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Assignment no. 2
Question no 1: Answer the following questions properly:
(a) Explain the important features of spreadsheet package.
Answer:
Spreadsheet software is used to store, organize and analyze data. Most of the time, the data that is entered is numerical, though spreadsheets can also store addresses and contact information.
Features of spreadsheet software
Spreadsheet software is used to store, organize and analyze data. Most of the time, the data that is entered is numerical, though spreadsheets can also store addresses and contact information.
Features of spreadsheet software
When most people think of spreadsheets, they think of data entry and simple calculations. But modem spreadsheet software is more than a financial tool. These applications serve as a robust way to help collect, organize and analyze important business data. While every product is different, most come standard with these features:
Rows and columns
Through a spreadsheet’s grid system of rows and columns, all of your information is neatly organized in one easy-to-read space.
Formulas and functions
A spreadsheet allows you to design unique formulas to give you insight into your data. Many of these functions can easily be used and displayed by either building a custom formula or function, or using one of the software’s preset options. This
not only saves you time but also makes your data more accessible so you can use it to inform your decisions.
In a spreadsheet, functions evaluate values, while formulas are used to express the relationship of two or more cells in that spreadsheet, using an equal sign. The most commonly used formulas include basic arithmetic, such as addition, subtraction and multiplication. Frequently used functions include sum, average, count, and the minimum and maximum functions. There are more advanced functions that help you manipulate variables, large sets of data and amounts of time.
Data filtering and visualization
You can create tables, dropdown lists, filters and other tools to organize the information in your spreadsheet. Most spreadsheet software also comes with built-in tools to showcase your data visually, including bar charts, graphs and pie charts in a variety of styles and colors.
Custom formatting
With a few simple clicks, you can apply different formatting to separate information, create headers, merge cells into larger boxes and otherwise customize the look and feel of your spreadsheet. You can also use conditional formatting features to change the color or text style of a cell when certain information is present or missing. This can help you keep tabs on specific information at a quick glance, instead of combing through each individual cell to find what you need.
While spreadsheets originated in the world of finance, today’s software does more than track your budget. If used correctly, it can perform many tasks that save you time and money. It can allow employees to work more efficiently, giving you and your team a better workflow. Here are some common functions a spreadsheet can serve for a business:
Accounting
Spreadsheets can keep track of simple numerical data such as your budget, but you can also use them to implement whole accounting systems. You can use a spreadsheet to keep track of invoices you send customers and ones you receive
from vendors. You can also use them to track employee wages, including overtime, paid time off and sick leave.
Analytics
Using the data you input into your spreadsheet, you can organize and analyze it in various ways. You can make predictions about how your company will scale based on current data or create simulations with different variables to see different outcomes. With this analytical functionality, you can make informed decisions for your company that are grounded in data.
Presentations
Data can often be complex and hard to explain. With so many different variables and numbers, it’s difficult to share your findings and information verbally. Using spreadsheets and their graphic abilities, you can easily display and explain large, complex amounts of data in an easy-to-digest visual format that’s perfect for presentations, landing pages and more.
Project management
If you’re using a cloud-based tool, you can use spreadsheet software as a centralized place for employees to collaborate on projects and track progress. Using conditional formatting and data validation lists, spreadsheets can be set up to visually represent project statuses and who’s working on which tasks.
When it comes time to choose spreadsheet software for your business, one or two programs may come to mind. However, there are many different types of spreadsheet applications that offer different advantages depending on the user.
(b)Defme system performance measures & process management tools in detail.
Performance management helps organizations become more successful and stay ahead of the competition. It essentially involves measuring, reporting and managing progress in order to improve performance, both at an individual level, and at a corporate level. There are many, many performance management tools designed to make the process easier and more effective. KPIs and metrics
provide a way to measure how well companies, business units, projects or individuals are performing in relation to their strategic goals and objectives. But the primary value of KPIs is not in measurement per se, but in enabling rich data- driven performance conversations and better decision making. Measuring everything that moves provides little more than an illusion that performance is being managed. Instead, it’s important to ask, “What goal will this KPI help my organization achieve, or what problem will it resolve?” and “What decisions will the KPI help drive?” Well-designed KPIs should be vital navigational instruments, giving a clear picture of current levels of performance and whether the business is where it needs to be.
Performance appraisals
Alongside KPIs, performance appraisals are probably the most commonly used performance management tool. When used properly, performance appraisals are incredibly powerful for aligning the goals of individuals with the strategic aims of the organization. To get the most out of this tool, however, employees must feel that the appraisal process is a regular, honest, fair and constructive two-way conversation. If not, appraisals can be a powerful de-motivator, leading to a decline in performance.
Rows and columns
Through a spreadsheet’s grid system of rows and columns, all of your information is neatly organized in one easy-to-read space.
Formulas and functions
A spreadsheet allows you to design unique formulas to give you insight into your data. Many of these functions can easily be used and displayed by either building a custom formula or function, or using one of the software’s preset options. This
not only saves you time but also makes your data more accessible so you can use it to inform your decisions.
In a spreadsheet, functions evaluate values, while formulas are used to express the relationship of two or more cells in that spreadsheet, using an equal sign. The most commonly used formulas include basic arithmetic, such as addition, subtraction and multiplication. Frequently used functions include sum, average, count, and the minimum and maximum functions. There are more advanced functions that help you manipulate variables, large sets of data and amounts of time.
Data filtering and visualization
You can create tables, dropdown lists, filters and other tools to organize the information in your spreadsheet. Most spreadsheet software also comes with built-in tools to showcase your data visually, including bar charts, graphs and pie charts in a variety of styles and colors.
Custom formatting
With a few simple clicks, you can apply different formatting to separate information, create headers, merge cells into larger boxes and otherwise customize the look and feel of your spreadsheet. You can also use conditional formatting features to change the color or text style of a cell when certain information is present or missing. This can help you keep tabs on specific information at a quick glance, instead of combing through each individual cell to find what you need.
While spreadsheets originated in the world of finance, today’s software does more than track your budget. If used correctly, it can perform many tasks that save you time and money. It can allow employees to work more efficiently, giving you and your team a better workflow. Here are some common functions a spreadsheet can serve for a business:
Accounting
Spreadsheets can keep track of simple numerical data such as your budget, but you can also use them to implement whole accounting systems. You can use a spreadsheet to keep track of invoices you send customers and ones you receive
from vendors. You can also use them to track employee wages, including overtime, paid time off and sick leave.
Analytics
Using the data you input into your spreadsheet, you can organize and analyze it in various ways. You can make predictions about how your company will scale based on current data or create simulations with different variables to see different outcomes. With this analytical functionality, you can make informed decisions for your company that are grounded in data.
Presentations
Data can often be complex and hard to explain. With so many different variables and numbers, it’s difficult to share your findings and information verbally. Using spreadsheets and their graphic abilities, you can easily display and explain large, complex amounts of data in an easy-to-digest visual format that’s perfect for presentations, landing pages and more.
Project management
If you’re using a cloud-based tool, you can use spreadsheet software as a centralized place for employees to collaborate on projects and track progress. Using conditional formatting and data validation lists, spreadsheets can be set up to visually represent project statuses and who’s working on which tasks.
When it comes time to choose spreadsheet software for your business, one or two programs may come to mind. However, there are many different types of spreadsheet applications that offer different advantages depending on the user.
(b)Defme system performance measures & process management tools in detail.
Performance management helps organizations become more successful and stay ahead of the competition. It essentially involves measuring, reporting and managing progress in order to improve performance, both at an individual level, and at a corporate level. There are many, many performance management tools designed to make the process easier and more effective. KPIs and metrics
provide a way to measure how well companies, business units, projects or individuals are performing in relation to their strategic goals and objectives. But the primary value of KPIs is not in measurement per se, but in enabling rich data- driven performance conversations and better decision making. Measuring everything that moves provides little more than an illusion that performance is being managed. Instead, it’s important to ask, “What goal will this KPI help my organization achieve, or what problem will it resolve?” and “What decisions will the KPI help drive?” Well-designed KPIs should be vital navigational instruments, giving a clear picture of current levels of performance and whether the business is where it needs to be.
Performance appraisals
Alongside KPIs, performance appraisals are probably the most commonly used performance management tool. When used properly, performance appraisals are incredibly powerful for aligning the goals of individuals with the strategic aims of the organization. To get the most out of this tool, however, employees must feel that the appraisal process is a regular, honest, fair and constructive two-way conversation. If not, appraisals can be a powerful de-motivator, leading to a decline in performance.
360 degree feedback
This tool is all about answering the question, “How well are our people performing in the eyes of those who have a stake in their performance?” It provides individuals with a broad assessment of their performance based on the views of those around them, including their supervisor or manager, direct reports, peers, customers, suppliers, and so on. Results are confidentially tallied and presented to the employee, usually by a manager. The insights from 360 degree feedback are typically used in employee training and development. Done well, 360 degree feedback helps to democratize the review process, by weighing the opinions of many people, instead of just the individual’s line manager. Management by objectives (MBO)
MBO is the process of defining specific objectives and then setting out how to achieve each individual objective. It’s particularly powerful for specific work that needs to be done one step at a time, and is a great way to create a culture of working towards common goals. The idea is that, as each objective is achieved,
those within the organization are aware of their achievements, which, in turn, boosts morale and motivation. MBO involves measuring individual performance and comparing it with standards that have been set.
When employees feel that good performance goes unrecognized and unrewarded, motivation plummets, and people disengage from the company’s overall mission. Reward and recognition programmes are therefore an important part of any thorough performance management system, creating a method for celebrating those who are high performers. For many companies, this means dishing out financial rewards, such as bonuses, but simple praise and recognition of a job well done is just as important for maintaining morale and continued high performance.
An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all of the other application programs in a computer. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface, such as a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical UI (GUI)
An operating system brings powerful benefits to computer software and software development. Without an operating system, every application would need to include its own UI, as well as the comprehensive code needed to handle all low- level functionality of the underlying computer, such as disk storage, network interfaces and so on. Considering the vast array of underlying hardware available, this would vastly bloat the size of every application and make software development impractical.
Instead, many common tasks, such as sending a network packet or displaying text on a standard output device, such as a display, can be offloaded to system software that serves as an intermediary between the applications and the hardware. The system software provides a consistent and repeatable way for
This tool is all about answering the question, “How well are our people performing in the eyes of those who have a stake in their performance?” It provides individuals with a broad assessment of their performance based on the views of those around them, including their supervisor or manager, direct reports, peers, customers, suppliers, and so on. Results are confidentially tallied and presented to the employee, usually by a manager. The insights from 360 degree feedback are typically used in employee training and development. Done well, 360 degree feedback helps to democratize the review process, by weighing the opinions of many people, instead of just the individual’s line manager. Management by objectives (MBO)
MBO is the process of defining specific objectives and then setting out how to achieve each individual objective. It’s particularly powerful for specific work that needs to be done one step at a time, and is a great way to create a culture of working towards common goals. The idea is that, as each objective is achieved,
those within the organization are aware of their achievements, which, in turn, boosts morale and motivation. MBO involves measuring individual performance and comparing it with standards that have been set.
When employees feel that good performance goes unrecognized and unrewarded, motivation plummets, and people disengage from the company’s overall mission. Reward and recognition programmes are therefore an important part of any thorough performance management system, creating a method for celebrating those who are high performers. For many companies, this means dishing out financial rewards, such as bonuses, but simple praise and recognition of a job well done is just as important for maintaining morale and continued high performance.
Question no 2: Define the term operating system.
Answer:An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all of the other application programs in a computer. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface, such as a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical UI (GUI)
An operating system brings powerful benefits to computer software and software development. Without an operating system, every application would need to include its own UI, as well as the comprehensive code needed to handle all low- level functionality of the underlying computer, such as disk storage, network interfaces and so on. Considering the vast array of underlying hardware available, this would vastly bloat the size of every application and make software development impractical.
Instead, many common tasks, such as sending a network packet or displaying text on a standard output device, such as a display, can be offloaded to system software that serves as an intermediary between the applications and the hardware. The system software provides a consistent and repeatable way for
applications to interact with the hardware without the applications needing to know any details about the hardware.
As long as each application accesses the same resources and services in the same way, that system software — the operating system — can service almost any number of applications. This vastly reduces the amount of time and coding required to develop and debug an application, while ensuring that users can control, configure and manage the system hardware through a common and well- understood interface.
Once installed, the operating system relies on a vast library of device drivers to tailor OS services to the specific hardware environment. Thus, every application may make a common call to a storage device, but the OS receives that call and uses the corresponding driver to translate the call into actions (commands) needed for the underlying hardware on that specific computer. Today, the operating system provides a comprehensive platform that identifies, configures and manages a range of hardware, including processors; memory devices and memory management; chipsets; storage; networking; port communication, such as Video Graphics Array (VGA), High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and Universal Serial Bus (USB); and subsystem interfaces, such as Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe).
An operating system provides three essential capabilities: It offers a UI through a CLI or GUI; it launches and manages the application execution; and it identifies and exposes system hardware resources to those applications — typically, through a standardized API.
UI. Every operating system requires a UI, enabling users and administrators to interact with the OS in order to set up, configure and even troubleshoot the operating system and its underlying hardware. There are two primary types of UI available: CLI and GUL
An operating system handles the launch and management of every application. This typically supports an array of behaviors, including timesharing multiple processes, or threads, so that various tasks can share the available processors' time; handling interruptions that applications produce to gain a processor's immediate attention, ensuring there is enough memory to execute the application and its corresponding data without interfering with other processes
(b) Explain the different functions of an operating system in detail.
Important functions of an operating System:
Security -
As long as each application accesses the same resources and services in the same way, that system software — the operating system — can service almost any number of applications. This vastly reduces the amount of time and coding required to develop and debug an application, while ensuring that users can control, configure and manage the system hardware through a common and well- understood interface.
Once installed, the operating system relies on a vast library of device drivers to tailor OS services to the specific hardware environment. Thus, every application may make a common call to a storage device, but the OS receives that call and uses the corresponding driver to translate the call into actions (commands) needed for the underlying hardware on that specific computer. Today, the operating system provides a comprehensive platform that identifies, configures and manages a range of hardware, including processors; memory devices and memory management; chipsets; storage; networking; port communication, such as Video Graphics Array (VGA), High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and Universal Serial Bus (USB); and subsystem interfaces, such as Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe).
An operating system provides three essential capabilities: It offers a UI through a CLI or GUI; it launches and manages the application execution; and it identifies and exposes system hardware resources to those applications — typically, through a standardized API.
UI. Every operating system requires a UI, enabling users and administrators to interact with the OS in order to set up, configure and even troubleshoot the operating system and its underlying hardware. There are two primary types of UI available: CLI and GUL
An operating system handles the launch and management of every application. This typically supports an array of behaviors, including timesharing multiple processes, or threads, so that various tasks can share the available processors' time; handling interruptions that applications produce to gain a processor's immediate attention, ensuring there is enough memory to execute the application and its corresponding data without interfering with other processes
(b) Explain the different functions of an operating system in detail.
Important functions of an operating System:
Security -
The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other techniques, it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.
Control over system performance
Monitors overall system health to help improve performance, records the response time between service requests and system response to having a complete view of the system health. This can help improve performance by providing important information needed to troubleshoot problems.
Coordination between other software and users -
Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers, and other software to the various users of the computer systems.
Memory Management
The operating system manages the Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is made up of a large array of bytes or words where each byte or word is assigned a certain address. Main memory is fast storage and it can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed, it should be first loaded in the main memory. An Operating System performs the following activities for
It keeps track of primary memory, i.e., which bytes of memory are used by which user program. The memory addresses that have already been allocated and the memory addresses of the memory that has not yet been used. In multiprogramming, the OS decides the order in which processes are granted access to memory, and for how long. It Allocates the memory to a process when
the process requests it and deallocates the memory when the process has terminated or is performing an I/O operation.
Keeps track of the status of processes. The program which performs this task is known as a traffic controller. Allocates the CPU that is a processor to a process. De-allocates processor when a process is no more required.
Device Management
An OS manages device communication via their respective drivers. It performs the following activities for device management. Keeps track of all devices connected to the system. Designates a program responsible for every device known as the Input/output controller. Decides which process gets access to a certain device and for how long. Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way. Deallocates devices when they are no longer required.
File Management
A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy navigation and usage. These directories may contain other directories and other files. An Operating System carries out the following file management activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user access settings and status of every file, and more... These facilities are collectively known as the file system.
There are three modes of transmission, namely: simplex, half-duplex, and full- duplex. The transmission mode defines the direction of signal flow between two connected devices.
The primary difference between the three modes of transmission is that in a simplex mode of transmission the communication is unidirectional, or one-way; whereas in the half-duplex mode of transmission the communication is two- directional, but the channel is interchangeably used by both of the connected devices. On the other hand, in the full-duplex mode of transmission, the communication is bi-directional or two-way, and the channel is used by both of the connected devices simultaneously.
Simplex
Control over system performance
Monitors overall system health to help improve performance, records the response time between service requests and system response to having a complete view of the system health. This can help improve performance by providing important information needed to troubleshoot problems.
Job accounting
Operating system Keeps track of time and resources used by various tasks and users, this information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user or group of users. Error detecting aids. The operating system constantly monitors the system to detect errors and avoid the malfunctioning of a computer system.Coordination between other software and users -
Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers, and other software to the various users of the computer systems.
Memory Management
The operating system manages the Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is made up of a large array of bytes or words where each byte or word is assigned a certain address. Main memory is fast storage and it can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed, it should be first loaded in the main memory. An Operating System performs the following activities for
It keeps track of primary memory, i.e., which bytes of memory are used by which user program. The memory addresses that have already been allocated and the memory addresses of the memory that has not yet been used. In multiprogramming, the OS decides the order in which processes are granted access to memory, and for how long. It Allocates the memory to a process when
the process requests it and deallocates the memory when the process has terminated or is performing an I/O operation.
Processor Management
In a multi-programming environment, the OS decides the order in which processes have access to the processor, and how much processing time each process has. This function of OS is called process scheduling. An Operating System performs the following activities for processor management.Keeps track of the status of processes. The program which performs this task is known as a traffic controller. Allocates the CPU that is a processor to a process. De-allocates processor when a process is no more required.
Device Management
An OS manages device communication via their respective drivers. It performs the following activities for device management. Keeps track of all devices connected to the system. Designates a program responsible for every device known as the Input/output controller. Decides which process gets access to a certain device and for how long. Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way. Deallocates devices when they are no longer required.
File Management
A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy navigation and usage. These directories may contain other directories and other files. An Operating System carries out the following file management activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user access settings and status of every file, and more... These facilities are collectively known as the file system.
Question no 3: Differentiate between Simplex, Half Duplex and Full Duplex with the help of proper examples.
Answer:There are three modes of transmission, namely: simplex, half-duplex, and full- duplex. The transmission mode defines the direction of signal flow between two connected devices.
The primary difference between the three modes of transmission is that in a simplex mode of transmission the communication is unidirectional, or one-way; whereas in the half-duplex mode of transmission the communication is two- directional, but the channel is interchangeably used by both of the connected devices. On the other hand, in the full-duplex mode of transmission, the communication is bi-directional or two-way, and the channel is used by both of the connected devices simultaneously.
Simplex
In simplex transmission mode, the communication between sender and receiver occurs in only one direction. The sender can only send the data, and the receiver can only receive the data. The receiver cannot reply to the sender.
Simplex transmission can be thought of as a one-way road in which the traffic travels only in one direction—no vehicle coming from the opposite direction is allowed to drive through.
To take a keyboard/monitor relationship as an example, the keyboard can only send the input to the monitor, and the monitor can only receive the input and display it on the screen. The monitor cannot reply, or send any feedback, to the keyboard. Example of Simplex mode of transmission are Keyboard and monitor.
The full capacity of the transmission medium is used by the sender.
Simplex transmission can be thought of as a one-way road in which the traffic travels only in one direction—no vehicle coming from the opposite direction is allowed to drive through.
To take a keyboard/monitor relationship as an example, the keyboard can only send the input to the monitor, and the monitor can only receive the input and display it on the screen. The monitor cannot reply, or send any feedback, to the keyboard. Example of Simplex mode of transmission are Keyboard and monitor.
Advantage of Simplex mode
The full capacity of the transmission medium is used by the sender.
It is a very simple way of transmission.
It has no traffic issues.
There is ni bidirectional communication is possible.
Two devices cannot communicate in simplex mode.
For example, in walkie-talkies, the speakers at both ends can speak, but they have to speak one by one. They cannot speak simultaneously.
Advantages of Half-Duplex Mode
Speed is a big advantage of a full-duplex.
The device can receive and send data, but not at the same time.
Troubleshooting is very easy
Data is transmitted in both sides
It provides bidirectional communication.
Disadvantages of Half Duplex mode
In a half-Duplex, mode data cannot be transmitted in both side in the same time When one device sending data, the device on the other hand only receive data.
It is slow in data transmission.
Delay in data transmission.
Full Duplex
In full-duplex transmission mode, the communication between sender and receiver can occur simultaneously. The sender and receiver can both transmit and receive at the same time. The full-duplex transmission mode is like a two- way road, in which traffic can flow in both directions at the same time.
For example, in a telephone conversation, two people communicate, and both are free to speak and listen at the same time.
Advantages of Full-duplex Mode
It has no traffic issues.
Disadvantages of Simplex Mode
There is only one way of transmissionThere is ni bidirectional communication is possible.
Two devices cannot communicate in simplex mode.
Half Duplex
The communication between sender and receiver occurs in both directions in half-duplex transmission, but only one at a time. The sender and receiver can both send and receive the information, but only one is allowed to send at any given time. Half-duplex is still considered a one-way road, in which a vehicle travelling in the opposite direction of the traffic has to wait till the road is empty before it can pass through.For example, in walkie-talkies, the speakers at both ends can speak, but they have to speak one by one. They cannot speak simultaneously.
Advantages of Half-Duplex Mode
Speed is a big advantage of a full-duplex.
The device can receive and send data, but not at the same time.
Troubleshooting is very easy
Data is transmitted in both sides
It provides bidirectional communication.
Disadvantages of Half Duplex mode
In a half-Duplex, mode data cannot be transmitted in both side in the same time When one device sending data, the device on the other hand only receive data.
It is slow in data transmission.
Delay in data transmission.
Full Duplex
In full-duplex transmission mode, the communication between sender and receiver can occur simultaneously. The sender and receiver can both transmit and receive at the same time. The full-duplex transmission mode is like a two- way road, in which traffic can flow in both directions at the same time.
For example, in a telephone conversation, two people communicate, and both are free to speak and listen at the same time.
Advantages of Full-duplex Mode
Performance of full-duplex mode is much better than half and simplex mode.
The speed of full-duplex mode is high than simplex and half-duplex mode.
Data can be sent and receive on both sides, which increases the performance of the network.
No delay in communication, because both devices send and receive data at the same time.
It is more complex than a simplex and half-duplex mode
Key Differences of the Three Transmission Modes
In simplex mode, the signal is sent in one direction. In half duplex mode, the signal is sent in both directions, but one at a time. In full duplex mode, the signal is sent in both directions at the same time.
In simplex mode, only one device can transmit the signal. In half duplex mode, both devices can transmit the signal, but one at a time. In full duplex mode, both devices can transmit the signal at the same time.
Full duplex performs better than half duplex, and half duplex in turn performs better than simplex.
Simplex: The keyboard sends the command to the monitor. The monitor cannot reply to the keyboard.
Half duplex: Using a walkie-talkie, both speakers can communicate, but they have to take turns.
Full duplex: Using a telephone, both speakers can communicate at the same time.
The full duplex transmission mode offers the best performance among the three, on account of the fact that it maximises the amount of bandwidth available.
The speed of full-duplex mode is high than simplex and half-duplex mode.
Data can be sent and receive on both sides, which increases the performance of the network.
No delay in communication, because both devices send and receive data at the same time.
Disadvantages of Full-duplex Mode
No proper bandwidth utilization as the same line is used for sending and receiving data at the same time.It is more complex than a simplex and half-duplex mode
Key Differences of the Three Transmission Modes
In simplex mode, the signal is sent in one direction. In half duplex mode, the signal is sent in both directions, but one at a time. In full duplex mode, the signal is sent in both directions at the same time.
In simplex mode, only one device can transmit the signal. In half duplex mode, both devices can transmit the signal, but one at a time. In full duplex mode, both devices can transmit the signal at the same time.
Full duplex performs better than half duplex, and half duplex in turn performs better than simplex.
Simplex: The keyboard sends the command to the monitor. The monitor cannot reply to the keyboard.
Half duplex: Using a walkie-talkie, both speakers can communicate, but they have to take turns.
Full duplex: Using a telephone, both speakers can communicate at the same time.
The full duplex transmission mode offers the best performance among the three, on account of the fact that it maximises the amount of bandwidth available.
Question no 4: Write short notes (in your own words) on the following topics:
(a) Multimedia SoftwareAnswer:
Multimedia software is defined as the combination of text, audio, images, animation, or video to produce interactive content. Learn about media players, file formats, and how to work with audio and video software.
In the early days of computing, most of the information consisted of text and numbers. Since those early days, however, photos, audio and video have become a very important part of using computer systems. Almost every website you visit uses some form of audio-visuals. Many of the posts to social media use imagery. Services such as Netflix and YouTube now account for a substantial portion of the world's Internet traffic.
Multimedia refers to content that that uses a combination of different forms, as opposed to text-only content. Multimedia describes the combination of text, audio, images, animation, video, and other types of interactive content. This lesson will look in more detail at the use of audio and video.
There are two general categories of audio and video software: media players that only provide playback options and software that can be used to record and edit audio and video.
Media Players
A media player is a software application for playing back multimedia files, including audio and/or video. Most media players can play both audio only and video (with sound), although there are a small number of players that focus one type, known as audio players or video players.Media players typically use icons, which have their origin in tape recorders and disk players. Typical control buttons include Play, Pause, Stop, Fast Forward, Rewind, and others. Now add in options to control volume, and you have a very intuitive interface that is easy to use.
Most operating systems have a default multimedia player built in. For example, Windows includes Windows Media Player and Mac OS includes QuickTime and iTunes. However, there are many other types of media players.
A recent trend is for media players to be integrated with services that provide content. For example, you can use the player to connect to online stores for music, movies and TV shows, or you can connect to streaming services. iTunes is one of the most popular of these types of media players, but numerous others have emerged as online media consumption has increased.
Audio Software
Software to record and edit audio is often referred to as a digital audio editor. High-end systems for professionals are also called digital audio workstations.Audio can consist of only spoken text, such as the narration of this video, or include music and other sound effects. A digital audio editor typically contains functions for the following tasks:
Record audio from a variety of different input sources
Mix multiple tracks into one output track
Apply effects, such as noise reduction and equalization, to improve the quality Edit sound clips by cutting out certain parts, switching the order of clips, etc. Convert between a variety of different formatsSome of the most widely used audio software applications include Audacity by the Audacity Team, Audition by Adobe, Garage Band by Apple and ProTools by Avid - but there are many others.
Video Software
Video editing software consists of software for the post-production of video editing. The source material is collected by digital video cameras, and this is imported into the software for editing.
Most modem video editing software uses a technique known as non-linear editing (NLE). Before digital video, traditional editing tools for celluloid film consisted of cutting and pasting film segments in the linear sequence in which the
Q3
materials were recorded. In a digital workflow, the raw video material can be imported and broken up into sections known as clips - these clips can be modified by trimming, splicing and cutting, and then arranged in a new sequence. Typically, a series of clips is laid out in a work area and then dragged into a timeline representing a draft of the final video. Once the editor is happy with the result, the series of clips is exported to a new video file.
(b)Graphics, Text, Video Games and Animations
In general terms, the word “graphic” refers to any visual representation of data and includes a variety of forms including drawings, photographs, line art, graphs, diagrams, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, and engineering drawings. Graphics may be images only or may also include text and they can be used for decorative or functional purposes, including educating, informing, illustrating, or entertaining.
When applied to computers, the term graphics is commonly used to refer to 2D digital images that are displayed, stored, created, or edited on a computer. There are two types of computer graphics; bitmap graphics and vector graphics, both of which can be used when designing templates for label printing. Computer graphics deals with generating images with the aid of computers. Today, computer graphics is a core technology in digital photography, film, video games, cell phone and computer displays, and many specialized applications. A great deal of specialized hardware and software has been developed, with the displays of most devices being driven by computer graphics hardware. It is a vast and recently developed area of computer science. The phrase was coined in 1960 by computer graphics researchers Verne Hudson and William Fetter of Boeing. It is often abbreviated as CG, or typically in the context of film as computer generated imagery (CGI). The non-artistic aspects of computer graphics are the subject of computer science research
Text graphics in video are all the rage right now.
We’ve seen them used as a way to tell a story, be more visually appealing, and break up what can often be a very long-winded talk. Text graphics have been shown to improve viewer engagement, make information easier to process, and help people find their place in the presentation.
Text graphics can help to tell a story or explain something that might not be clear from just audio alone.
The way we consume information is changing, and visuals are becoming more popular. Companies are creating text graphics in the video for their marketing campaigns.
Video games and animations:
Video game animation is the art of animating characters and objects in video games. Video games are changing rapidly as technology advances, so creating a well-animated sequence for them requires both artistic talent and knowledge of computers and their developments.
Programmers can create video game animations for basic movements. The same applies to professional animators who add personality through facial expressions and emotions. Video game animations must be efficient because they are often created by a team or large group of animators to fit all of the characters and actions in a small amount of memory.
The concept exists in two categories, “in-game” or “cutscene” animations that the creator use to develop characters and story as you play, and pre-rendered or real-time animations that take more time but may be useful for the most dramatic sequences. Of course, video games design has animation in mind, and so it creates unique challenges for those tasked to create the character’s movement.
Video game animation has become increasingly popular because of the complexity of video game characters in recent years. Video game animations are products of a technique called additive animation. This is when creators put together several images or drawings together to create movement and action.
They are produced on computers using various software, from simple programs like Microsoft PowerPoint to specialized 3D modeling applications such as Autodesk Maya Studio. Unfortunately, video game animations can take a long time to produce because of the immense detail required.
The end products may include cut scenes, pre-rendered animations that play before or after levels or during story points, and in-game animations used for movement when playing the game. Video game animations can be produced by a
team of animators working together but are often work of one animator using a program such as Adobe Flash, which allows for quick corrections where needed.
Question no 5: What are the important characteristics of a programming language? Define it in detail with the help of different examples.
Answer:
A computer is a device that can accept human instruction, processes it, and responds to it or a computer is a computational device that is used to process the data under the control of a computer program. Program is a sequence of instruction along with data.
The basic components of a computer are:
• Input unit
• Central Processing Unit(CPU)
• Output unit
• The CPU is further divided into three parts-
• Memory unit
• Control unit
• Arithmetic Logic unit
Most of us have heard that CPU is called the brain of our computer because it accepts data, provides temporary memory space to it until it is stored(saved) on the hard disk, performs logical operations on it and hence processes(here also means converts) data into information. We all know that a computer consists of hardware and software. Software is a set of programs that performs multiple tasks together. An operating system is also software (system software) that helps humans to interact with the computer system.
A program is a set of instructions given to a computer to perform a specific operation, or computer is a computational device that is used to process the data under the control of a computer program. While executing the program, raw data
is processed into the desired output format. These computer programs are written in a programming language which are high-level languages. High level languages are nearly human languages that are more complex than the computer understandable language which are called machine language, or low level language. So after knowing the basics, we are ready to create a very simple and basic program. Like we have different languages to communicate with each other, likewise, we have different languages like C, C++, C#, Java, python, etc to communicate with the computers. The computer only understands binary language (the language of O’s and l’s) also called machine-understandable language or low-level language but the programs we are going to write are in a high-level language which is almost similar to human language.
The piece of code given below performs a basic task of printing “hello world! I am learning programming” on the console screen. We must know that keyboard, scanner, mouse, microphone, etc are various examples of input devices, and monitor(console screen), printer, speaker, etc are examples of output devices. There have been many programming languages some of them are listed below:
C
c#
COBOL
Fortran
True BASIC
QBASIC
Turbo Pascal
LISP
Python
R
ADA
BASIC
Visual BASIC
PureBASIC
GO
SCALA
C++
Ruby
Java
Altair BASIC
GW BASIC
PASCAL
ALGOL
Swift
Rust
Racket
Perl
Prolog
Reia
Reia
scheme
Shimula
Shimula
PHP
Java Script
Java Script
VisualFoxPro Babel
CoffeeScript
CoffeeScript
Logo
Lua
Smalltalk
Lua
Smalltalk
Matlab
F
F#
F
F#
Dart
Datalog
dbase
Datalog
dbase
Haskell
dylan
Juli
dylan
Juli
Characteristics of a programming Language
Readability: A good high-level language will allow programs to be written in some ways that resemble a quite-English description of the underlying algorithms. If care is taken, the coding may be done in a way that is essentially self-documenting.
Portability: High-level languages, being essentially machine independent, should be able to develop portable software.
Generality: Most high-level languages allow the writing of a wide variety of programs, thus relieving the programmer of the need to become expert in many diverse languages.
Brevity: Language should have the ability to implement the algorithm with less amount of code. Programs expressed in high-level languages are often considerably shorter than their low-level equivalents.
Error checking: Being human, a programmer is likely to make many mistakes in the development of a computer program. Many high-level languages enforce a great deal of error checking both at compile-time and at run-time.
Cost: The ultimate cost of a programming language is a function of many of its characteristics.
Familiar notation: A language should have familiar notation, so it can be understood by most of the programmers.
Quick translation: It should admit quick translation.
Efficiency: It should permit the generation of efficient object code.
Modularity: It is desirable that programs can be developed in the language as a collection of separately compiled modules, with appropriate mechanisms for ensuring self-consistency between these modules.
Widely available: Language should be widely available and it should be possible to provide translators for all the major machines and for all the major operating systems.
Web development can be done through different programming languages that allow you to build a site or design an application. Defining which is the best web programming language is complicated because it depends on several factors. However, the following options stand out:
Java: multipurpose language that adjusts efficiently to web development.
Go: This is a general purpose, flexible language that facilitates the creation of applications.
Ruby on Rails: allows you to design web applications quickly.
Python: it works in a wide variety of contexts and on the web has technical advantages.
JavaScript: it is on the client’s side and can be extended to the server for different functions.
Fortran (FORmula TRANslator)
• It is Created in 1954 by John Backus.
• It is First high level language.
• It was developed by using the first compiler ever developed
• It is Machine Independent Language.
IAL(International Algebraic Logic)
• It started as a Project later renamed ALGOL58
• The theoretical definition of the language is published
• No compiler is required in this
LISP(LISt Processing) :
• It is created in 1958 and released in 1960 by John McCarthy of MIT.
• LISP was intended for writing artificial intelligence programs.
• Features
• It uses Atoms and List as data structure
• Functional programming style- all component computation is performed by applying functions to arguments variable declaration are rarely used.
• A Reliance on recursion- a strong Reliance on recursion has allowed LISP to be successful in many areas including artificial intelligence.
• Garbage collection: LISP has built in garbage collection so programmers do not need to explicitly free dynamically allocated memory.
Pascal-(Named for French religious fanatic and mathematician Blaise Pascal)
• It was Created in 1970 .
• It was intended to replace BASIC for teaching language.
• It was quickly developed as a general purpose language.
• It was Programs compiled to a platform-independent intermediate p-code.
• compiler for Pascal was written in Pascal.
• C language:
• It was Developed from "1969 - 1972" by "Dennis Ritchie."
• It was used in system programming for UNIX.
ANSI C:
The American national standards Institute(ANSI), formed a technical sub committee, X3 Jll, to create a standard for the C language and it runtime libraries.
Ada:
• It was Released in "1983 (ADA 83)", with major released in "1995- (ADA (ADA 95)" and "2005 1005 (ADA 2005)".
• It was created by us Department of Defense (DOD).
• It was intended for embedded systems and later intended for all military computing purposes
Readability: A good high-level language will allow programs to be written in some ways that resemble a quite-English description of the underlying algorithms. If care is taken, the coding may be done in a way that is essentially self-documenting.
Portability: High-level languages, being essentially machine independent, should be able to develop portable software.
Generality: Most high-level languages allow the writing of a wide variety of programs, thus relieving the programmer of the need to become expert in many diverse languages.
Brevity: Language should have the ability to implement the algorithm with less amount of code. Programs expressed in high-level languages are often considerably shorter than their low-level equivalents.
Error checking: Being human, a programmer is likely to make many mistakes in the development of a computer program. Many high-level languages enforce a great deal of error checking both at compile-time and at run-time.
Cost: The ultimate cost of a programming language is a function of many of its characteristics.
Familiar notation: A language should have familiar notation, so it can be understood by most of the programmers.
Quick translation: It should admit quick translation.
Efficiency: It should permit the generation of efficient object code.
Modularity: It is desirable that programs can be developed in the language as a collection of separately compiled modules, with appropriate mechanisms for ensuring self-consistency between these modules.
Widely available: Language should be widely available and it should be possible to provide translators for all the major machines and for all the major operating systems.
Web development can be done through different programming languages that allow you to build a site or design an application. Defining which is the best web programming language is complicated because it depends on several factors. However, the following options stand out:
Java: multipurpose language that adjusts efficiently to web development.
Go: This is a general purpose, flexible language that facilitates the creation of applications.
Ruby on Rails: allows you to design web applications quickly.
Python: it works in a wide variety of contexts and on the web has technical advantages.
JavaScript: it is on the client’s side and can be extended to the server for different functions.
Fortran (FORmula TRANslator)
• It is Created in 1954 by John Backus.
• It is First high level language.
• It was developed by using the first compiler ever developed
• It is Machine Independent Language.
IAL(International Algebraic Logic)
• It started as a Project later renamed ALGOL58
• The theoretical definition of the language is published
• No compiler is required in this
LISP(LISt Processing) :
• It is created in 1958 and released in 1960 by John McCarthy of MIT.
• LISP was intended for writing artificial intelligence programs.
• Features
• It uses Atoms and List as data structure
• Functional programming style- all component computation is performed by applying functions to arguments variable declaration are rarely used.
• A Reliance on recursion- a strong Reliance on recursion has allowed LISP to be successful in many areas including artificial intelligence.
• Garbage collection: LISP has built in garbage collection so programmers do not need to explicitly free dynamically allocated memory.
Pascal-(Named for French religious fanatic and mathematician Blaise Pascal)
• It was Created in 1970 .
• It was intended to replace BASIC for teaching language.
• It was quickly developed as a general purpose language.
• It was Programs compiled to a platform-independent intermediate p-code.
• compiler for Pascal was written in Pascal.
• C language:
• It was Developed from "1969 - 1972" by "Dennis Ritchie."
• It was used in system programming for UNIX.
ANSI C:
The American national standards Institute(ANSI), formed a technical sub committee, X3 Jll, to create a standard for the C language and it runtime libraries.
Ada:
• It was Released in "1983 (ADA 83)", with major released in "1995- (ADA (ADA 95)" and "2005 1005 (ADA 2005)".
• It was created by us Department of Defense (DOD).
• It was intended for embedded systems and later intended for all military computing purposes
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