.  
I
 fly to far-off places up to Iceland, Greenland, and North and. South 
Poles, I visit all the advanced countries, but on return to my homeland,
 the aeroplane engines develop some trouble. The pilot force land on any
 African seacoast bordering a vast thick forest. Soon some : jungle 
animals start running towards us, and I cry loudly in fear, and soon 
fall down on the floor and wake up.
 
 
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Dreams

Abdullah 0 essay Monday, May 26, 2014

Dreams Dreams are very different from waking life, but it is extremely difficult clearly to define in what the difference consists. When we are dreaming, we are nearly always convinced that we are aw…

Luxury

Abdullah 0 essay Monday, May 26, 2014

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Luxury</h2>
 Luxury may be defined as indulgence in such costly

pleasures as magnificent equipages and furniture, splendid dresses, exquisite food, and old wine. The rich Romans at the end of the Republic and under-the Empire, were famous or notorious for their extravagant luxury.  
They spent fabulous sums on sumptuous banquets and drank wine out of gold cups studded with precious stones. The wealth they had acquired by the conquest of the world was squandered in the purchase of magnificent villas, Greek work of
art, Babylonian carpets, and slaves carefully educated to minister to all their pleasures. 
 The rich had few opportunities of wasting much money on luxuries, as owing to want of commerce, every nation had to content itself for the most part with its own productions. So the great nobles spent their surplus wealth on the
building of strong castles and the maintenance of numerous
retainers. 
 But with the spread of commerce at the time of
Renaissance, a taste for luxury was developed, such as we see
exemplified in the famous Field of the Cloth of Gold.  
Owing to the increase of trade and progress in the mechanical arts, the desire for comfort has become much more general during the last two or three centuries: and many things that in the fifteenth century were regarded as luxuries are now necessaries of life, which even the poorest labourer could not fore go without feeling a sense of deprivation. 
 we hear of immense sums of money being spent on the pleasures of the intellect and of the senses, and the cultivation of luxury in the nineteenth century probably exceeds the most lavish expenditure of all previous periods of the world's history.  
. The wealthy and refined successors of the hardy warriors live in a style of luxury that would be condemned as effeminacy, if it were not often combined with love of field sports and great political energy . 
brown and gold.  
On the railways the wealthy travel in Pullman cars, which are repetitions on wheels of their own luxurious drawingrooms, and they cross the ocean in steamers like floating places. At the great hotels which they patronise on their travels they can buy every comfort and convenience that modern science and art have invented. They bathe in marble baths, dine and read by the mellow light of electric lamps, and are saved by hydraulic lifts from the trouble of walking up and down stairs. 
 Such are some of the broader and more striking features of modern luxury; but they give only a faint idea of the immense variety of the luxuries that wealth can  purchase in the great centres of  civilisation. 
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Luxury

Abdullah 0 essay Monday, May 26, 2014

Luxury Luxury may be defined as indulgence in such costly pleasures as magnificent equipages and furniture, splendid dresses, exquisite food, and old wine. The rich Romans at the end of the Republic…

Superstitions (essay)

Abdullah 0 essay Monday, May 26, 2014

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
 Superstitions</h2>
OUTLINES  
1  Introduction.  
2. Many people believe in superstition. 
3. Awe and mystery of superstitions give delight.  
4- The result of ignorance of the people.  
5- Rituals and offerings the remedies to prevent unexplainable
happening.
Superstitions give a fore knowledge of evil and good. Superstitions provide the excitement of fear, anxiety and bad luck.
 
During the last school holidays, I went on a motoring tour of Rawalpindi. 
 I was scheduled to begin my journey from home at 3 o'clock one fine afternoon. The time was nearing three and I was jotting ready to leave the house when I heard my mother calling me.
“What do you want, Mum?” I asked, “Son, don’t leave the house exactly at three; but leave a few minutes after three. That will be all right.” remarked Mum.
“What is wrong in leaving now?”
“Oh. you know, this hour is not a good time to set out on a journey.  
You may have to face unpleasant experiences.”
Anyway, not that I believe in superstitions, but just to please my mother. 1 left the house only after three. Most people claim they are not superstitious; but in actual fact they practice the most absurd kind of superstitions. It is just like the fellow who, to prove that he does not believe in ghosts, is prepared to spend a night a house reputed to be haunted.  
Whether we believe in superstitions or not, the fact is that most of us are superstitious. Many of these superstitions may be absurd: but the sense of mystery and awe in these superstitions gives us delight and excitement.  
It is quite interesting and amusing to observe some of these superstitions. Old people tell us that on All Souls Day we must keep pots and jars filled with water outside the house and in the compounds, as the thirsty souls of the dead on parole from purgatory on that day. will be coming to drink water.  
 Now what about the practice of throwing old shoes after the wedding pair as a sign of good luck? There are many suchf interesting and amusing superstitions. Some superstitions are noted for their element of mystery- and awe.  
An owl making its appearance in our compound or birds flying at the windows is interpreted by oltf people as a bad omen presaging the death of a relative.
Such fears and awe haunted the minds of the primitivjB people who could not find an explanation for many of V phenomena of nature like flood, thunder, rain, earthquake and so om
In the absence of a known cause, they attributed all these to the work of some unknown powers  both good and bad. 
 Man, however, was not helpless. His ingenuity suggested that through offerings and rituals, he could appease these hidden powers, thereby warding off fearful consequences. In many Asian countries, peasants make offerings to God to appease His wrath, so that there may not be crop failure due to delayed rain.  
Superstitions give us a foreknowledge of evil and good. This enables us to take appropriate and timely action by rituals and other means to avert the evil or to welcome and make sure of the good. It is supposed that a bride will bring ill luck if she stumbles on crossing the threshold. But for this there is a remedy. The bridegroom should carry her over.  
Number thirteen is regarded as an unlucky number. People, therefore, are careful to avoid this number in any of their important dealings. I know of people who even refuse to occupy room number thirteen in hotels. By following superstitions, we are told that we can make sure of good luck and make the future suit us very' conveniently. There old shoes after the wedding pair. It can bring good luck to the newly-married couple. 
 If the horseshoes is fixed the right way up on the door of the house, good fortune will smile on us. A girl can make sure of handsome husband by eating the last cake on the plate.
Some the these superstitions are humorous. Others are
certainly ridiculous. A few are very' frightening as’well. Generally,
they are exciting and interesting, and not as dull and matter-of-fact
as the scientific world of cause and effect.  
We feel the excitement of
fear and the anxiety' of bad luck: but they also show a way to avoid
danger and bad luck. How' happy I would be if I could change the
course of my fortune by the simple act of fixing the horse-shoe the
nght way up on the door of mv house. Boundless will be the joy of
lhe girl Who can get a handsome husband by eating the last cake
on the plate. It is the element of fear, anxiety , misfortunate and
.dirty that makes the world of superstition fascinatina and lnteresting.

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Superstitions (essay)

Abdullah 0 essay Monday, May 26, 2014

Superstitions OUTLINES 1 Introduction. 2. Many people believe in superstition. 3. Awe and mystery of superstitions give delight. 4- The result of ignorance of the people. 5- Rituals and offerin…

A rainy day

Abdullah 0 essay Monday, May 26, 2014

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OUTLINES  
1. Introduction.  
2.An agricultural country.  
3. In summer people pray for rain.  
4. When suddenly it started rain.  
5. Children enjoyed a lot in rain.  
6. Conclusion.  
Rains are a great blessing for mankind. They are welcomed

by all, young and old alike, especially in the summer season. Rains are the backbone of our agricultural economy. The farmers in our country also welcome them. Sometimes they may also prove to be a curse when they causes floods in many parts of our country, bringing untold miseries to our people. 
 Untimely rains may ruin the standing crops also. But there is no doubt that the prosperity of our country depends greatly on the rains.Prosperity of our farmers greatly depends on rains. If the rains are sufficient, then we have a good agricultural crops and if they are scantily then famine takes place in many parts of our country.  
On the other hands, if there are more rains than needed they bring ruination for the people. Thus we can say that rains are both a blessing and a curse for our countrymen.
In the summer season when it is very hot the people pray for rains, so that they can get some relief from the scorching heat of the sun.  
At such time when the clouds appear on the sky every body becomes happy. I remember one such day last June when it was very hot, but all of a sudden the sky was overcast with dark and thick clouds. After sometime a cool breeze began to blow, bringing down the high temperature.  
It now looked that rain was quite imminent. The coulds also started thundering and we could understand that there would be a heavy downpour. Then suddenly it started raining heavily. The joy of the people knew no bounds. At that time I was going to the market and got wet.  
But I took shelter immediately in shop lest I should be fully drenched.
Thereafter it started raining in torrents. It must have rained for three hours continuously. All the road and the streets were flooded with water. It looked as if there was water and water every where.  
There was knee deep water on certain roads and low lying areas in the city. The traffic on these roads had been closed for some time.
The children were very happy and were running in the rain water after removing their clothes. Many small children started swimming in the streets. 
 They would play and shout with joy. The small children also started playing with paper-boats which they had made with multi-colured paper.
Of course the rains also brought misery to certain people. Many huts in the low lying slums were washed away. Many houses also collapsed due to the continuous rains.  
The roofs of many old houses started leaking. The streets and roads had become quite slippery. I saw one fat person who slipped and fell down in the street. The naughty children started laughing at him. Some people helped him to clean his clothes and stand on his feet again.  
No doubt the trees looked as if they were washed by nature. The leaves now looked green and pleasant, as if they had changed their clothes. The farmers were also very happy as they hoped to have good crops now. Even the animals and birds were full of joy and mirth.  
Some ladies and old men could also be seen moving with their umbrellas after rain was over.
I
When the rain stopped ultimately the people started moving our. The traffic which had come to a standstill now started moving on the roads.  
The buses also started moving and the people who had taken shelter under the roofs of shops and buildings now started moving out to their destinations. Thus, the rain made all the people happy as they had got rid of the scorching heat of summer. I also moved out of my shelter and came back home to change my clothes which had become wet and dirty.
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A rainy day

Abdullah 0 essay Monday, May 26, 2014

OUTLINES 1. Introduction. 2.An agricultural country. 3. In summer people pray for rain. 4. When suddenly it started rain. 5. Children enjoyed a lot in rain. 6. Conclusion. Rains are a great bl…

LIfe in college hostel

Abdullah 0 essay Monday, May 26, 2014

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Life in a College Hostel </h2>
Hostel life makes a student regular in studies and games. The time for studies and games in usually fixed, and their teachers or supervisors watch the students. The atmosphere of a good hostel  is such that it makes a student interested in his regular activities.
He likes to move ahead and to do better than others. 
 If he falls behind the brighter students, the teacher can help him to improve himself. Thus he find himself engaged in a happy competition.
Not only in studies and sports, in other matters like student management of the hostel dining hall, library, common room, indoor games and debating and other clubs he can work and gain valuable experience. 
 In any case, a student learns to live independently in a hostel. He cannot get his parents' or elders' help as he can at home in practically every matter. Sometimes he has to take decisions independently. For example, whether to go op a trip organized by the college .or to participate (take part) in a college function.  
He chooses his friends and companions himself and decides what he may do in his free time. Later, in practical life, he can adjust himself to changing conditions and circumstances rather easily.
In a hostel, a student learns to co-operate.  
In various different matters like cleaning the rooms and corridors, getting the clothes washed or providing facilities to some guests from another college or for new students in the hostel he helps other and gets help in return. Hostel life, in this sense, is corporate or group life in which the problems of one are, on many occasions, the problems of all.  
The Pleasure and enjoyments of hostel life are many. We can have friends to our liking. We can play different games in the college lawns or in the common room. We get the greatest enjoyment of life in the company, of students like us, learning, playing, working and eating together.  
Without the experiences of hostel life, in our opinion the life of a student remains incomplete in several ways. At times the students in hostels feel homesick- and wish to be with their parents and relations. It is natural for them to miss the atmosphere and comforts of the home where they were born.  
But then the for them to miss the atmosphere and comforts of the home where they were born. But then the pleasure and  activities of  hostel life remove much of the home sickness.A student remember his hostle life forever. His experience there bring him rich rewards in partial life.</div>

LIfe in college hostel

Abdullah 0 essay Monday, May 26, 2014

Life in a College Hostel Hostel life makes a student regular in studies and games. The time for studies and games in usually fixed, and their teachers or supervisors watch the students. The atmosphe…

A Memorable Function (essay)

Abdullah 1 essay Monday, May 26, 2014

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<h2>
A Memorable Function</h2>
Outline: 
(1) Debating society 
(2) Audience 
(3) speeches 
(4) songs 
(5) Memorable night 
It was in March last year that the debating society of our college arranged the final function for the third and fourth-year debaters. All of our teachers, debaters and prominent students of both the Masses were present. When I reached college at about six in the evening. I was happily surprised to find quite a few of my best friends there.  
We were sitting on the green lawns with some fine beautiful flower trees around.  
Cold drinks were served to the guests who were buys talking.
The Principal stood up a few minutes later and made a brief speech. He introduced some new teachers and students to the listeners. Then he invited the most successful debaters to speak to the pleasure of the audience (the hearers).  
The debaters spoke in a light, humorous way and tried to do their best. One of my friends among them made us laugh a good deal. He said college debating was going to help him to select a girl to marry as women liked fine speakers. Soon afterwards, a girl debaters stood up and said that the liked able thinkers, men who had good brains. When my turn came, 1 said too much of thinking was as bad as too much of speaking.  
Everyone laughed at this. A teacher said it was difficult to control one's thinking or speech.
The function continued late into the night. We had dinner, and then listened to music and songs. A girl and a boy of our college and two guest singers from other colleges sang to the music played by our music club.  
The audience joined the singers in some love songs, and we forgot for some time where we were. After the songs, we heard pure music, which was also quite enjoyable.
After the music, we had some time for photographs. I still have some shorts of the party that I have kept on my study table. 1 refresh myself with sweet memories of this party whenever 1 feel up'set. .  
1 made two new friends at the party. They were sitting across the table near my English teacher. He introduced them to me saying they were the students of his fourth-year class. I was very happy to meet them as their talk was interesting and their manners were pleasing. They often met me in college afterwards and helped me with my studies.  
It was after ten that people started saying goodbye to each other, I did not feel like leaving the place as 1 was still enjoying the pleasure of the company of my friends, companions and
teachers. However, like every activity, pleasant or unpleasant, the party had to end. 
 I stood up, and, with unwilling steps, started towards the college gate. While returning home on my friend's motorcycle, I was still hearing the music and noise of the party in my mind. I still enjoy it at times and desire to see all of those who were with me on that memorable night. </div>

A Memorable Function (essay)

Abdullah 1 essay Monday, May 26, 2014

A Memorable Function Outline: (1) Debating society (2) Audience (3) speeches (4) songs (5) Memorable night It was in March last year that the debating society of our college arranged the final funct…

Punctuality (A good habit)

Abdullah 0 Article Sunday, May 25, 2014

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Punctuality   </h2>
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  Punctuality is the habit of never being behind time appointed. The punctual boy comes to college in good time for his lessons, and is in his place with his books spread out ready for immediate use as soon as his teacher comes into the room. He has his lesson well prepared, as he began to learn it in good time. 
 When he grows up to manhood, he is distinguished by the same excellent characteristic. If he makes an appointment, you may count upon finding him at the appointed time at the place of meeting agreed upon.  
Give him any work to do, and if he promises to have it completed at a certain date, be is sure not to disappoint you.
The unpunctual man, on the contrary, goes through life as if he had deliberately determined to make a practice of being too late on every possible occasion. He begins the day by lying in bed too long. After hurriedly dressing, he finds that he has only time to snatch a few mouthfuls of breakfast, which he sw'allows so hastily that he suffers from indigestion for the rest of the day.  
He now starts off at a run in a vain effort to be in time for his work. On his way he suddenly recollects that in his hurry he has forgotten some important paper, so he has to run back to his house to get them. Perhaps he goes to his office by the railway. If this is the case, of course he misses his proper train, and has to wait impatiently for half an hour on the station platform. 
 Hot and tired with his struggles against time, he rushes into office at least half an hour late and receives a rebuke from his superiors. A large office is a complicated machine, and probably his more punctual associates have been unable to get on with their work satisfactorily owing to the absence of the late comer, for whom therefore they entertain no kindly feelings. 
 The whole establishment may have to be kept working for some time after office hours because one man has come late.
In the evening we may suppose that our unpunctual man's wife has a well-cooked dinner to refresh him after his day’s work. But she has to be ready at the hour w'hen he ought to return, and he loiters on the way.  
So when at last he arrives, the carefully prepared dinner has been kept waiting till it is overcooked, and the whole family sits down in no pleasant temper to a meal which might have been, but for one man's selfish irregularity, an agreeable termination to the labours of the day.  
In this way the vice of unpunctuality makes a man a continued source of worry and annoyance to himself and others. In special cases it may produce far more serious evil effects. Many men by . being late for appointments have lost valuable chance of improving

their position in life, and opportunities of this kind, when once lost, are too likely never to return. 
 Unpunctuality in the starting of a train often leads to a disastrous railway accident. A campaign in war may be ruined by the failure of a general to effect a junction with his colleague at the appointed time and place. Marshall Blucher pledged himself to come to the support of Wellington on June 18th, 1815.  
If he had not made tremendous efforts punctually to keep his promise, Napoleon might have won the battle of Waterloo and changed the future course of European history. Although in ordinary matters such great issues do not depend on the faithful observance of appointments, in almost all cases the habit of unpunctuality works much mischief, and even- one who, without sufficient excuse, is late for an .appointment, is besides guilty of great rudeness to those whom he keeps waiting.
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Punctuality (A good habit)

Abdullah 0 Article Sunday, May 25, 2014

Punctuality wall clock Punctuality is the habit of never being behind time appointed. The punctual boy comes to college in good time for his lessons, and is in his place with his books spre…

Charity (essay)

Abdullah 0 essay Sunday, May 25, 2014

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Charity 
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4nNyuGniBwhGRkT0qgxwR_rXcw2542_A2iPe3Zcu7S-J4l8JZVVAqrE7PtwWDAcMdaLSTNNCwrvguMZ9bGUmwRH1WydP61EqOaZs5cSAP-biB4X7oShy2-uguhjI3-FDFU5FV2J1kDvc/s1600/charity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4nNyuGniBwhGRkT0qgxwR_rXcw2542_A2iPe3Zcu7S-J4l8JZVVAqrE7PtwWDAcMdaLSTNNCwrvguMZ9bGUmwRH1WydP61EqOaZs5cSAP-biB4X7oShy2-uguhjI3-FDFU5FV2J1kDvc/s1600/charity.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">books donation</td></tr>
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OUTLINES  
1. Introduction.  
2. Charity in big cities.  
3. Even the poor can exercise this virtue.  
4. Bad results of indiscriminate charity.  
5. Limits to be observed in charity.  
6. Conclusion.  
The word charity by derivation and in old English means love. But in ordinary modern English it means alms giving, and in this short essay we must confine ourselves to the later and narrower meaning of the word. Charity in this sense is a virtue extensively practised and. highly esteemed in the East. 
  we have in - most of our large cities fine monuments of munificent charity in the university buildings, colleges, hospitals, convalescent homes and water-fountains, built wholly or partially at the expense of rich

citizens, who chose this practical way of showing their love for their native city.  
But it must be remembered that it is not only the rich that have the power of being Charitable. Very often the munificent gifts of rich men are made for purposes of ostentation or as a means of gaining favour with Government. The best charity is that which is done in secret, so that, in the expressive words of the Gospel, the left hand does not know what the right hand doeth. 
 It is very' necessary to exercise discrimination in the giving of alms. The great object of charity is to relieve misery', and indiscriminate charity’, by encouraging the trade of begging, actually add to the misery of the world. 
 If it were not for the reckless charity of well meaning men, who think it a duty to give a small alms to every beggar they come across, many who now lead a miserable existence as beggars would take to honest work, and become profitable members of society. As things are, they prefer to live an idle life of degradation, and some of them, by begging and imposture, make more money than an honest poor man can earn by hard labour.  
Such being the case it is no wonder that so many beggars infest the streets of Lahore and other rich cities.
A rich man who is really determined to do good with his money, should either find out for himself what poor men really deserve help, or if he has not time to do so. he should give his alms through some charitable society, that has officers appointed for the special purpose of distinguishing between the deserving poor and impudent impostors.  
There are also some who require to be reminded the charity begins at home, and that they must not deprive themselves of the means of supporting their own family by profuse charity to strangers who have less claims upon them.
These then, are the two principal limits to observe in the duty of almsgiving. 
 We must recognise the prior obligation of providing for the necessities of our own family, and we must take care lest by ill-judged distribution of alms we encourage beggary and improvidence with its attendant miseries . 
 Charity would seem to be least exposed to the second danger, when a subscription is made for unfortunate persons
suddenly reduced to ruin by an earthquake, or a storm, or any other calamity against which no foresight could have defended them. For in such cases there is very great distress to be relieved in the present, and there is little fear of the help given leading in the future to ruinous improvidence or extravagance. </div>

Charity (essay)

Abdullah 0 essay Sunday, May 25, 2014

Charity books donation OUTLINES 1. Introduction. 2. Charity in big cities. 3. Even the poor can exercise this virtue. 4. Bad results of indiscriminate charity. 5. Limits to be observed in charit…

old papers-Inter part 2 (2012 ) biology-Group 1-Lahore board

Abdullah 0 biology, lahore board, old papers Saturday, May 24, 2014

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Old papers</h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0BiGzzTOIyswrK_b40Cu3Jj5S3YVIzgJ6EoS812Y17y-AsWMGj_xQfG4y0XT7WccXN3NSIRd5lpgtPOM3iSJnxSR2sxXlOCKuYktJq8zwON0aX80tdHD_dQTP95t85DVgIkcdwanoNjo/s1600/board.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0BiGzzTOIyswrK_b40Cu3Jj5S3YVIzgJ6EoS812Y17y-AsWMGj_xQfG4y0XT7WccXN3NSIRd5lpgtPOM3iSJnxSR2sxXlOCKuYktJq8zwON0aX80tdHD_dQTP95t85DVgIkcdwanoNjo/s1600/board.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lahore board</td></tr>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
Lahore Board (Inter Part - 2) 2012 </h3>
 
Subject: Biology                   (Obj. Type)                      Paper-I  </div>
 Time Allowed: 20 Minutes                             Max. Marks: 17  
                                              (GROUP-I)  
      Note: Four possible answers A, B, C and D to each  
     question are given. The choice which you think is correct,  
     fill that circle in front of that question with Marker or Pen ink. 
      Cutting or filling two or more circles will result in zero  
     mark in that question. Write the letter A. B, C or D in the  
     column (write correct option) against each question also.  
     If there is a contradiction in the bubble and hand writien  
      answer, bubble option will be considered correct.  
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li> It is applied to Rubber plant to stimulate flow of Latex:                 (A) Abscisic-acid (B) Gibberellin (C) Ethene                  (D) Auxin </li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Polyhydroxy butyrate is called:

(A) Antithrombin ill (B) Nutra Sweet (C) Biodegradable            plastic  (D) Luciferin </li>
<li>Which one produced in excess then leads to abnormal development called acromegaly:                                                   (A) TSH (B) ACTH (C) MSH (D) STH. </li>
<li>Individual with Klinefelter's syndrome have sex          chromosome as following:

(A) XO (B) XXO (C) XXY (D) XXXY </li>
<li>Major homeostatic function of lirefris storage of:

(A) Bile (B) Cholesterol (C) Urea (D) Iron </li>
<li>Somites are formed and organized by:

(A) Ectoderm (B) Mesoderm. (C) Endoderm                            (D) Blastoderm </li>
<li>It is not fossilized fuel:

(A) Lignite (B) Peat (C) Warural gas (D) Oil </li>
<li>Essay on the principle of population was published by:

(A) Darwin (B) Wallace (C) Linnaeus (D) Malthus </li>
<li>Crustacean with a spiny projection on these planktonn

creatures help to keep them from sinking:                                 (A) Porpoise (B) Whale (C) Copepod (D) Bobcat </li>
<li>Bat do not regulate body temperature in narrow rangeis:(A)Endotherm (B) Homeotherm (C) Heterotherm (D)

Poikilotherm  </li>
<li> Ovovivipanty is shown by:

(A) Reptile (B) Bird (C) Duck bill platypus (D) Human </li>
<li>A succulent plant have water stored in tissue:

(A) Cacti (B) Moss (C) Yarrow (D) Spruce </li>
<li> A gene starts with initiation codon, which encodes the amin acid methionine:

(A) UAA (B) UAG (C) AUG (D) UGG </li>
<li>Bobbed gene in Drosophila is present on:

(A) X chromosome (B) Y chromosome (C) Both on X             (D) Autosome </li>
<li> A bone which connects scapula with sternum:

(A) Humerus (B) Ischium (C) Pubis (D) Clavicle </li>
<li>Which one secretes liquid to protect and nourish sperm cells    (A) Corpus lutcum (B) Sertoli cells (C) Placenta (D) </li>
<li>Epididymis

Action of Venus fly trap is an example of:

(A) Nyctinasty (B) Haptonasty (C) Hyponasty (D) Photonasty </li>
</ol>
 
<div style="text-align: center;">
 Lahore Board (Inter Part - 2) 2012 </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
 </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Subject: Biology                   ( Essay.type)                  Paper-I           </div>
 Total Marks: 68                     Group-I    Time Allowed:2:40 Hrs.       
                                                 SECTION-I 
 
Write short answers to any EIGHT (8) questions:               16  
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Write structural formulae of urea and uric acid. </li>
<li>Differentiate between xerophytes and mesophytes plants. </li>
<li>What are poikilothenns? Give one example. </li>
<li>Characterize collenchyma cells. </li>
<li>What is axial skeleton? </li>
<li>Define the process of ecdysis. </li>
<li>What is difference between CNS and PNS? </li>
<li>Explain imprinting. </li>
<li>What is epilepsy? </li>
<li>How estrous cycle is different from menstrua] cycle? </li>
<li> Define vernalisation, </li>
<li>What are voviviparous? Give an example. </li>
</ol>
        Write short answers to any EIGHT (8) questions .16  
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li> Define recombination frequency. Give its importance. </li>
<li>Define linkage groups by giving example. </li>
<li> How does ABO incompatibility protect the developing baby against Rh- incompatibility? </li>
<li>Give the concept of fixed alleles- </li>
<li>Define genetic drift </li>
<li> Define homologous organs by giving example. </li>
<li>Defne biogeochemical cycles . </li>
<li>Give the significance of predation. </li>
<li>Write brief note on secondary succession. </li>
<li>Give main causes water pollution. </li>
<li> Give importance of solid wastes. </li>
<li>Describe abuses of land </li>
</ol>
       Write short answers to any SIX (6) questions : 12  
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Differentiate between somatic and splanchnic </li>
<li>State role of grey vegetal and grey equatorial cytoplasm. </li>
<li> Enlist different shapes of chromosomes. </li>
<li>What is the importance of a bivalent formation? </li>
<li>State point mutation with example. </li>
<li> Enlist non-sense codons and their function. </li>
<li>Give three possible ways to get the gene of interest. </li>
<li>Describe animal life of grass land ecosystem. </li>
<li>What is composition of air of terrestrial ecosystem? </li>
</ol>
                                (SECTION - II)  
Note: Attempt any THREE questions.  
5- 
(a) What are joints? Describe their types.                        (4) 
(b) Write a note on evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. (4) 
6- 
(a) Write down (he structure of a nephron.                       (4) 
(b) What is incomplete dominance? Explain it with an example.

(4) 
7- 
(a) Give a comprehensive comparison between sexual and asexual  
      reproduction.                     (4) 
(b) Write a note on ozone layer depletion.                (4 ) 
8- 
(a) Describe the role of auxins.                (4)  
(b) Write about necrosis and apoptosis.       (4)  
9- 
(a) Discuss the genetics of ABO blood group system.           (4)  
(b) Give uses and misuses of agrochemicals.                   (4)</div>

old papers-Inter part 2 (2012 ) biology-Group 1-Lahore board

Abdullah 0 biology, lahore board, old papers Saturday, May 24, 2014

Old papers Lahore board Lahore Board (Inter Part - 2) 2012 Subject: Biology (Obj. Type) Paper-I Time Allowed: 20 Minutes Max. Ma…

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