Educational Wealth

1st Solved assignment 1431 aiou autumn 2020

Abdullah 0 Thursday, December 31, 2020

Solved Assignment # 1                            1431                                 Autumn 2020                       aiou Q: 1 Explain the concept of Information technology.Describe the uses if information technology applications in in education and entertainment? Ans:Information and communications technology is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. ICTs are often spoken of in a particular context, such as ICTs in education, health care, or libraries, The term is somewhat jommon outside of the United States. Benefits in all aspects of life: ICT applications can support sustainable development, in the fields of public administration, business, education and training, health, employment, environment, agriculture and science within the framework of national e-strategies. This would include actions within the following sectors:1- E-government: a- Implement e-govemment strategies focusing on applications aimed at innovating and promoting transparency in public administrations and democratic processes, improving efficiency and strengthening relations with citizens. Develop national e-govemment initiatives and services, at all levels, adapted to the needs of citizens and business, to achieve a more efficient allocation of resources and public goods. Support international cooperation initiatives in the field of e-govemment, in order to enhance transparency, accountability and efficiency at all levels of government 2-E-business: Governments, international organi encouraged to promote the ben of e-business, and pro developing countries an and the private sector, are international trade and the use e use of e-business models in es with economies in transition. Through the adoption of an enabling environment, and based on widely available Internet access, governments should seek to stimulate private sector investment, foster new applications, content development and public/private partnerships. Government policies should favour assistance, and growth of SMMEs, in the ICT industry, as well as their entry into e-business, to stimulate economic growth and job creation as an element of a strategy for. poverty reduction through wealth reation. 3-E-learning: Everyone should have the necessary skills to benefit fully from the Information Society. Therefore capacity building and ICT literacy are essential. ICTs can contribute to achieving universal education worldwide, through delivery of education and training of teachers, and offering improved conditions for lifelong learning, encompassing people that are outside the formal education process, and improving professional skills, a- Develop domestic policies to ensure that ICTs are fully integrated in education and training at all levels, including in curriculum development, teacher training, institutional administration and management, and in support of the concept of lifelong learning. Through the adoption of an enabling environment, and based on widely available Internet access, governments should seek to stimulate private sector investment, foster new applications, content development and public/private partnerships. Government policies should favour assistance, and growth of SMMEs, in the ICT industry, as well as their entry into e-business, to stimulate economic growth and job creation as an element of a strategy for, poverty reduction through wealth Promote e-literacy skills for all, for example by designing and offering courses for public administration, taking advantage of existing facilities such as libraries, multipurpose community centres, public access points and by establishing local ICT training centres with the cooperation of all stakeholders. Special attention should be paid to disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. 4- E-health a- Promote collaborative efforts of governments, planners, health professionals, and other agencies along with the participation of international organizations for creating a reliable, timely, high quality and affordable health care and health information systems and for promoting continuous medical training, education, and research through the use of ICTs, while respecting and protecting citizens’ right to privacy.  5- E-employment: a- Encourage the development of best practices for e-workers and e-employers built, at the national level, on principles of fairness and gender equality, respecting all relevant international norms. b- Promote new ways of organizing work and business with the aim of raising productivity, growth and well-being through investment in ICTs and human resources. c- Promote teleworking to allow citizens, particularly in the developing countries, LDCs, and small economies, to live in their societies and work anywhere, and to increase employment opportunities for women, and for those with disabilities. In promoting teleworking, special attention should be given to strategies promoting job creation and the retention of the skilled working force. d- Promote early intervention programmes in science and technology that should target young girls to increase the number of women in ICT carriers. 6- E-environment: a- Governments, in cooperation with other stakeholders are encouraged to use and promote ICTs as an instrument for environmental protection and the sustainable use of natural resources. b- Government, civil society and the private sector are encouraged to initiate actions and implement projects and programmes for sustainable production and consumption and the environmentally safe disposal and recycling of discarded hardware and components used in ICTs.  7- E-science: a- Promote affordable and reliable high-speed Internet connection for all universities and research institutions to support their critical role in information and knowledge production, education and training, and to support the establishment of partnerships, cooperation and networking between these institutions. b- Promote electronic publishing, differential pricing and open access initiatives to make scientific information affordable and accessible in all countries on an equitable basis. scientific information and data as appropriate to conduct scientific research. (b) Describe the term computer. Also describe different types as well as applications of the computer. Ans: Computer: An electronic device that stores and manipulates information. Unlike a calculator, it is able to store a program and retrieve information from its memory. Most computers today arc digital, mcans they perform Types of Computers: There are three types of compute; 1-Digital computer 2-Analog computer 3- Hybrid computer . Digital Computer: Such computers consist of electronic circuits, printed circuits and Integrated circuits. These are very fast and consume very little energy. For example digital watches, Calculators, computers etc. These computers are following two types: general purpose computers ii- Special purpose computers General Purpose Computers: Such computers can perform a variety of different functions such as typing a letter, file management, data-base-management, payroll processing, graphics etc. Personal Computer (PC) is a general purpose computer. H- Special Purpose Computers: These computers are designed to carry out one specific task, such computers cannot be used for other purpose except tor the designed one. 2- Analog Computers: Analog computers are specifically used for special purpose applications such as wheel balancing, measuring temperature, velocity etc. These type of computers deal with continuous type of data rather than digits. so long ago if it was necessary to talk with a group of clients the only do it was either to arrange a meeting that all of them could always a tough thing to do)-at a reasonably central venue to which nobody had to travel too. far, travel there (perhaps involving an overnight stay) and confer, or to hold a series of telephone conversations with each one individually and keep on getting, back to them until the matter was settled to everybody's satisfaction. Now,, through the Internet and'web cams a video conference can be set up in which everybody can take part without leaving their own office. This doesn't even take into account the overall impact of the Internet on the information levels available to businesses. The following are some of the major applications.  daily encounters with and dependence upon technology is almost invisible as it takes the shape of electronic climate control systems, wireless communication systems such as phones and pagers, automatic griped cards to facilitate 'vision, and automobiles and Business: rketing applications provide information about the ‘on's products, its distribution system, its advertising and 1 selling activities, and its pricing strategies. Marketing  applications help managers to develop strategies that combine the four  major elements of marketing: Product, Promotion, Place, and Price 2- Stock Exchanges: Stock markets around the world arc in transition. On some trading floors, paper is disappearing. In fact, the trading floor itself is disappearing in some places because many stock markets lunched the computerized system that makes it possible for stockbrokers to do all their trading electronically. 3- Banks: Computerized banking have provided several benefits such as save the time and convenience for customer. International banking and the abilities to handle trading in multiple currencies are critical for international trade. The cheques are read by MICR. Some banks arc used to operate a network of ATMs. Although some international retail purchasing can be done by giving a credit card number. Departmental Store: People at the store level, cashiers enter sales data into sale terminals by waving a bar code scanner across a package' stock numbers. Bar codes are read by bar -c scanners that translate the bar code symbols  Office Automation (OA) refers to the movement toward automating office tasks. An office where workers- performs different tasks. The . management and administrative tasks performed in an office five general categories of activities like decision-making, data manipulation, document handling, communication, and storage. Many offices have used advance . computer technologies to perform various tasks in an office system such as for document management system, message-handling system, and office support systems. E comerce: E-commerce (electronic commerce) describes the buying, selling, and exchanging of products, services, and information via computer network. The term e-commerce as describe transactions, conducted between business partners. There are many application of e-commerce, such as home banking, shopping in electronic malls, buying stocks, finding a job, conducting an auction, collaborating electronically with business partners around the globe, marketing & advertising and providing customer service. There are several types of e-commerce like collaborative commerce, Business to commerce, consumer to consumer, and Mobile commerce etc. Mobile satellite communications also promise to extend the global reach of voice, data and other services, frequently in e-business. 7- Industry: Computers are used to control manufacturing system and continuous running of the machinery. These are also help in monitoring temperature, pressure, and also check the quality and accuracy, measurement needed in the manufacturing process. 8- Medical: The computers are commonly used in some area of medical fields such as laboratories, researches, scanning, monitoring, pharmacy etc., which are helping the doctor to diagnose an illness. a- Patient Monitoring: Computers are used in hospitals to monitoring critically ill patients in intensive care units. The patients have sensors attached to them, which detect changes in heart rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, breathing and brain activity. b- Patient Records Computerized databases are used t< doctors, medicines and other che information in proper order to provide the convenient way of arrangements for hospital staff. It is make easy to organize records than paper-based records that are not constantly folio wing patients around the hospital. c- Diagnosis: It will come as no surprise that hospitals and clinics use computers to keep records and generate invoices. One common use of computer is to scan the body of the patient. A scanner sends electromagnetic rays through a patient's body -and sensors detect that how much patient's body have affected to any type of cancer. : airline system, computers are used to control passenger aircrafts vehicles. Early aircraft were controlled by moving parts attached to controls using cables. In modern, fly- by -wire system, electronic signals from the cockpit are sent to that adjusts the flight surfaces. Computer is embedded in the pilot's or driver’s controls, It is linked up among different cities and gives full information about its flight and seat reservation. 10- Education: Computers are used in many colleges to provide the methods of  teaching in different ways. The computer education is very familiar and rapidly increasing the graph of computer students. There arc number of methods in which educational institutions can use computer to educate the students. Many computer-based educational programs software arc available, which students can learn to read, to count, or to speak a foreign language. Software that combines the thrills of games with real information content is becoming more popular. Q:2 Differentiate the following: - (a) Voice Response System & Speech Synthesizer (b) Dot-Matrix & Laser Printer (c) BCR & MICR Scanner (d) Primary Memory & Secondary Memory Ans. Voice Response System: Just as a speech recognition system allows a user to talk to a computer, a voice response system enables a computer to talk to a user. A voice response system has an audio-response device that produces audio output. Obviously, the output is temporary, soft-copy output. Voice response systems are of two types 1- Voice reproduction system 2- Speech synthesizer. They are described below. Voice Reproduction System: A voice reproduction system produces audio output by selecting an audio output from a set of pre-recorded audio responses. The set of pre-recorded audio responses may include words, phrases, or sentences spoken by human beings, music or alarms generated by musical instruments, or any other type of sound. The system first converts the analog recordings of the pre-recorded sounds into digital data and stores them on a disk or in its memory chip permanently. To produce an audio output, the system selects the corresponding sound from the set of pre-recorded sounds. It then converts the selected sound back into analog form and routes it to a speaker. Speech Synthesizer: A speech synthesizer converts text information into spoken sentences. To produce speech, it.combines basic sound units called phonemes. From a given text information^ it combines the sequence of words into phonemes, amplifies it, and produces the output through a speaker. Speech synthesizers are still in their infancy because currently they can produce only limited unique sounds with limited vocal inflections and phrasing. 1- Dot Matrix Printer: Dot Matrix printers are the character printers, which print one character at a time. It uses a ribbon catridge to print characters on the paper. The speed of printing of dot matrix printer ranges from 30 to 550 characters per second (cps). It is also available in different sizes. 1- Characteristics 2- Limitations:  Printers are called page printers that print one page at a time. The Laser printer uses tonners to print the desired characters. They are also capable to print the high quality graphics images with resolution ranges1 from 600 to 1200 dpi. To print a-desired, character a laser beam sends information from the computer to a rotating mirror and as a result the image is produced on the drum. " Characteristics ☆ The printing quality is high ☆ They can print on both side of  a papcr 2- Limitations:  Laser printers BCR (Bar Code Reader): Barcode leaded is an input device. It i£ normally used in the shops, glossary stores. This device contains the photo electric cells that read bar codes consisting of lines having different thickness. Barcode reader helps shopkeepers to analyze the price of an item immediately.  MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition): Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) is an input device. MICR is used to read the magnetically encoded characters. MICR is a system that provides ^ full alphanumeric recognition of printed or handwritten characters by simply scanning the form. A user scans the data through a scanner, which is recognized by an engine of the OCR system. I he MICR converts the images into machine-readable characters. 1 - Main Memory: Main memory of a computer is its internal memory also called the primary memory. Generally the main memory is on semiconductor chips. These memory chips are connected with the CPU on the motherboard. Main memory is very fast as it js directly accessible by the CPU. Different types of memory chips are available such as RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read Only Memory), PROM '(Programmable Read Ohly Memory) and EPROM (Erasable and programmable Read Only Memory etc. The capacity of a storage device is generally expressed in bytes. One byte is a group* of eight bits. A Bibis a smallest memory unit that represents a binary digit. A bit has value either 0 or 1. Eight bits or one byte is used to represent a character. Thus 8000 bytes memory' means storage capacity of 8000 characters. Q:3 (a) Elaborate the role of Central Processing Unit in working of Computer Ans: Control Unit (CU): The Control unit is the most important part of the CPU. It controls and corrdinates the activitiesof all the units of a computer system. Function: It performs this function by issuing respective units of the computer. Both the CU and the ALU require a small amount of temporary storage. These small temporary storages or internal memory units hold the instructions and data currently being processed. These small memory units arc called registers. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) contains a number of adder and logic gates in addition to various types of registers. ALU performs all the processing in a CPU. It also carries out arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction as well as logical operations. Registers such as address registers, accumulators, instruction registers, program counter, etc. help the computer to process data. Example: Let us understand this by the addition of two numbers A and B stored in the main memory of the computer. The Control Unit interprets the instruction and transfers the number A from main memory to the Accumulator. The control unit then transfers the number B to some other register available. Under the instructions of the Control Unit, these numbers are added by the adder circuits and the result is stored in the accumulator. From the accumulator it may be transferred back to the main memory, from where it may be sent to other units when required. (b) Define volatile & Non-volatile memory. Explain with proper examples. Ans: Computer Memory: CPU contains registers which are small storage areas and A CPU needs much larger space in mega-bytes as compared to registers that can hold a few bytes at a time. Computers are equipped with storage units also called memory units linked with the processor. The computer memory can hold programs and the data for current and future use. These storage devices can,be classified as: . 1- Main memory (Primary storage) 2- Secondary memory (Secondary storage) 1- Main Memory:  Main memory of a computer is its internal memory also called the primary' memory. Generally the main memory is on semiconductor chips. These memory chips are .Connected with the CPU on the motherboard. Main memory is very fast as it is directly accessible by the CPU. Different types of memory chips are available such as RAM.. (Random Access Memory),. ROM (Read Only Memory), PROM (Programmable Read Ohly Memory) and EPROM (Erasable and programmable Read Only Memory etc. capacity of a storage device is generally expressed in bytes. One byte is a group" of eight bits. A Bit is a smallest memory unit that represents a binary digit. A bit has value either 0 or 1. Eight bits or one byte is used to represent a character. Thus 8000 bytes memory'’means a storage capacity of 8000 characters. Read Only Memory (ROM) is a permanent memory of the computer. It handles many important tasks. One of these tasks is to provide instructions to CPU during start-up or booting process whenever the computer is turned on. Another important role of ROM is that of character generator. When a key is depressed, it sends a signal to ROM which in turn supplies a character to be displayed on the screen. ROM is a nonvolatile memory i.e. the instructions stored on it cannot be changed or deleted when the computer is turned off. Random Access Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory (RAM) is.major part of the main memory' Any part of RAM is directly accessible to read/write data or instructions on it. It is a fast memory but not permanent like ROM as it loses all of its data and instructions as soon as the computer is turned off. Thus RAM is also called a volatile memory. Primary memory is further divided into the following categories  Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)  Satic Random Access Memory (SRAM)  DRAM: DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. DRAM is a kind of main memory which is cheaper & dynamic in the sense that it is refreshed after every few milliseconds. It is refreshed after sometimes while static RAM is not refreshed & this memory is expensive. DRAM is slower than SRAM memory, because DRAM memory has to be refreshed many times. Tire capacity of DRAM's data reading is 60 nano seconds. Q: 4 (a) What is the purpose of scanner? Also define the different group of keys, available on keyboard. Ans: Scanners: A variety of scanners read and interpret information on printed matter and convert it to a format that can be interpreted by a computer, primarily encoded alphanumeric characters and digitized images. The device from which a computer receive Input Device. Some commonly used Input E scanner, light pen, magnetic tape etc. Key board is one of the most useful input device. It provides a convenient'way to feed data and instructions into a computer. ' Key Board: A computer key-board is similar to an electronic type-writer key-board with little modification. It has some additional keys like iv-keys, Numeric-keys etc. Whereas mouse is a A keyboard is divided into three major parts. (a) Function Keys - (b) Numeric Keys (c) Alphabetic Keys - 1- Function Keys: Function Keys are 12 in numbers labled are Fl to Fl2. Function keys are programmable keys to perform a specific stored function. For example Fl key is used for help option 3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 2- Numeric Keys: Numeric keypad is very important for entering numeric data. Numeric keypad is switched "ON" and switch "OFF" by pressing "Num lock" key .Numeric keypad can also be used fpr "Arrow keys" and page up & down tasks as mentioned on the keys. Alphabetic Keys: keys are used to type the character data. It is used for typing work. (b) Describe the role of vision input devices. Is Touch Screen be an input or output device? Justify. Vision Input System: Vision Input System is one of the latest input devices that recognize the vision, image, which appears in the range of its lens. These are especially used to design industrial Robots. Touch Screen: data directly simple an is an input device. Touch screen is capable to touch the ng fingers within the display area. Q:5 What is the difference between liqued crystal display and light emitting diode monitors explain with examples?Ans: One of the major difference between the LED and the LCD is that the LED uses the <a href="https://circuitglobe.com/p-n-junction.html">PN-Junction</a> diode which emits light when the current passing through it, whereas LCD uses liquid crystal or plasma for visible light emission.
 The liquid crystals are filled between the glass electrode and when the
 power is applied across it, the liquid crystal becomes energised and 
emits light. The other differences between the LED and LCD are shown 
below in the comparison chart.<div class="code-block code-block-1" style="clear: both; display: block; margin: 8px auto; text-align: center;">

</div>

The LED and LCD both are used for displaying the images and texts. The LED using gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide
 which when heated emits visible light. The LED is used for showing the 
numeric and alphanumeric characters. On the other hand, the LCD has a thin layer of liquid crystal filament between the glass electrodes.
 When the power is applied across the electrodes they start emitting 
light energy in the form of photons. The LCD displays the text or images
 in the form of dot matrix and segments.
<a name="KeyDifferences"></a>
<h2>Differences Between LED and LCD</h2>
<ol><li>The LED is a PN junction diode which emits visible light when the 
forward bias applies across it. Whereas the LCD uses liquid filaments 
which are filled between glass electrodes for the emission of light.</li><li>The LED stands for Light Emitting Diode whereas the LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display</li><li>The LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamp which provides the 
backlight of the screen, whereas the LED uses the PN-junction diodes for
 displaying the light. The backlight refers to the turning on and off of
 the displays for better vision.</li><li>The resolution of the LED is much better than that of LCD. The resolution is the number of pixels on the display of the screen.</li><li>The LED consumes more power as compared to LCD because of the 
plasma. The filament used in LCD is made up of plasma, which requires 
less power for activation.</li><li>The display area of the LED is less as compared to the LCD because 
LED use PN-junction diode which displays light only in the one 
direction, whereas, the LCD display lights in all the directions.</li><li>The cost of the LED is more as compared to LCD.</li><li>The LED uses gallium arsenides which when heated emits light whereas
 LCD uses liquid crystals which are energised and provides light.</li><li>The switching time of the LED is less as compared to LCD. The 
switching time is the active and deactivated time of their display.</li><li>The direct current reduces the lifespan of LCD whereas the LED has no effect on it.</li><li>The contrast ratio of the LED is less as compared to the LCD. The 
contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminance of the visible and darker 
light of the screen.</li><li>The LCD uses mercury which pollutes the environments whereas the LED does not use mercury.</li></ol>
<a name="Conclusion"></a>b) (b) Enlist different types of multimedia projector and elaborate each of them. Ans:  Projectors have been an indispensable part of every educational institute, auditorium, seminar hall, conference room, and office for decades. Existing in a variety of forms, multimedia projectors are used for multiple purposes ranging from conducting classroom lessons, conferences, meetings, seminars and even for infotainment at times. However, different areas of application require different types of multimedia projectors. For example, in cinema halls, high-resolution laser projectors because it requires heavy-duty performance on a very large screen. On the other hand, a simple Pico projector can make do in a small classroom of around 15 students. In the world of projection technology, there are four main types including; DLP, LCD and LCOS. DLP stands for Digital Light Processing, LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display while LCOS means Liquid Crystal on Silicon. Also, there are laser projectors that rely on solid-state laser instead of lamp for its light source. Different types of projectors serve different types of areas of application and have a varied range in terms of price. Thus when choosing a projector, one has to be aware about their requirements and the budget they have in their mind. DLP Projector? As we discussed above, DLP stands for Digital Light Processing Projector which makes use of tiny mirrors that reflect light towards the screen. The setup includes a physical colour wheel that spins to generate sequential colours. DLP projectors can be single-chip or three-chip with red, green and blue DLP chips. The light output of the DLP projectors is vibrant and highly suitable for environments with ambient lightings like classrooms and conference rooms. DLP Projector: DLP projector consists of a chip that is made up of millions of microscopic mirrors, each of which is capable of independent adjustment. They can move towards or away from the light source to create a light or dark pixel. To create coloured images, the colour wheel rotates in order to create coloured pixels on the screen. Thus, the colours are displayed sequentially at a high rate than an observer sees a full coloured image. DLP Projectors Uses DLP Projectors are used for the following purposes in our home, school, and offices. Used a business projector for conducting conferences and delivering presentations. Used in home theatres for displaying movies, TV programs, playing video games, etc. Used in command and control centers by telecommunications and utility companies. In classrooms and hotels for lectures and launch events.  LCD Projectors LCD or Liquid Crystal Display is another common technology used in projectors. LCD Projectors use the same liquid crystal display technology that can be found in televisions and monitors as well. An LCD Projector creates images using multiple elaborate steps. They consist of three LCD panels which cast image using the three primary colours; red, green and blue. All three of the colours are simultaneously projected so that the image is completely coloured.  liquid crystal displaysLCD Projectors use three liquid crystal displays, in which an image is created through multiple steps. A light source emits a beam of white light which is passed to three mirrors which are specially shaped to reflect only particular wavelengths of light. Each coloured light beam is sent to an LCD panel, which receives an electrical signal. The signal commands the panel on how to arrange the pixels in the display to create the image. The same image is produced on the three LCD panels, but in different colours due to the source light falling on them. These different coloured images are then combined in a prism resulting in a single coloured image. Finally, the image goes through a lens before reflecting on the projection screen. LCD Projectors Uses LCD Projectors are highly used in the following areas: Corporate Presentations Exhibitions and Tradeshows,Home Theatres Globus’ line-up of Multimedia Projectors includes DLP Projectors of Ultra Short Throw, Short Throw, Long Throw, and Portable Projector type. It speaks of high resolution, contrast ratio, brightness, lamp life, and long operational life. Globus Multimedia Projectors are an essential component of the Digital Teaching System that includes an Interactive Board with multi-touch support Multimedia Projector: which is used to display screen. This device is presentations. Multimedia Projector:   multimedia projector can adjust the brightness and contrast and produce sharp images. DLP (Digital Light Processing) Projector: DLP projectors are also called digital multimedia projectors. DLP jectors are lighter in weight and smaller in size. These projectors duce best quality video images. They are portable in size and lighter in weight. They have fne capability to connect easily to other digital devices like DVD player, CD player etc.

1st Solved assignment 1431 aiou autumn 2020

Solved Assignment # 1 1431 Autumn 2020 ...

1st Solved Assignment 1426-aiou autumn 2020

Abdullah 1 Sunday, December 20, 2020

1st Solved Assignment 1426-aiou autumn 2020<div class="WordSection1">

Q: 1 Unit 1 states that "English language is or
writing from England or America or from ot but has become an international
language'

Ans:

English
as International Language:

English
holds an eminent place in most of the Asian countries owing to the traditional
relationship maintained with the English-speaking world There are extensive
commercial, cultural and other interdependent activities with the United
Kingdom and die United States. These results in a favorable attitude towards
the language and therefore people Learn it. Tins status has recently been
enhanced by die rapid growth of science and technology.

Of
all the languages in the world today English deserves to, be regarded as a world language. It is the first language of
the United Kingdom, The United States of America, Canada and Australia In
addition it is spoken, and^ead by many millions of Europeans, Africans,
Chinese, Indians, Japanese South Americans as a second language. It is widely
known m India, Pakistan, Myanmar and Ceylon In almost every’ country of the
world it is the common means of communication between the people of different
nations. One person out of every
four on earth can be reached through English Randolph Quirk points out, "
There she now like 250 millions of people for whom English is the mother tongue
or first language". If we add to this the number of people who have a
working knowledge of English as a second language (Many Indians, Africans,
Frenchmen, Russians^etc.) the figure becomes 350nulhon.

If
we look at the media we find that over 50% of the world's newspapers, over 50%
of the world's scientific and technological periodicals and more than 60% of
the world's radio stations use English as medium of communication

From
die above factor can be easily concluded that English is an international
language. English is^intemational language in the sense that it helps in inter
linking the people in other countries of the world.

Because
of rapier spread of industrial development, science and technology,
mteniational trade and commerce and the close interdependence of nations,
English has become a world language.

It
has already been pointed out that English is one of the major languages of the
world The UNO has given English the status of being an official language.
hTflie words of F.G. French, "No language ancient or Modem can be compared
with English in number of geographical distribution of the homes, factories and
offices in which the language is spoken, written or read".

These
days every country needs other countries' help in political, social, economical
and cultural matters. Therefore English language is die medium for such
communication. It would not make sense to shut ourselves from the importance of
the English language, which keeps us m constant contact with latest happenmgs
in Europe, connected to its culture and other relevant fields. In short we can
say that English is the means of global communication.

English
is being learnt and used all over the world not out of any imposition but
through the realization that it has certain inherent advantages. Today the
compulsion of learning English is no longer merely political but scientific and
technological. And no longer is English the language of Great Britain only, it
is die language required by the world for greater understanding. Q: 2 What are Poetic devices? Explain
in detail any two with reference

poem "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost
given in your textbook.Sumamry of the poem:

Robert
frost's poem "The Road Not Taken" was first published in 1916. It is
one of Frost's most well-know

poems. ’’The Road Not Taken" is set in a rural
environment which encourages the speaker toward introspection or self
examination.

"The Road Not Taken" is lyrical poem. What is
a lyrical poem? Well, it is usually a short poem expressing personal thoughts
and feelings. It is meditative. It is spoken by a single speaker who expresses
his or her feelings for a person, object, event or idea. Frost is primarily a
lyrical poet.</div><div class="WordSection2"> Literary or Poetic Devices

Let us now discuss the literary,
poetic devices or figures of speech used the poem. There are plenty of literary
devices in this poem to discovered. Frost chooses his sounds, words, structure,
and rhyme to represent a more conversational tone. His poem certainly appeals
to common man, someone who has to make an important decision at soi point in
his life. Metaphor

The poem has a "metaphor” and that metaphor is the  journey through life which is compared to a journey on a
road. The speaker of the poem must choose one path instead of another. Although
both the paths look equally attractive, the speaker has to decide which one to
choose one and his choice may lead to a significant influence on his future.  Imagery:

The poet has also used imagery as a literary device.
"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood” (from the first stanza), and ”And
both that morning equally lay/in leaves no step had trodden black” create a
picture ir the reader's mind.

Q: 3 Read the poem
"Metaphor" by Sylvia Plath and discuss the main theme. Is itpossible to have        more than one theme in a poem?
Explain.

Ans: Sylvia
Plath's "Metaphors" cleverly explains the feelings of a pregnant
woman. This poem was written during the year that Plath had her first child.
The theme of the poem offers an ironic approach to pregnancy when a woman loses
control of her body. The poet questions the entire experience of preparing to
become a mother.

Sylvia
Plath's You're is all about the mother addressing her unborn child. The whole
poem is dedicated to pregnancy - even the title is a contraction of you are -
and the form of the poem, two 9 line stanzas, reflects the gestation time of 9
months, despite the fact that the word baby or foetus is never mentioned.

The
metaphor begins by giving a hint at the subject of the poem. The nine syllables
represent the months that the woman houses her precious cargo. Yet, that is not
the message that the poet expresses. Since she is a riddle, the rest of the
poem will give hints for the reader to solve the puzzle.

I'm a riddle in nine syllables,                                   an elephant, a ponderous house,

A melon strolling on two tendrils.                           O red fruit, ivory,
fine timbers!

Q: 4 The structure of a novel broadly
consists of 3 parts. Discuss the Middle, what

is included in its scope and how important is it for
the story?

Ans: Structure of a Novel:

Novel is an extended fictional
narrative, usually written in prose and is governed by its own rules. The only
obligation of the writer or novelist is to make the story interesting. The
measure of success of a fiction or novel is how well or poorly the author has
unified the story. A novel needs to be a comprehensive unifiel ' the elements
of fiction are knitted

story in which all together, one

at a time and if each scene is well

crafted, it will draw the reader to
the next. If scenes are unified, each leading logically to the next, and each
rev ling a little more about the characters, and each essing toward a
satisfactory answer to the story question, the novel will take shape naturally
and involve the readers.

The structure of a novel consists of
three parts; Beginning, Middle, and End. So let us now try and make you
understand what goes into each of these

three parts.

1 - The Beginning:

The beginning:

1-Introduces the characters.

3-States the
conflict.

2) The Middle:

The middle is where most of the action takes place. It
is in the middle that the story develops through a series of complications and
obstacles. Iljghher words, as the story progresses, there is a rising and
falling of tension and an overall rising tension leads to the climax. It should
contain the following:

1-Progression of the main storyline of the novel involving the
characters who change as a result of these events.

2-Characters continue to develop. Each event must more
about the   characters, ots of suspense
and unexpected twists and turns.

The End:

The end is where the loose ends of the story are
finally tied. Tension rapidly dissolves because it is nearly impossible to
sustain a reader's interest very long after the climaz. The most exciting
events is the climax, which shows the outcomes of the story's conflicts. After
the climax, the story usually wraps up quickly It should contain the following:

1-The climax.

2-resolution of all the conflicts.

Q: 5 What is the 'setting of a
story'? Discuss the setting of "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte given
in your text book.

Ans:   Setting:

The setting of a story is the time and location in
which

the story takes place. The setting can have an effect
on the characters, the actions, and the mood of the story. Sometimes a story
unfolds in more than one place within the general setting, such as in two
different houses or at home and at school, etc. Setting is the physical
description of the place in which the story occurs. Setting includes all of the
physical aspects of the story, such as: the time of day the time of year

the geographical location

the climate and
weather the historical period

lifestyle, which refers to the daily life of the
characters the immediate surroundings of the characters, the characters*
clothing, the characters' homes, offices, favourite places, etc.

Setting is just what the place looks
like, helping the reader picture where the action takes place. The time period
in which a story takes place dictates how the characters act; talk, react to
each other, travel during that time period or age, kinds of clothes worn at
that time, etc. Writers can bring the setting to life with lots of details and
descriptions.

Three
Elements of Setting

(i) Place:

Where does the story take place? Place includes

information about the surroundings or environment such
as city, country, house, forest, etc.

2-Time:

When does the story take place? Time includes the time
of the day; afternoon, evening, the future, century, etc.

3-Environment:

What kind of atmospher were there?

To figure out the setting  , you have to read carefully in and
descriptions the author gives. For example, historical fiction takes place in a
iod in the past. The experiences of the character  can help readers understand what it was like
to live long ago. Many science fiction and

fantasy novels, on the other hand, take place in

settings that never have really existed. •

Let us tell you an interesting fact. Sometimes a

fictitious setting can be so
convincing and realistic that

we-believe it is a real place, an authentic setting and
it actually exists. One such example is the setting of Sherlock Holmes stories.

Remember we have told you earlier that
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a series of 60 Sherlock Holmes stories published
between 1887 and 1927 which made his central character Sherlock Holmes world
famous

</div>

He created Sherlock Holmes, a
fictional character of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in such a wathat
it is no more considered as a fictional character

rather a real living character. The
writer also created a fictional setting; 221 B Baker Street, London which

has also become a real, authentic setting or place.
22IB Baker Street was the London residence of the famous literary detective
between 1881-1904. He lived upper-story flat with his good friend, Dr .atson.
The residence was maintained by his landlady, Mrs Hudson. The famous 1st floor
study overlooking Baker Street is still faithfully maintained as it was kept in
Victorian times.

Q: 6 Write the sketch of your favourite character from literature.
Also give reasons for your selection.

Ans:
Hamlet:

1)
The revenge tragedy drama "Hamlet” has fascinated audiences and readers
for centuries "Hamlet” is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare.
Hamlet-The Prince of Denmark, the title character, and the protagonist of the
play is portrayed as a very emotional soul, a daring, brave character who has a
bad and violent temper..                                  ...

About thirty years old at
the start of the play, Hamlet is the son of Queen Gertrude and the late King
Hamlet, and the nephew of the present king, Clau        is father's death was a shock for him and

he could not get over it.

(2) Hamlet is an emotional young man,
deeply disillusioned by his mother's marriage to his uncle and full of grief at
his father's sudden death. He is so disappointed with life and views it with
disgust and displeasure, saying that the world is "weary, stale, flat, and
unprofitable... an unweeded garden".

(3) The
disclosure by his father's ghost that he was murdered by Claudius worsens
Hamlet's distress. The ghost's demand to "revenge his foul and most
unnatural murder" and to not let "the royal bed of Denmark become a
couch for luxury" thrusts upon

</div>

I'll speak to it, though hell itself
should gape,

And bid me hold my peace."

Hamlet wants to speak to the ghost,
even though it might be

a devil instead of his father's
spirit.

(4)

Another significant incident that brings out Hamlet's
daring character is when he arranges for the players to perform "The
Murder of Gonzago"to find out whether

or not the King is guilty of his father s murder.
Hamlet's plan is,

"...The play's the thing/Wherein
I'll catch the conscience of the King."                                                     _
/

He decides to use the play to test the King's
conscience and if the King seems nervous or behaves strangely he will know the
truth and will do what the ghost told et revenge. .

amlet
also has a bad and violent temper. This is expressed when the meeting between
Hamlet and Ophelia goes sour:

"...You jig, you amble, and you
lisp; you nickname God's creatures and make your wantonness your ignorance. Go
to, I'll no more on't! It hath made me mad."

Here he is upset with Ophelia and
insults her and tells her that she names things according to her own fancy and
then acts as if she is ignorant. He says that he has had enough of it and this
has made him angry. Another

scene where he expresses his anger is
immediately after killing Polonius and shouts at his mother:

"Here is your husband, like a
mildewed ear, Blasting his wholesome brother.

Have you eyes? Could you on this fair
mountain leave »fed,

And batten on this moor?

Ha! have you eyes?"

He is telling Gertrude that her new
husband is nothing like Hamlet's biological father. How could she leave him
after his death and marry Claudius? Can't she see what she is doing?

(5) The real problem with Hamlet is that he has been
given .task that is essentially foreign to his nature. He in reason and
moderation and therefore, he he has been thrown into an emotional situation
that demands a decision against which his morals revolt. Raised a Christian, he
believes in forgiveness rather that in revenge; therefore, the responsibility
for avenging his father's death completely transforms h^\ and he pretends to be
mad in order to fulfill the dreaded task. In fact, he is so worried about the
act of vengeance that at many points in the play he often seems to be really
mad; but Hamlet is in control of his craziness and acts normally when he wishes
to do so. In truth, the madness provides Hamlet with a means to

hide his own indecision while his mind struggles to
reach a decision. He even reflects on the futility of life and contemplates
suicide in the famous line,

"To be, or not to be, that is the question."

(6)  Finally, as
the tragedy becomes more stable and resolute, resigning himself to God’s will.

His great weaknesses are that he simply does not know
how to do the thing he must do and, therefore, delays until it is too late. In
the end, his humanity destroys everyone he loves.

He also proves he is an
intellectual aristocrat, a scholar and a thinker. Hamlet often reveals the high
quality of his mind, pondering many weighty matters. Hamlet is a noble,
sensitive, a tragic hero, and victim. His fatal flaw is his obsession for
taking revenge of his father's death. Although he finally achieves revenge and
justice, it is at a terrible cost, because every major character is killed with
Hamlet committing suicide. Q: 7        What is the Theme
of a book? What are the general elements that comprise

</div><div class="WordSection6">a books
theme? Give appropriate examples from your textbook.

Ans. Theme:

Theme is the main idea of a literary work.

All works of literature have a theme.
Novels contain a theme, or an important idea about life. In literature, a theme
is a message the author conveys in a story. Theme is the central idea of a
literary work. Because novels
are longer, they may contain several themes, they may be major or minor. A
major theme is an idea the author returns to again and again. It becomes one of
the most important ideas in the story. Minor themes are ideas that may appear
from time to time.

</div><div class="WordSection8">The theme of the book differs from the
plot, although many people think plot and theme are one and the rence between the two in same. Let us explain in simple
terms:

(1)        
Plot is a sequence of events.

(2)        
Theme is the lesson  or moral underlying the plot. The theme of a
book is a message that describes an opinion about life, human nature or
elements of society, general themes in literature are as follows: ood versus
evil

<p align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 140%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">(3)        
- jealousy/revenge

<p align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 140%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 47.05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">(4)     relationships (friendship, family, love/marriage, etc.)

<p align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 47.05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">(5)     conflicts with nature or God

(6) conflicts
with society or rules

(7 ) mystery

Here are some ways to uncover the theme in a story or
the ways in which an author can express themes: Through title. The title can often
suggest the focus or emphasis of the work

</div>Through characters. The main character usually
illustrates the most important theme of the story. Themes are presented in thoughts,,
feelings and conversations of the main character.

Through actions or events. Characters express ideas and
feelings through their actions and these actions and.events clarify the theme.

Through time, place, and other details of setting. through conflicts, resolution of the conflicts and
climax.

1st Solved Assignment 1426-aiou autumn 2020

1st Solved Assignment 1426-aiou autumn 2020 Q: 1 Unit 1 states that "English language is or writing from England or America or from ...

1st Solved Assignment-aiou 9407 autumn 2020

Abdullah 0 9704, aiou, autumn 2020, solved assignment Friday, December 18, 2020

Compulsory
English-1 (9407)                                                            Level:
Bachelor

<a name="bookmark3">Semester, Autumn 2020</a>                                                     Passing Marks (Assignment 1): 40 / 50

Assignment No. 1

(Unit 1-4)

Q.l Suppose the police have arrested a gang of robbers red
handed and now a police officer is interrogating one of the gang members about
their involvement in other criminal activities in the town. Write at least ten
relevant questions the police officer may ask and their probable answers as
well.

Answer:-

Q1 When did you enter the house?

Ans: At about 12:30 at night

Q2 How many robbers were i

Ans: Five persons.

Q
3 How much did outside

Ans:
About 12 lac in cash.

Q 4 What did you do with
the safe?

Ans: We cut it with a steal cutter.

Ans: Then we searched out cupboards and pillows.

Ans: We did not, at first, we spread harassment by gun
fires

Q:7 What was the reaction?

Ans:
People in the house were in panic. Children were crying.

Q8 When did you leave the house?

Ans: We left at about 2 A.M.

Ans: We escaped to a far off dwelling near a forest.

Q10 When did the police arrive?

Ans: They came after we
had left the house.

Q:2 Section B of Unit 1 of your textbook deals with some of
the functions of simple present tense and one of them is stating facts and
expressing opinions. Keeping in mind the guidelines given by the authors write
down five facts and five opinions about the role and contributions of Pakistani
women in politics.

Answer-

<a name="bookmark7">Facts:</a>

1.   
Pakistani
women have the right to vote in general elections.

2.   
Pakistan
has hosted women as the Prime Minister and Speaker of National Assembly.

3.   
According
to Election Commission, there are 55% male and 45% female voters in Pakistan.

4.   
Fatima
Jinnah served as the first woman leader of the opposition.

5.   
Benazir
Bhutto was elected as the first women Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1988.

<p class="Heading20" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; break-after: avoid; line-height: 105%; margin-left: 0.25in; mso-pagination: lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; text-indent: -0.25in;"><a name="bookmark8">Opinions:</a>

1.   
Pakistani
women have been active participants in Parliamentary politics.

2.   
The
progressive laws helped improve women's participation in Legislative positions.

3.   
Pakistani
women are treated as equal citizens in politics.

4.   
Women
politicians continue to face obstacles in the society.

5.   
Our
women parliamentarians have played a role in legislation.

Q.3
In Unit 1, Section C, you have read about guessing the meaning of words.
Below are some sentence given, write the meanings of words underlined according
to the context.

1.    
The robbers were hiding in residential area and the
people were scared.

2.   
Faisal is an eye witness of the murder so he has to
answer the questions of the police inspector.

3.   
The Vice Chancellor chaired the meeting of the
entire administrative staff of the university.

4.   
The government of Punjab has been directed to help
and support the victims of bomb blast.

5.   
He has moved to this area recently, he was living in
another location previously.

Answer:-Guessing
the Meanings:

1-Housing
area :where people reside.

2--Eye witness A person who saw something happen

3-Chaired :Presided
over

4-Directed:  advised, Ordered.

5- Rarely : a short time ago.

Q.4
Write an informal letter to one of your cousins and congratulate her/him on
achieving top position in SSC board examination. Also suggest her/him which
particular subjects combination she/he may opt at the HSSC level to serve the
country and the nation in the best possible ways. Give logical arguments to
convince your cousin.

Answer:-

Hs No. 2 street No.5

New union park

Samanabad
lahore

Dear
Saad,

Assalam-o-Aliakum,
your letter brought the happy news of your brilliant success in the S.S.C
examination. You have got A+ grade and will surely get scholarship. It is
really the reward of your persistent hard work and prayers of your parents.

Now you will choose some particular subjects combination at
the HSSC level. I suggest you must take up pre-medical subjects as you always
wished to become a doctor. I think it is the best way to serve the country and
the nation in the best possible way. I hope you will consider over my
suggestion. May Allah bless you with success way. I hope you will consider over
my suggestion. May Allah bless you with success in your career and life
ahead.

<a name="bookmark9">                                                                                               
                 Your lovingly,        </a>

Abdullah farooq

<a name="bookmark10">Q.5 Find
antonyms of the under mentioned words and use them into sentences of your own</a>

<p class="Heading20" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; break-after: avoid; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 41.85pt; text-indent: 0.25in;"><a name="bookmark11">1.       
Gigantic</a>:      Tiny               Mosquito is a tiny creature

<p class="Heading20" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; break-after: avoid; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 42.3pt; text-indent: 0.25in;"><a name="bookmark12">2.       
Stunning</a>:    ordinary 
      she is an ordinary woman

<p class="Heading20" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; break-after: avoid; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 42.3pt; text-indent: 0.25in;"><a name="bookmark13">3.       
Apprentice</a>   dismiss         He was dismissed from his post

<p class="Heading20" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; break-after: avoid; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-indent: 0.25in;"><a name="bookmark14">4.       
Beast</a>             creature       When I was a child ,I like to watch
beast animals.

<p class="Heading20" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; break-after: avoid; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-indent: 0.25in;"><a name="bookmark15">5.       
Intense</a>           Nice             Abdullah is a very Nice fellow

<a name="bookmark17">Q.6 Look
at the front covers of two books given below and make five predictions about
the contents of each of them.</a>

Answer-

<a name="bookmark18">Book Cover
1:</a>

1.   
The
book may have information about foundations of blogging.

2.   
It
may teach how to build successful blogs.

3.   
It
also may give guidelines about how to write a stunning blog post.

4.   
The
book may help those who are working in the field of information technology.

5.     
It
may reveal step by step process to create blog posts.

Book
Cover 2:

1.   
This
book "the under achieving Sc happening in
our schools.

2.   
The
book may have guidelines about important changes in Schools.

3.   
The
book may describe the situation in which a school going child lives.

4.   
The
book may reveal some measures to help students in their growth and pleasure.

5.   
The
book may open new horizons in educating children in the same of their own
freedom and dignity.

Q.7 Read
the passage given below and answer the questions given at the end?

Aristotle
considered human nature, habit and reason to be equally important forces to be
cultivated in education, the ultimate aim of which should be to produce good
and virtuous citizens. He proposed that teachers lead their students
systematically, and that repetition be used as a key tool to develop good
habits, unlike Socrates' emphasis on questioning his listeners to bring out
their own ideas. He emphasized the balancing of the theoretical and practical
aspects of subjects taught, among which he explicitly mentions reading ,
writing mathematics, music, physical education, literature, history, and a wide
range of science, as well as play, which he also considered important.

1.     
What should be the ultimate aim of education according to
Aristotle?

2.     
How was Aristotle's point of view different from Socrates?

3-What should be the primary objective of education? Give
your own opinion.

4-What is the difference between theoretical and practical
aspects of

good and virtuous
citizens.

2.     
How was Aristotle's point of view different from Socrates?

Aristotle
proposed that repetitions                       used
as a key tool to develop

good habits. While
Socrates emphasize out their own ideas.

on questioning his listeners to bring

3.     
What should be the primary objective of education? Give
your own opinion.

In my opinion, the primary objective of education should be
to develop the

individual as a
beneficial member of the society.

4.   
What is the difference between theoretical and practical
aspects of subjects?

Theoretical aspect of learning is what the knowledge is
about the practical

application is how the knowledge learnt needs to be
implemented in certain

real life
situations.

5.     
Suggest a suitable title for the passage.

Suitable Title: Real Aim of education

Q.8 Write
down a brief and concise review of any of the book which you have read recently
other than your textbooks.

Answer-

It's
always encouraging to come across an inspirational book that discusses human
relationships. God will make a way is one of the rare books that I have read
recently. It expresses practical suggestions on how to develop and improve
relationships among human beings. The book recommends eight principles for
dealing with persistent life problems that might at first appear hopeless. The
eight principles are included in Part 1 of the book. Part II reveals the
principles at work in areas of life such as marriage, parenting, addictions,
and depression.

Authors Henry Cloud and John Townsend have worked as
clinical psychologists, motivational speakers, and radio hosts of the
nationally broadcast program, New Life Live! Their book is packed with
real-life stories drawn from their extensive experience in the field of
psychology and counseling. The book also includes interesting incidents from
the authors' own personal lives.

As we face life difficulties, the authors suggest, having
faith in ourselves is not enough. We try to solve problems as best we can, but
we keep failing. We lack strength, knowledge, and resources. Most of the time,
we don't have all the answers. We need something greater than ourselves
to help us. Since God is limitless, he can show us
the ways to live life.

I personally found the chapter on "Marriage and
Relationships" useful for my life. The authors emphasized relying on God
in building up a good strong marriage and developing empathy for your spouse.
Cloud and Townsend write. And "Without empathy, none of us will grow, for
no one can grow without feeling understood."

God will Make a way is an inspiring, refreshing, and
hopeful book recommended for anyone who confronts challenging life problems and
desires to have a satisfying relationship.

1st Solved Assignment-aiou 9407 autumn 2020

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