Solved Assignment # 1 1431 Autumn 2020 aiou
Q: 1 Explain the concept of Information technology.Describe the uses if information technology applications in in education and entertainment?
Ans:Information and communications technology is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. ICTs are often spoken of in a particular context, such as ICTs in education, health care, or libraries, The term is somewhat jommon outside of the United States.
Benefits in all aspects of life:
ICT applications can support sustainable development, in the fields of public administration, business, education and training, health, employment, environment, agriculture and science within the framework of national e-strategies. This would include actions within the following sectors:
1- E-government:
a- Implement e-govemment strategies focusing on applications aimed at
innovating and promoting transparency in public administrations and democratic processes, improving efficiency and strengthening relations with citizens.
Develop national e-govemment initiatives and services, at all levels, adapted to the needs of citizens and business, to achieve a more efficient allocation of resources and public goods. Support international cooperation initiatives in the field of e-govemment, in order to enhance transparency, accountability and
efficiency at all levels of government
2-E-business:
Governments, international organi encouraged to promote the ben of e-business, and pro developing countries an and the private sector, are international trade and the use e use of e-business models in es with economies in transition.
Through the adoption of an enabling environment, and based on widely available Internet access, governments should seek to stimulate private sector investment, foster new applications, content development and public/private partnerships. Government policies should favour assistance, and growth of SMMEs, in the ICT industry, as well as their entry into e-business, to stimulate economic growth and job creation as an element of a strategy for. poverty reduction through wealth reation.
3-E-learning:
Everyone should have the necessary skills to benefit fully from the Information Society. Therefore capacity building and ICT literacy are essential. ICTs can contribute to achieving universal education worldwide, through delivery of education and training of teachers, and offering improved conditions for lifelong learning, encompassing people that are outside the formal education process, and improving professional skills, a- Develop domestic policies to ensure that ICTs are fully integrated in education and training at all levels, including in curriculum development, teacher training, institutional administration and management, and in support of the concept of lifelong learning.
Through the adoption of an enabling environment, and based on widely available Internet access, governments should seek to stimulate private sector investment, foster new applications, content development and public/private partnerships.
Government policies should favour assistance, and growth of SMMEs, in the ICT industry, as well as their entry into e-business, to stimulate economic growth and job creation as an element of a strategy for, poverty reduction through wealth Promote e-literacy skills for all, for example by designing and offering courses for public administration, taking advantage of existing facilities such as libraries, multipurpose community centres, public access points and by establishing local ICT training centres with the cooperation of all stakeholders. Special attention should be paid to disadvantaged and vulnerable groups.
4- E-health
a- Promote collaborative efforts of governments, planners, health professionals, and other agencies along with the participation of international organizations for creating a reliable, timely, high quality and affordable health care and health information systems and for promoting continuous medical training, education, and research through the use of ICTs, while respecting and protecting citizens’ right to privacy.
5- E-employment:
a- Encourage the development of best practices for e-workers and e-employers built, at the national level, on principles of fairness and gender equality, respecting all relevant international norms.
b- Promote new ways of organizing work and business with the aim of raising productivity, growth and well-being through investment in ICTs and human resources.
c- Promote teleworking to allow citizens, particularly in the developing countries, LDCs, and small economies, to live in their societies and work anywhere, and to increase employment opportunities for women, and for those with disabilities. In promoting teleworking, special attention should be given to strategies promoting job creation and the retention of the skilled working force.
d- Promote early intervention programmes in science and technology that should target young girls to increase the number of women in ICT carriers.
6- E-environment:
a- Governments, in cooperation with other stakeholders are encouraged to use and promote ICTs as an instrument for environmental protection and the sustainable use of natural resources.
b- Government, civil society and the private sector are encouraged to initiate actions and implement projects and programmes for sustainable production and consumption and the environmentally safe disposal and recycling of discarded hardware and components used in ICTs.
7- E-science:
a- Promote affordable and reliable high-speed Internet connection for all universities and research institutions to support their critical role in information and knowledge production, education and training, and to support the establishment of partnerships, cooperation and networking between these institutions.
b- Promote electronic publishing, differential pricing and open access initiatives to make scientific information affordable and accessible in all countries on an equitable basis. scientific information and data as appropriate to conduct scientific research.
(b) Describe the term computer. Also describe different types as well as applications of the computer.
Ans: Computer:
An electronic device that stores and manipulates information. Unlike a calculator, it is able to store a program and retrieve information from its memory. Most computers today arc digital, mcans they perform
Types of Computers:
There are three types of compute;
1-Digital computer
2-Analog computer
3- Hybrid computer .
Digital Computer:
Such computers consist of electronic circuits, printed circuits and Integrated circuits. These are very fast and consume very little energy. For example digital watches, Calculators, computers etc. These computers are following two types:
general purpose computers ii- Special purpose computers
General Purpose Computers:
Such computers can perform a variety of different functions such as typing a letter, file management, data-base-management, payroll processing, graphics etc. Personal Computer (PC) is a general purpose computer.
H- Special Purpose Computers:
These computers are designed to carry out one specific task, such computers cannot be used for other purpose except tor the designed one.
2- Analog Computers:
Analog computers are specifically used for special purpose applications such as wheel balancing, measuring temperature, velocity etc. These type of computers deal with continuous type of data rather than digits.
so long ago if it was necessary to talk with a group of clients the only do it was either to arrange a meeting that all of them could always a tough thing to do)-at a reasonably central venue to which nobody had to travel too. far, travel there (perhaps involving an overnight stay) and confer, or to hold a series of telephone conversations with each one individually and keep on getting, back to
them until the matter was settled to everybody's satisfaction. Now,, through the Internet and'web cams a video conference can be set up in which everybody can take part without leaving their own office. This doesn't even take into account the overall impact of the Internet on the information levels available to businesses. The following are some of the major applications. daily encounters with and dependence upon technology is almost invisible as it takes the shape of electronic climate control systems, wireless communication systems such as phones and pagers, automatic griped cards to facilitate 'vision, and automobiles and
Business: rketing applications provide information about the ‘on's products, its distribution system, its advertising and
1 selling activities, and its pricing strategies. Marketing applications help managers to develop strategies that combine the four major elements of marketing: Product, Promotion, Place, and Price
2- Stock Exchanges:
Stock markets around the world arc in transition. On some trading floors, paper is disappearing. In fact, the trading floor itself is disappearing in some places because many stock markets lunched the computerized system that makes it possible for stockbrokers to do all their trading electronically.
3- Banks:
Computerized banking have provided several benefits such as save the time and convenience for customer. International banking and the abilities to handle trading in multiple currencies are critical for international trade. The cheques are read by MICR. Some banks arc used to operate a network of ATMs. Although some international retail purchasing can be done by giving a credit card number.
Departmental Store:
People at the store level, cashiers enter sales data into sale terminals by waving a bar code scanner across a package' stock numbers. Bar codes are read by bar -c scanners that translate the bar code symbols
Office Automation (OA) refers to the movement toward automating office tasks. An office where workers- performs different tasks. The . management and administrative tasks performed in an office five general categories of activities like decision-making, data manipulation, document handling, communication, and storage. Many offices have used advance . computer technologies to perform various tasks in an office system such as for document management system, message-handling system, and office support systems.
E comerce:
E-commerce (electronic commerce) describes the buying, selling, and exchanging of products, services, and information via computer network. The term e-commerce as describe transactions, conducted between business partners. There are many application of e-commerce, such as home banking, shopping in electronic malls, buying stocks, finding a job, conducting an auction, collaborating electronically with business partners around the globe, marketing & advertising and providing customer service. There are several types of e-commerce like collaborative commerce, Business to commerce, consumer to consumer, and Mobile commerce etc. Mobile satellite communications also promise to extend the global reach of voice, data and other services, frequently in e-business.
7- Industry:
Computers are used to control manufacturing system and continuous running of the machinery. These are also help in monitoring temperature, pressure, and also check the quality and accuracy, measurement needed in the manufacturing process.
8- Medical:
The computers are commonly used in some area of medical fields such as laboratories, researches, scanning, monitoring, pharmacy etc., which are helping the doctor to diagnose an illness.
a- Patient Monitoring:
Computers are used in hospitals to monitoring critically ill patients in intensive care units. The patients have sensors attached to them, which detect changes in heart rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, breathing and brain activity.
b- Patient Records
Computerized databases are used t< doctors, medicines and other che information in proper order to provide the convenient way of
arrangements for hospital staff. It is make easy to organize records than paper-based records that are not constantly folio wing patients around the hospital.
c- Diagnosis:
It will come as no surprise that hospitals and clinics use computers to keep records and generate invoices. One common use of computer is to scan the body of the patient. A scanner sends electromagnetic rays through a patient's body -and sensors detect that how much patient's body have affected to any type of cancer. : airline system, computers are used to control passenger aircrafts vehicles. Early aircraft were controlled by moving parts attached to controls using cables. In modern, fly- by -wire system, electronic signals from the cockpit are sent to that adjusts the flight surfaces. Computer is embedded in the pilot's or driver’s controls, It is linked up among different cities and gives full information about its flight and seat reservation.
10- Education:
Computers are used in many colleges to provide the methods of teaching in different ways. The computer education is very familiar and rapidly increasing the graph of computer students. There arc number of methods in which educational institutions can use computer to educate the students. Many computer-based educational programs software arc available, which students can learn to read, to count, or to speak a foreign language. Software that combines the thrills of games with real information content is becoming more popular.
Q:2 Differentiate the following: -
(a) Voice Response System & Speech Synthesizer
(b) Dot-Matrix & Laser Printer
(c) BCR & MICR Scanner
(d) Primary Memory & Secondary Memory
Ans. Voice Response System:
Just as a speech recognition system allows a user to talk to a computer, a voice response system enables a computer to talk to a user. A voice response system has an audio-response device that produces audio output. Obviously, the output is temporary, soft-copy output. Voice response systems are of two types
1- Voice reproduction system
2- Speech synthesizer. They are described below.
Voice Reproduction System:
A voice reproduction system produces audio output by selecting an audio output from a set of pre-recorded audio responses. The set of pre-recorded audio responses may include words, phrases, or sentences spoken by human beings, music or alarms generated by musical instruments, or any other type of sound. The system first converts the analog recordings of the pre-recorded sounds into digital data and stores them on a disk or in its memory chip permanently. To produce an audio output, the system selects the corresponding sound from the set of pre-recorded sounds. It then converts the selected sound back into analog form and routes it to a speaker.
Speech Synthesizer:
A speech synthesizer converts text information into spoken sentences. To produce speech, it.combines basic sound units called phonemes. From a given text information^ it combines the sequence of words into phonemes, amplifies it, and produces the output through a speaker.
Speech synthesizers are still in their infancy because currently they can produce only limited unique sounds with limited vocal inflections and phrasing.
1- Dot Matrix Printer:
Dot Matrix printers are the character printers, which print one character at a time. It uses a ribbon catridge to print characters on the paper. The speed of printing of dot matrix printer ranges from 30 to 550 characters per second (cps). It is also available in different sizes.
1- Characteristics
2- Limitations:
Printers are called page printers that print one page at a time. The Laser printer uses tonners to print the desired characters. They are also capable to print the high quality graphics images with resolution ranges1 from 600 to 1200 dpi. To print a-desired, character a laser beam sends information from the computer to a rotating mirror and as a result the image is produced on the drum. "
Characteristics
☆ The printing quality is high
☆ They can print on both side of a papcr
2- Limitations:
Laser printers
BCR (Bar Code Reader):
Barcode leaded is an input device. It i£ normally used in the shops, glossary stores. This device contains the photo electric cells that read bar codes consisting of lines having different thickness. Barcode reader helps shopkeepers to analyze the price of an item immediately.
MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition):
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) is an input device. MICR is used to read the magnetically encoded characters. MICR is a system that provides ^ full alphanumeric recognition of printed or handwritten characters by simply scanning the form. A user scans the data through a scanner, which is recognized by an engine of the OCR system. I he MICR converts the images into machine-readable characters.
1 - Main Memory:
Main memory of a computer is its internal memory also called the primary memory. Generally the main memory is on semiconductor chips.
These memory chips are connected with the CPU on the motherboard.
Main memory is very fast as it js directly accessible by the CPU.
Different types of memory chips are available such as RAM (Random
Access Memory), ROM (Read Only Memory), PROM '(Programmable Read Ohly Memory) and EPROM (Erasable and programmable Read Only Memory etc.
The capacity of a storage device is generally expressed in bytes. One byte is a group* of eight bits. A Bibis a smallest memory unit that represents a binary digit. A bit has value either 0 or 1. Eight bits or one byte is used to represent a character. Thus 8000 bytes memory' means storage capacity of 8000 characters.
Q:3 (a) Elaborate the role of Central Processing Unit in working of Computer
Ans: Control Unit (CU):
The Control unit is the most important part of the CPU. It controls and corrdinates the activitiesof all the units of a computer system.
Function:
It performs this function by issuing respective units of the computer.
Both the CU and the ALU require a small amount of temporary storage. These small temporary storages or internal memory units hold the instructions and data currently being processed. These small memory units arc called registers.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) contains a number of adder and logic gates in addition to various types of registers.
ALU performs all the processing in a CPU. It also carries out arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction as well as logical operations. Registers such as address registers, accumulators, instruction registers, program counter, etc. help the computer to process data.
Example:
Let us understand this by the addition of two numbers A and B stored in the main memory of the computer. The Control Unit interprets the instruction and transfers the number A from main memory to the Accumulator. The control unit then transfers the number B to some other register available. Under the instructions of the Control Unit, these numbers are added by the adder circuits and the result is stored in the accumulator. From the accumulator it may be transferred back to the main memory, from where it may be sent to other units when required.
(b) Define volatile & Non-volatile memory. Explain with proper examples.
Ans: Computer Memory:
CPU contains registers which are small storage areas and A CPU needs much larger space in mega-bytes as compared to registers that can hold a few bytes at a time. Computers are equipped with storage units also called memory units linked with the processor. The computer memory can hold programs and the data for current and future use. These storage devices can,be classified as: .
1- Main memory (Primary storage)
2- Secondary memory (Secondary storage)
1- Main Memory:
Main memory of a computer is its internal memory also called the primary' memory. Generally the main memory is on semiconductor chips. These memory chips are .Connected with the CPU on the motherboard. Main memory is very fast as it is directly accessible by the CPU.
Different types of memory chips are available such as RAM.. (Random Access Memory),. ROM (Read Only Memory), PROM (Programmable Read Ohly Memory) and EPROM (Erasable and programmable Read Only Memory etc. capacity of a storage device is generally expressed in bytes. One byte is a group" of eight bits. A Bit is a smallest memory unit that represents a binary digit. A bit has value either 0 or 1. Eight bits or one byte is used to represent a character. Thus 8000 bytes memory'’means a storage capacity of 8000 characters.
Read Only Memory (ROM) is a permanent memory of the computer. It handles many important tasks. One of these tasks is to provide instructions to CPU during start-up or booting process whenever the computer is turned on.
Another important role of ROM is that of character generator. When a key is depressed, it sends a signal to ROM which in turn supplies a character to be displayed on the screen. ROM is a nonvolatile memory i.e. the instructions stored on it cannot be changed or deleted when the computer is turned off.
Random Access Memory (RAM):
Random Access Memory (RAM) is.major part of the main memory' Any part of RAM is directly accessible to read/write data or instructions on it. It is a fast memory but not permanent like ROM as it loses all of its data and instructions as soon as the computer is turned off. Thus RAM is also called a volatile memory.
Primary memory is further divided into the following categories
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
Satic Random Access Memory (SRAM)
DRAM:
DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. DRAM is a kind of main memory which is cheaper & dynamic in the sense that it is refreshed after every few milliseconds. It is refreshed after sometimes while static RAM is not refreshed & this memory is expensive. DRAM is slower than SRAM memory, because DRAM memory has to be refreshed many times. Tire capacity of DRAM's data reading is 60 nano seconds.
Q: 4 (a) What is the purpose of scanner? Also define the different group of keys, available on keyboard.
Ans: Scanners:
A variety of scanners read and interpret information on printed matter and convert it to a format that can be interpreted by a computer, primarily encoded alphanumeric characters and digitized images.
The device from which a computer receive Input Device. Some commonly used Input E
scanner, light pen, magnetic tape etc. Key board is one of the most useful input device. It provides a convenient'way to feed data and instructions into a computer. '
Key Board:
A computer key-board is similar to an electronic type-writer key-board with little modification. It has some additional keys like
iv-keys, Numeric-keys etc. Whereas mouse is a
A keyboard is divided into three major parts.
(a) Function Keys -
(b) Numeric Keys
(c) Alphabetic Keys -
1- Function Keys:
Function Keys are 12 in numbers labled are Fl to Fl2. Function keys are programmable keys to perform a specific stored function. For example Fl key is used for help option
3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12
2- Numeric Keys:
Numeric keypad is very important for entering numeric data. Numeric keypad is switched "ON" and switch "OFF" by pressing "Num lock" key .Numeric keypad can also be used fpr "Arrow keys" and page up & down tasks as mentioned on the keys.
Alphabetic Keys:
keys are used to type the character data. It is used for typing work.
(b) Describe the role of vision input devices. Is Touch Screen be an input or output device? Justify.
Vision Input System:
Vision Input System is one of the latest input devices that recognize the vision, image, which appears in the range of its lens. These are especially used to design industrial Robots.
Touch Screen: data directly simple an is an input device. Touch screen is capable to touch the ng fingers within the display area.
Q:5 What is the difference between liqued crystal display and light emitting diode monitors explain with examples?
Ans:
One of the major difference between the LED and the LCD is that the LED uses the PN-Junction diode which emits light when the current passing through it, whereas LCD uses liquid crystal or plasma for visible light emission. The liquid crystals are filled between the glass electrode and when the power is applied across it, the liquid crystal becomes energised and emits light. The other differences between the LED and LCD are shown below in the comparison chart.
The LED and LCD both are used for displaying the images and texts. The LED using gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide which when heated emits visible light. The LED is used for showing the numeric and alphanumeric characters. On the other hand, the LCD has a thin layer of liquid crystal filament between the glass electrodes. When the power is applied across the electrodes they start emitting light energy in the form of photons. The LCD displays the text or images in the form of dot matrix and segments.
Differences Between LED and LCD
- The LED is a PN junction diode which emits visible light when the forward bias applies across it. Whereas the LCD uses liquid filaments which are filled between glass electrodes for the emission of light.
- The LED stands for Light Emitting Diode whereas the LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display
- The LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamp which provides the backlight of the screen, whereas the LED uses the PN-junction diodes for displaying the light. The backlight refers to the turning on and off of the displays for better vision.
- The resolution of the LED is much better than that of LCD. The resolution is the number of pixels on the display of the screen.
- The LED consumes more power as compared to LCD because of the plasma. The filament used in LCD is made up of plasma, which requires less power for activation.
- The display area of the LED is less as compared to the LCD because LED use PN-junction diode which displays light only in the one direction, whereas, the LCD display lights in all the directions.
- The cost of the LED is more as compared to LCD.
- The LED uses gallium arsenides which when heated emits light whereas LCD uses liquid crystals which are energised and provides light.
- The switching time of the LED is less as compared to LCD. The switching time is the active and deactivated time of their display.
- The direct current reduces the lifespan of LCD whereas the LED has no effect on it.
- The contrast ratio of the LED is less as compared to the LCD. The contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminance of the visible and darker light of the screen.
- The LCD uses mercury which pollutes the environments whereas the LED does not use mercury.
b) (b) Enlist different types of multimedia projector and elaborate each of them.
Ans:
Projectors have been an indispensable part of every educational institute, auditorium, seminar hall, conference room, and office for decades. Existing in a variety of forms, multimedia projectors are used for multiple purposes ranging from conducting classroom lessons, conferences, meetings, seminars and even for infotainment at times. However, different areas of application require different types of multimedia projectors. For example, in cinema halls, high-resolution laser projectors because it requires heavy-duty performance on a very large screen. On the other hand, a simple Pico projector can make do in a small classroom of around 15 students.
In the world of projection technology, there are four main types including; DLP, LCD and LCOS. DLP stands for Digital Light Processing, LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display while LCOS means Liquid Crystal on Silicon. Also, there are laser projectors that rely on solid-state laser instead of lamp for its light source. Different types of projectors serve different types of areas of application and have a varied range in terms of price. Thus when choosing a projector, one has to be aware about their requirements and the budget they have in their mind.
DLP Projector?
As we discussed above, DLP stands for Digital Light Processing Projector which makes use of tiny mirrors that reflect light towards the screen. The setup includes a physical colour wheel that spins to generate sequential colours. DLP projectors can be single-chip or three-chip with red, green and blue DLP chips.
The light output of the DLP projectors is vibrant and highly suitable for environments with ambient lightings like classrooms and conference rooms.
DLP Projector:
DLP projector consists of a chip that is made up of millions of microscopic mirrors, each of which is capable of independent adjustment. They can move towards or away from the light source to create a light or dark pixel. To create coloured images, the colour wheel rotates in order to create coloured pixels on the screen. Thus, the colours are displayed sequentially at a high rate than an observer sees a full coloured image.
DLP Projectors Uses
DLP Projectors are used for the following purposes in our home, school, and offices.
Used a business projector for conducting conferences and delivering presentations.
Used in home theatres for displaying movies, TV programs, playing video games, etc.
Used in command and control centers by telecommunications and utility companies.
In classrooms and hotels for lectures and launch events.
LCD Projectors
LCD or Liquid Crystal Display is another common technology used in projectors. LCD Projectors use the same liquid crystal display technology that can be found in televisions and monitors as well. An LCD Projector creates images using multiple elaborate steps. They consist of three LCD panels which cast image using the three primary colours; red, green and blue. All three of the colours are simultaneously projected so that the image is completely coloured.
liquid crystal displays
LCD Projectors use three liquid crystal displays, in which an image is created through multiple steps. A light source emits a beam of white light which is passed to three mirrors which are specially shaped to reflect only particular wavelengths of light. Each coloured light beam is sent to an LCD panel, which receives an electrical signal. The signal commands the panel on how to arrange the pixels in the display to create the image. The same image is produced on the three LCD panels, but in different colours due to the source light falling on them. These different coloured images are then combined in a prism resulting in a single coloured image. Finally, the image goes through a lens before reflecting on the projection screen.
LCD Projectors Uses
LCD Projectors are highly used in the following areas:
Corporate Presentations
Exhibitions and Tradeshows,Home Theatres Globus’ line-up of Multimedia Projectors includes DLP Projectors of Ultra Short Throw, Short Throw, Long Throw, and Portable Projector type. It speaks of high resolution, contrast ratio, brightness, lamp life, and long operational life. Globus Multimedia Projectors are an essential component of the Digital Teaching System that includes an Interactive Board with multi-touch support
Multimedia Projector:
which is used to display screen. This device is presentations.
Multimedia Projector:
multimedia projector can adjust the brightness and contrast and produce sharp images.
DLP (Digital Light Processing) Projector:
DLP projectors are also called digital multimedia projectors. DLP jectors are lighter in weight and smaller in size. These projectors duce best quality video images. They are portable in size and lighter in
weight. They have fne capability to connect easily to other digital devices like DVD player, CD player etc.
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