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Analysis & Design of Algorithms(3466)-solved assighnments.aiou autumn 2015

Abdullah 1 aiou, analysis and desighn of algorithm(3466), Autumn 2015 Tuesday, February 23, 2016

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solved Assighnments
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AIOU<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Course: Analysis &
Design of Algorithms (3466) Semester: Autumn 2015</b></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Level:
BS (CS) Total Marks: 100</b></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Credit:
Half Credit Pass Marks: 50</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>ASSIGNMENT No. 1</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Units: (1 – 4)</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Note:</b></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>
 </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>All
questions are compulsory. Each question carries equal marks.</b></i></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.75in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Q. 1 a) Let c(n) and d(n) be
asymptotically positive functions. Prove or disprove each of the
following conjectures; </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(20)</b></span></div>
<ol type="a">
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">c(n) = θ(c(n/2))</span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">c(n) = O((c(n))</span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">c(n) = O(d(n)) implies d(n) =
 Ω(c(n))</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> b) Prove that Pr{A | C} +
Pr{</span><sub> <img align="bottom" border="0" height="20" name="Image1" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAUCAYAAABf2RdVAAAACXBIWXMAAA7GAAAOxQHB+J5RAAAA3UlEQVR4nLWRMQ6DMAxFv6UcpSxVT1BOkHbvylZGWNgY2ViaEY7AAZoTwAkqBshdXANSqRAVUtV6SBzr+duxFTNjy9QmMUBEtCmlpBz9ptz3kDPsezEOd0ahQauQzWM0ch8+KtmQs/0dt+MJVecAvVtCjk0GpLUG2g89OROgTWtEAFmAVyDLeXVBUs+Rpu3lfCtnwxNK6bakeHhOKtd3Jfly9rih50jyQFPIZ6/q4KBZjc0GMpOUX8DSVEgeysHLDBId8QjKGLx4mFSDwJyhCllwsUzVBTHP0X8veGFPhwxR6Q/pMkgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" width="9" />
 </sub><span style="font-size: x-small;">
| C} = 1.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
2 a) Give examples of relations that are: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(20)</b></span></div>
<ol type="a">
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Reflexive
 and Symmetric but not Transitive</span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Reflexive
 and Transitive but not Symmetric</span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Symmetric
 and Transitive but not Reflexive</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="2" type="a">
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Illustrate
 the operation of counting sort on the array A = [6, 0, 2, 0, 1, 3,
 4, 6, 1, 3, 2].</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
3 a) Let A and B be finite sets, and f : A −> B be a function.
Show that: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(20)</b></span></div>
<ol type="a">
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">If
 f is injective, then |A| ≤ |B|</span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">If
 f is surjective, then |A| ≥ |B|</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">b) Show that any connected,
undirected graph G = (V, E) satisfies |E| ≥ |V| - 1.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
4 a) </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">Illustrate
the operation of Heap sort on the array A = [5, 13, 2, 25, 7, 17, 20,
8, 4]. </span></span>
</div>
<ol start="2" type="a">
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">What
 is the running time of heap sort on an array A of length n that is
 already sorted in increasing order? What about decreasing
 order?</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(20)</b></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
5 Write notes on the following topics: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(20)</b></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksort" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Quick sort</span></a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Probability</span></a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_%28graph_theory%29" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Graph and trees</span></a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://staff.ustc.edu.cn/~csli/graduate/algorithms/book6/chap10.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Medians and order statistics</span></a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div align="center" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>ASSIGNMENT No. 2</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Units:</b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>5 – 8)</b></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>   Total
Marks: 100</b></span></div>
<div align="right" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4540382126610807499" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Pass Marks: 50</b></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Note:</b></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>
 </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>All
questions are compulsory. Each question carries equal marks.</b></i></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4540382126610807499" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Q. 1</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Give
and explain each step with graph example for the trace of following
graph traversal algorithms: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(20)</b></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> a) <a href="https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computer-science/algorithms/breadth-first-search/a/the-breadth-first-search-algorithm" target="_blank">Breadth first search</a></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> b) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-first_search" target="_blank">Depth first search</a></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.75in;">
<a href="http://i.imgur.com/w8mnlsg.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q. 2 a) Demonstrate theinsertion of the keys 5, 28, 19, 15, 20, 33, 12, 17, 10 into a hashtable with collisions resolved by chaining. Let the table have 9slots, and let the hash function be h(k) = k mod 9.</span></a></div>
<ol start="2" type="a">
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://i.imgur.com/BdQhBMl.jpg" target="_blank">For the set of keys {1, 4, 5, 10, 16, 17, 21}, draw binary search trees of height 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. (20)</a></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://i.imgur.com/2mrJF9g.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q. 3 a) Prove that thefractional knapsack problem has the greedy-choice property</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://i.imgur.com/oEsfI7a.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;">  a: 1   b : 1   c : 2   d : 3   e : 5   f : 8   g : 13   h : 21 </span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>
</div>
<a href="http://i.imgur.com/Pb5bACv.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;">b:What is an optimal Huffman code for the following set of frequencies, based on the first 8 Fibonacci numbers? (20)\</span></a></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Q. 4 Execute the following
algorithms for the given graph. Analyze the difference between the
order of nodes or edges visited for the two algorithms: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(20)</b></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> a) Prim’s algorithm</span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> b) Kruskal’s algorithm</span></div>
<div align="center" class="western" lang="en-US" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.21in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Q. 5 Write notes on the
following topics: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(20)</b></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 0.21in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~adamchik/15-121/lectures/Stacks%20and%20Queues/Stacks%20and%20Queues.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Stack & Queue</span></a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 0.21in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table" target="_blank">Hash Table</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function" target="_blank">Functions</a></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 0.21in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellman%E2%80%93Ford_algorithm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Bellman-Ford Algorithm</span></a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 0.21in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://staff.ustc.edu.cn/~csli/graduate/algorithms/book6/chap23.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Elementary Graph Algorithms</span></a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;">Analysis
and Design of Algorithm (3466/3503) Credit Hours: 3(3+0)</span></b></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Recommended Book:  </b></i></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Introduction to Algorithms
by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest</i></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Course Outlines:</b></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Unit No.1: Introduction</b></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Introduction to Algorithm
Analysis and Design </span>
</div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Growth of Functions,
Summations Formulas and Properties</span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Unit No.2: Recurrences and
Sets</b></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Substitution, Iteration and
Master Methods</span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sets, Relations, Functions,
Graph and Trees, Counting and Probability</span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Unit No.3: Sorting
Algorithms</b></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Heaps, Maintaining the Heap
Property, Heap Sort algorithm,</span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Quick Sort, Performance and
Analysis of Quick Sort</span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Unit No.4: Sorting in
Linear Time and Order Statistics</b></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Lower bounds for sorting,
Counting sort, Radix and Bucket Sort, Medians and order Statistics</span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Unit No.5: Elementary Data
Structures</b></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Analysis of Stack, Queues and
Linked List Algorithms, Hash Table and Functions, Binary Search Trees</span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Unit No.6: Dynamic
Programming</b></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Matrix Chain Multiplication,
Longest Common Subsequence, Optimal Polygon Triangulation</span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Unit No.7: Greedy
Algorithms</b></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">An activity selection problem,
Huffman Codes, A Task Scheduling Problem, Amortized Analysis</span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Unit No.8: Graph Algorithms</b></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Elementary Graph Algorithms,
Breadth first search, Depth first search, Minimum Spanning Trees</span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Unit No.9: Single Source
Shortest Paths</b></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> Shortest Paths and
Relaxation, Dijkstra’s Algorithm, The Bellman-Ford Algorithm,
Introduction to NP-Completeness</span></div>
<div align="center" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br />
assginment No 1</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<br /></div>

Analysis & Design of Algorithms(3466)-solved assighnments.aiou autumn 2015

Abdullah 1 aiou, analysis and desighn of algorithm(3466), Autumn 2015 Tuesday, February 23, 2016

solved Assighnments AIOU Course: Analysis & Design of Algorithms (3466) Semester: Autumn 2015 Level: BS (CS) Total Marks: 100 Credit: Half Credit Pass Marks: 50 ASSIGNMENT No. 1 Units: (1 – 4) Note: …

History of Operating Systems

Abdullah 1 History of Operating Systems Tuesday, February 23, 2016

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;"> History of Operating Systems </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> An 
operating system
 (OS) is a software program that manages the hardware and s
oftware 
resources of a computer. The OS performs basic tasks, such as 
controlling and allocating memory, 
prioritizing  the  processing  of  instructions,  controlling  input  and  out
put  devices,  facilitating 
networking, and managing files. 
The first computers did not have operating systems. However, softwa
re tools for managing 
the system and simplifying the use of hardware appeared very qui
ckly afterwards, and gradually 
expanded  in  scope. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> By  the  early  1960s,  commercial  computer  vendors  w
ere  supplying  quite 
extensive  tools  for  streamlining  the  development,  scheduling,  and  ex
ecution  of  jobs  on  batch 
processing systems. Examples were produced by UNIVAC and Cont
rol Data Corporation, amongst 
others. 
Through the 1960s, several major concepts were developed, driving the
 development of 
operating  systems.  The  development  of  the  IBM  System/360  produce
d  a  family  of  mainframe 
computers available in widely differing capacities and pri
ce points, for which a single operating 
system OS/360 was planned (rather than developing ad-hoc progra
ms for every individual model). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> This  concept  of  a  single  OS  spanning  an  entire  product  line  was  c
rucial  for  the  success  of 
System/360 and, in fact, IBM's current mainframe operating s
ystems are distant descendants of this 
original system; applications written for the OS/360 can still 
be run on modern machines. OS/360 
also contained another important advance: the development of the hard dis
k permanent storage 
device (which IBM called DASD).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Another key development was the 
concept of time-sharing: the 
idea of sharing the resources of expensive computers amongst 
multiple computer users interacting 
in real time with the system. Time sharing allowed all of the 
users to have the illusion of having 
exclusive access to the machine; the Multics timesharing sys
tem was the most famous of a number 
of new operating systems developed to take advantage of the concept. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Multics, particularly, was an inspiration to a number of operat
ing systems developed in the 
1970s, notably Unix. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Another commercially-popular minicomputer operating s
ystem was VMS.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The first microcomputers did not have the capacity or need for the
 elaborate operating systems that 
had been developed for mainframes and minis; minimalistic oper
ating systems were developed. 
One  notable  early  operating  system  was  CP/M,  which  was  su
pported  on  many  early 
microcomputers and was largely cloned in creating MS-DOS, which b
ecame wildly popular as the 
operating system chosen for the IBM PC (IBM's version of it
 was called IBM-DOS or PC-DOS), its 
successors making Microsoft one of the world's most profitable
 companies. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The major alternative 
throughout the 1980s in the microcomputer market was Mac OS, tied  intim
ately to the Apple 
Macintosh computer. 
By the 1990s, the microcomputer had evolved to the point where, as well 
as extensive GUI 
facilities,  the  robustness  and  flexibility  of  operating  sy
stems  of  larger  computers  became 
increasingly desirable. Microsoft's response to this change was the development of Windows NT, 
which served as the basis for Microsoft's entire operating 
system line starting in 1999. Apple rebuilt 
their operating system on top of a Unix core as Mac OS X
, released in 2001.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Hobbyist-developed 
reimplementations of Unix, assembled with the tools from the GN
U project, also became popular; 
versions based on the Linux kernel are by far the most popular, wi
th the BSD derived UNIXes 
holding a small portion of the server market. 
The  growing  complexity  of  embedded  devices  has  a  growing  trend  t
o  use  embedded 
operating systems on them. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>

History of Operating Systems

Abdullah 1 History of Operating Systems Tuesday, February 23, 2016

History of Operating Systems An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages the hardware and s oftware resources of a computer. The OS performs basic tasks, such as controlling an…

Estimated value of the mathematical constant e using Java

Abdullah 0 Java, Programming Language–III (3415) Sunday, February 14, 2016

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Q: 4 (b)     Write an application that estimates the
value of the mathematical constant <i>e</i>
by using the formula

</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">                  </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">e = 1+ (1/1!) + (1/2!) + (1/3!) . . .</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />public class euler {<br />    public static void main(String args[])<br />    {<br />        double e = 1;<br />        <br />        for(int x = 1; x < 18; x++)<br />            e = e + 1/(double)fictorial(x);<br />        System.out.println("e: "+ e);<br />        <br />    }<br /><br /><br />    <br />    public static double fictorial(int n)<br />    {<br />        int x;<br />    if(n < 1)<br />    {<br />        return 0;<br />    }<br />    else<br />    {<br />        if(n == 1)<br />        {<br />            return 1;<br />        }<br />        else if(n > 1)<br />        {<br />            return n*fictorial(n-1);<br />        }<br />    }<br />        return 0;<br />    }<br />}</span></span></div>
</div>

Estimated value of the mathematical constant e using Java

Abdullah 0 Java, Programming Language–III (3415) Sunday, February 14, 2016

Q: 4 (b) Write an application that estimates the value of the mathematical constant e by using the formula e = 1+ (1/1!) + (1/2!) + (1/3!) . . . ////////////////////////////////…

Finding Factorial of a number Program. Java

Abdullah 0 Java, Programming Language–III (3415) Sunday, February 14, 2016

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Q: 4(a) Write an application that
reads a nonnegative integer from an input dialog and computes and
prints its factorial.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">import java.util.Scanner;<br /><br />public class fact {<br /><br />    public static void main(String args[])<br />    {<br />        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);<br />        System.out.print("Enter the number to find Fictorial: ");<br />        int num = input.nextInt();<br />        if(num < 0 )<br />            System.out.println("Negative values not allowed, Enter value greater than 0");<br />        else<br />            System.out.println("Answer: "+factorial(num));<br />        <br />    }<br /><br />    public static long factorial(int n)<br />    {<br />        int x;<br />        <br />    if(n == 0)<br />    {<br />        return 0;<br />    }<br />    else<br />    {<br />        if(n == 1)<br />        {<br />            return 1;<br />        }<br />        else if(n > 1)<br />        {<br />            return n*factorial(n-1);<br />        }<br />    }<br />        return 0;<br />    }<br />    <br />}</span></div>

Finding Factorial of a number Program. Java

Abdullah 0 Java, Programming Language–III (3415) Sunday, February 14, 2016

Q: 4(a) Write an application that reads a nonnegative integer from an input dialog and computes and prints its factorial. import java.util.Scanner;public class fact { public static void main(Strin…

Design Fundamentals (3477) solved Assignments and course outline - Autumn 2015

Abdullah 0 2015 autumn, 3477, aiou, desighn fundamentals, solved assignments Thursday, February 11, 2016

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">

<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Design Fundamentals (3477)                                                   Semester: Autumn
2015</span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Final 26-6-2015</b></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD</b></span>

<br />
<div align="center" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i><b>(Department of Computer
Science)</b></i></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-US" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<img align="left" hspace="12" src="data:" />
</div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.37in; text-indent: -0.31in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>WARNING</b></span></div>
<ol>
<li>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-right: 0.13in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF
 GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING THE ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT
 FROM AWARD OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE.</b></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-right: 0.13in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENT(S)
 BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS
 DEFINED IN “AIOU PLAGIARISM POLICY”.</b></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="western" lang="en-GB" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-GB" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Course:
Design Fundamentals (3477) Semester: Autumn 2015</b></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Level:
Graduate Total Marks: 100</b></span></span></div>
<div align="right" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Pass Marks: 50</b></span></div>
<h1 align="center" class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>ASSIGNMENT
No. 1</b></span></h1>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Note: All
questions carry equal marks.</b></i></span></span></div>
<h3 align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Q.
1 “Design is becoming increasingly more important in our daily
life” whether you agree or not, give some arguments and some
examples in favor of your arguments.</span></span></span></span></h3>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<h3 style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">    <a href="https://blogs.adobe.com/creative/design-advantage/" target="_blank">Importance in business</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">           <a href="http://www.htmlgoodies.com/introduction/intro/article.php/3473591/The-Importance-of-Design.htm" target="_blank">Importance in WorldWideWeb</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">           <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-graphic-design-our-day-life-outsource-image" target="_blank">Importance in general</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">           <a href="http://www.mybusiness.com.au/experts/the-importance-of-good-creative-design" target="_blank">Link 4 </a> </span></h3>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Q. 2 Do you think there may be
design from certain designer that would actually try to guide the
eyes of the viewer out of the design to make viewing time minimal? If
yes<a href="https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2009/04/10-impressive-simple-design-techniques/" target="_blank">, what are the techniques for this?</a></span></div>
<a href="https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2009/04/10-impressive-simple-design-techniques/" target="_blank">
</a>
<br />
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2009/04/10-impressive-simple-design-techniques/" target="_blank"></a><br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Q. 3 <a href="https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/design-in-art-scale-and-proportion" target="_blank">What is meant byproportion of scale in </a>design?<a href="https://605.wikispaces.com/Scale" target="_blank"> How this scale helps to maintain the quality of a design</a>?</span></div>
<h3 align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-top: 0in;">
 
</h3>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Q. 4 Express<a href="https://learn.canvas.net/courses/24/pages/m3-definitions-and-qualities-of-line" target="_blank"> differentqualities of a line</a>. H<a href="http://study.com/academy/lesson/positive-negative-space-in-art-definition-examples.html" target="_blank">ow does positive and negative areas are expressed.</a></span></div>
<h3 align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-top: 0in;">
</h3>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
5<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_detection" target="_blank"> Why edges can be seen as lines</a>? Discuss with proper examples. Also
briefly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanishing_point" target="_blank">explain the phenomena of a vanishing point. </a></span></span>
</div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<br /></div>
<h1 align="center" class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>ASSIGNMENT
No. 2</b></span></h1>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Total Marks: 100 Pass
Marks: 50</b></span></div>
<div align="right" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Note: All
questions carry equal marks.</b></i></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
1 </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><a href="http://daphne.palomar.edu/design/value/UseVal.html" target="_blank">Whateffect does value create in a design</a>? What are the<a href="http://www.inc.com/karl-and-bill/5-steps-to-creating-more-customer-value-.html" target="_blank"> techniques tocreate the values</a>?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<a href="http://www.artyfactory.com/perspective_drawing/perspective_index.html" target="_blank"><br /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.artyfactory.com/perspective_drawing/perspective_index.html" target="_blank">Q.2 Discuss linear, atmospheric and aerial perspective of space andtextur</a>e.</span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Q. 3 Develop the design of a
web page (as specified by your instructor) using any graphic package.
Attach the printout with the assignment.</span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
4 Consider <a href="http://www.ratz.com/features.html" target="_blank">AIOU website: aiou.edu.pk</a>. Discuss its design and suggest
some points for improvements.</span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
5 Compare and contrast the<a href="http://www.gan.ng/computer/comparison-between-graphic-packages-and-drawing-packages/" target="_blank"> features of any two graphic packages</a>.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in; page-break-before: always;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>3477
Design Fundamentals Credit hours: 3(3 + 0)</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><i><b>Recommended
Book: </b></i></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><i>Design
Principles and Problems by Paul Zelanski</i></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Course
Outlines</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Unit–1: Awareness
of Design</b></span></span></span></div>
<ol type="a">
<li>
<div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Introduction to design</span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Isolating
 elements of design</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Importance
 of design in today’s life</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Controlling
 the viewer response</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">How
 to create effective designs</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Unit–2:
 Unifying Principles of Designs</b></span></span></span></div>
<ol type="a">
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">How
 to create repetition and variety</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">How
 to create rhythm in design</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Create
 balance in design</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Use
 of proportions or scale</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.88in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Unit–3: Line,
Shape and Form</b></span></span></span></div>
<ol type="a">
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Expressive
 qualities of line</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Positive
 and negative areas</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Source
 of shapes</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">From
 shapes to form</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Difference
 between static and dynamic shapes</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.88in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Unit–4: Space
and Texture</b></span></span></span></div>
<ol type="a">
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Linear,
 atmospheric and aerial prospective</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Scaling
 and positioning</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Illusionary
 and shallow perspective</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Simulated
 texture</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Built
 up and computer texture</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.88in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Unit–5: Value,
Color and third Dimension</b></span></span></span></div>
<ol type="a">
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Representing
 value gradations</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">From
 local value to interpretive values</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Emphasis
 and design interest</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Spatial
 emotional effect</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Characteristics
 of color</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Color
 interactions</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.88in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Unit–6: Typefaces
and Graphics</b></span></span></span></div>
<ol type="a">
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Exploration
 of type styles</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Graphic,
 modes and formats</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Graphic Elements</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.88in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Unit–7: User
Interface Designing</b></span></span></span></div>
<ol type="a">
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Develop
 consistency in design</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">How
 to create simple & appealing interface</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">How
 to design aesthetically strong interface</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.88in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Unit–8: Case
Study – Graphics</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB"><b> </b></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Students
will create vector and bitmap graphics that must be their original
work created in any acceptable tools.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="line-height: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-GB"><b>Unit–9: Preparation
and Presentation of Portfolio</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.63in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">

</h2>
</div>

Design Fundamentals (3477) solved Assignments and course outline - Autumn 2015

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