2nd solved assignment 1426 autumn 2020 aiou

English Literature                              1426                 aiou                           autumn 2020

Q: 1 How are the elements of drama similar explain with the help of Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice and se of a novel? Explain with the re by Charlotte Bronte.
Ans: Elements of Drama:
Drama is a display of emotio relationships and the portrayal  of human life. It sketches different personalities and represents a wide variety of emotions through the different characters it portrays. There are five  elements of drama as given below:
Let us now try to understand each of the element- of drama.
I. Theme:
The theme of a drama refers to the central idea of the play. It can either be clearly stated through dialogue or action or can be inferred after watching the entire performance. How can the readers or audience find out
the theme of the play? Well, we can understand the theme of the play through images, through characters, through action.
When you are reading a drama and analysing it, asking the following questions will help you understand the theme of the drama:
What is the theme or underlying i
Is the title of the drama relate Is the author trying to s better way of looking at life?
Does he say anything important about life or people?
Does the author tell his ideas directly or must you read
The order of events occurring in a play is referred to as he plot of the drama. It is the basic storyline that is narrated through a play. The entertainment one derives from a play depends largely on the sequence of events that occur in the story. The logical connection between the events and the characters, which enact the story form an integral part of the plot of drama.
There are five essential parts of plot: Introduction:
The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is revealed.
II. Rising Action:
This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is revealed.
 Climax:
This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. The reader wonders what will
happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not? 

iv. Falling action:
The events and complications begin to resolve ^themselves. The readers or audience know what has Si happened and if the conflict will be resolved or not.
Resolution or End:
This is the final outcome or untangling of events in the story.
Character:
Characters are the people portrayed by the actors in the play. It is the characters who move the action, or plot of the play forward. The characters that form a part of the story are interwoven with the plot of the drama. Each character in a play has a personality of  its own and has a distinct set of principles and beliefs. Actors who play various roles in a drama have the very important responsibility of bringing the characters to life.
Writers whether they are novelists or dramatists employ a variety of characters while weaving their  tales. Beyond the standard definitions of protagonist protagonist in a literary work), recognizing the types of characters and the parts they play while reading an interesting story can add to the experience.
Characterisation  

A Characterisation is made up of three elements: earance, which is the way the character looks;
Personality, which is the way the character thinks or feels; and behaviour, which is the way the character acts and reacts. In any type of story, it is important that readers are able to picture the characters. Character details can take many forms: physical features, clothing, hobbies, and communication. Paying attention to details can provide a lot of information about what a character is like.
Characters are the agents who perform the action during the course of the play.
4. Dialogue:
Dialogue means the words written by the playwright "
and spoken by the characters in the play. In a play, practically the entire story is carried out on the shoulders of the dialogue. The story of any play is taken forward by means of the dialogue. The story is narrated to the .audiences through the dialogue. The success of a drama depends hugely on the contents of the dialogue and the quality of dialogue delivery by the actors of the play. Dialogue Unveils characters. Characters in a play speak through their own vocabulary, accent, and life experiences.
Drama is a genre of literature intended to be acted out by actors. The lines actors have in a drama are called dialogue^it means "to converse or have a • con ition". Some plays are great to read, while really need to be acted out in front of you in order for you to fully appreciate them!
Music:
Music is also one of the important element of a drama. This element of drama comprises of the melody in the use of sounds and rhythm in dialogues as well as melodious compositions, which form a part of many plays. The background music, the songs and the sound effects that are used in a play make up the musical element of drama. Music composers and lyricists sit together to create music that can go well with the theme of the play. If the scenes of a play are
accompanied by well-suited pieces of music, they become more effective on the audiences. Hence, music forms a very important element of drama.
Stagecraft: .
While the dialogue and music constitute the important aspects of drama, the visual element or the stagecraft deals .with the scenes, costumes and special effects used in it. Stagecraft plays a vital role in increasing the visual appeal of a drama. The use and organisation of different stage properties and the stage setup constitute the stagecraft, which is an essential component of a play. Stage Craft is an art that has been in existence since the beginning of theatre. The costumes worn by the artists must suit the characters they are playing. Besides, it is important for the scenes to be dramatic enough to hold the audiences to their seats. The special effects used in a play add to the visual appeal.
Drama is a term generally used to refer to an art form involving performances by actors while an enthusiastic audience is. perhaps one of the very essential elements of drama. A play needs a live and lively audience who can constructively criticize performances and generously appreciate quality work. Theatre requires an audience that is engaged by the action. Theatre depends more than most arts upon audience response.
If the house is not full, performance loses force.
Aristotle believed that tragedy is "the imitation of an action that is serious and having magnitude, complete in itself. Discuss with examples from your text book.
 Q:2 Aristotal believed that tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and have  complete in it self .discuss with examplesfrom your text book.

Ans.(a)   tragedy:
Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher, scientist, and a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great believed that tragedy is "the imitation of an action that is serious and having magni
Salient features of tragedy:

(1) The tragic hero who, though not perfect
some way morally superior to most of the audience, who is nearly always upper class, and who also show ’’Hamartia^, or the tragic flaw or arrogance. This Hamartia or arrogance causes the hero to believe he can defeat fate or violate a moral law, which leads to some kind of ’’Catastrophe or calamity, which further results in "Peripeteia” or a complete reversal of fortune from happiness to disaster.
(2) A true tragedy should evoke pity and fear on the part of the audience. According to Aristotle, pity and fear are the natural human response to spectacles of pain
and suffering-especially to the sort of suffering that can strike anybody at any time.
The tragic hero must be essentially admirable and good. As Aristotle points out, the fall of a scoundrel or villain evokes applause rather than pity. Audiences cheer when the bad guy goes down. On the other hand, the downfall of an essentially good person disturbs us , and stirs our compassion. As a rule, the nobler and more truly admirable a person is, the greater will be  grief at his or her downfall.
Introduction:
The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is revealed.
ii. Rising Action:
This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is revealed.
Climax:
This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. The reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not?
iv. Falling action:
The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. The readers or audience know what has happened and if the conflict will be resolved or not.
 Climax (outcome)
(Initialing event, exposition)
Setting (opening scene, introduction of characters)
v. Resolution or End:
This is the final outcome or untangling of events in the Story.
What is a Theme of a drama? Discuss at least 2 major themes that hamlet covers.
The theme of a drama refers to the central idea of the  play. It can either be clearly stated through dialogue or action or can be inferred after wa performance. How can the reade
the theme of the play? J theme of the play through through action.
Q: 3 What is the them of a drama ?Discuss at least 2 major themes that hamlet covers.
What is the theme or underlying idea?

1. Is the title of the drama related to the theme?
2.  Is the author trying to show you a new, different or better way of looking at life?
3. Does he say anything important about life or people?
4. Does the author tell his ideas directly or must you read between the lines? Ans: Themes in Hamlet: .
5. Images of corruption, disease, and death appear throughout this play to help convey the theme that a corrupt head of state corrupts the state itself.

Revenge:
Plays based on acts of personal revenge became very popular in Shakespeare’s day. This form came to be known as the revenge tragedy, a genre which most often included some or all of the following:
☆ the ghost of a murdered family member who demands that the hero takes revenge
☆ the revenger must take the law into his own hands and commit an evil act to get revenge, which inevitably leads to his own death scenes involving real or pretended madness ☆ a graveyard scene
much violence and many deaths, (thus its alternate name’’the tragedy of blood
Hamlet contains all of these elements; in fact, the play is structured around a double revenge. Both Hamlet and Laertes seek to avenge their fathers' murders.
The play is completely dominated by the remarkably complex characterisation of Hamlet, the brooding and brilliant Prince of Denmark, through whom the traditional form of revenge tragedy is opened up. The bulk of the play deals not with Hamlet's ultimately successful revenge of his father’s murder, but with Hamlet's inner struggle to take action. The
play concludes with a bloodbath that's typical of revenge tragedy.
2) Death:
Hamlet's thoughts on suicide, especially the "to be or not to be" speech, focuses on the value of life and the mystery of death. But Hamlet himself never commits suicide. It is Ophelia, who never mentions the possibility of taking her own.life, but drowns herself, as •
ion of madness and despair. though the entire play, from the
opening scene's confrontation with a dead man’s ghost to the bloodbath of the final scene, which leaves almost every main character dead.
’’Frailty, thy name is woman,” so Bays Hamlet in his first scene. Hamlet's attitude toward women is notoriously sexist or biased and is resulted from his disgust at his mother's unfaithfulness to his dead father. This outlook eventually spills over to include all women, especially the unfortunate Ophelia, who has virtually no power or control, even over her own life.

Q:4  Prose is the most suitable for giving facts and information. Do you agree?
Ans: What is Prose?
The word ’’prose” comes from the Latin word ’’prosa”, meaning ’’straightforward".
Prose is a type of literature that does not follow any particular formal structure ordinary form of spoken
adopted for the description of facts or the discussion of ideas. without a formal pattern of verse; r meter often found in poetry and is usually ped into paragraphs. Although some works of nose contain traces of poetic devices such as meter, rhyme etc. but that kind of a conscious blend of poetic devices and ordinary language is known as "prose poetry”.
As said earlier that prose is straightforward and ordinary form of writing that does not follow any particular formal structures, therefore prose is often considered the most suitable writing form where the writer’s aim is to give facts and information. The writer usually uses the simplest language possible to express points ,so that it is understood by a reader. This means that prosecan be used for writing in newspapers, magazines, short stories, letters, essays, history, biography and many other forms of writings.
Status of Prose in Literature:
The status of prose has changed overtime. Much of early literature is written in the form of poetry. Prose was considered as ordinary, dull or mundane form of writing. Prose was at one time synonymous with dull, unimaginative or laboured writing and the word ’’prosaic” has developed from prose to mean
anything boring. 

Q: 5 Some stories use code switching in them. Do you approve of it? Why?

Ans:Code switching

Code switching  can explain this mixing of two languages (codes). When two languages are used together while speaking and writing, we can call this "Code switching". We are sure that you must have noticed in many television shows on different channels, where people especially the comperes and anchor persons mix Urdu and . 

We can say that in the prose sample that you have read, the writer switches codes on switches from language A that is English to Language B that is Urdu. .
Q: 6  Read the excerpt of The Diary of a Social Butterfly' by Moni Mohsin in your textbook and tell how culture is being depicted in it?
Analysis:
Ans: Pakistani columnist Moni Mohsin was pleasantly surprised to find she had a fan following in India
Fools are her theme, satire her tenor. So when Moni Mohsin lets her pen flit oven butterfly.
Pakistani high life. She lets loose a scathing attack on Pakistani politics.
And appropriately enough she has readers addicted to her brand of lampooning with her hit column - The Diary of a Social Butterfly - that features in Pakistan’s national weekly The Friday Times. So much so that when she came down to India to attend the Jaipur Literary Festival earlier this year, she was taken aback to find that even Indian readers knew the Butterfly.
She returned home to London, promptly re-opened the diary entries and compiled them into a book that has been released only in India under the Random House umbrella. Mohsin is hoping for a launch in her home country soon.
The Diary of a Social Butterfly has been going strong wight from the early '90s when it was started after its $ author chanced upon a conversation at a lunch party in Lahore. It went somewhat on these lines:
An amply proportioned Begum with diamond studs the size of rupee coins and huge designer sunglasses was holding forth on her newly purchased shahtoosh. ’’Haan so I got this one yesterday only. It is seven also yards, na. I had two from before also but they were three yards only. So I thought, chalo, might as well get a big one also."
Her companion in a slinky sari and a minuscule blouse flicked back her long highlighted tresses and
said: "I tau don’t wear shawls, baba. One looks too much like an ayah.”
. Out of this idle banter emerged the idea of a column that would mock the ways of the spoilt rich and also, simultaneously, be a commentary on the times. "Before this column, I was writing a light-hearted
column called By The Way single woman. But it began to bore me very soon. So  The Diary of a Social Butterfly slid into its place perfectly," says the 45-year-old author.
Butterfly is a knuckle-brained socialite who has the unusual talent of delivering a bolt, from the blue with her by-the-way shrewd, political comments. And malapropism is her forte and stock-in-trade. So the Kinnaird College-educated "sophisty, smart and socialist" lady sails through politically volatile times, right from 9/11 to Benazir Bhutto’s assassination, with her tittle-tattle and parties.
Some of her traits admittedly spring from her creator. "There is a Butterfly in all of us. Like her, I love a fun party and a good gossip. I enjoy feasting on Vogue and Elle and (dare I say it?) even Hello," says Mohsin. Contrary to Indian perceptions, the media in Pakistan enjoys a fair bit of latitude," says Mohsin who made her debut as an author in 2006 with the well-received
novel, The End of Innocence.
It drew on her memories of the war of December 1971. ”My first real memory of it was being woken up in the middle of the night by a loud drilling sound outside my bedroom window. I peered out of the window and saw what I thought were fireworks in the garden. Suddenly my mother was there in the bedroom that my sister and I shared and she was bundling us out of there. It's the only time I've seen strafing," she says.
Her new book with its tongue-in-cheek tone, is in a sense therefore a break from her earlier novel. She stopped writing the column about three years ago, because she found that being a mother to her young
children was a full-time job. But she had to bring the Butterfly back on popular demand.
Belonging to a liberal upper-middle class family, she went to the UK for higher education after a convent education in Lahore. After getting a degree in social anthropology at Cambridge University she returned to Pakistan and started working as a features writer covering environment and heritage with The Friday Times.
She's about to start writing a new novel but she insists that her life revolves completely around her family.
’’That includes long walks with my husband and children, lying-in on a Sunday morning with all the weekend papers spread out over my bed and a mug of coffee on my bedside table, travelling together to new places like Sri Lanka, Italy and France, making complicated Lego models with my son, listening to and advising my 9-year-old daughter on her new novel - she begins a new one every month!”
Q: 7 Poetry is an art from used for aesthetical fulfillment. Explain how? Would you read poetry for relaxation? Give reasons.
According to Wordsworth, "Poetry is spontaneous A over flow of powerful feelings"
These definitions show that poetry has many aspects and different qualities. Poetry enriches our emotional life and awakens in us a feeling for beauty in all things and everywhere.
What does the poet mean? For understanding a poem it is very important to find its them or cetral idea.
Daffodils” by Wordsworth. The poet describes a lovely valley and the beautiful flowers near the lake. But his theme is not the beauty of flowers or the lake. In fact . C he is writing about the power to recall a scene at some future time and enjoy it in his mind's eye.
In all good poems the poet uses a language which is more colourful and enjoyable. For this purpose he uses many devices and techniques. These devices are called the figures of speech. A brief discription of the figures of speech is as under:
(1) Words:
The English words can be devided into syllables. There are words of one, two or more syllables in English. For example words of one syllable are BUT’, CAT, CUT, AND etc. The words of two syllables are TALKING, WALKING, BARKING etc. When we speak we stress one or more syllables. All sylables are not stressed equally.^It forms the basis of the metre(cDj)or unit of measurement in poetry.
(2) Rhythm:
In poetry there is a natural rise and fall of language.
This is called rhythm. fl 2—) The effect of metre and rhythm is musical and this music is based on parallelism of sounds. Look at these lines:
Twinkle, Twinkle, little star.
How I wonder what you are!
we feel that there is a metre and rhythm in these lines. It makes the poetry a different thing from the prose, sky, fly, rain, vain, run, shun etc.
(3) Rhyme:
Rhyme means matching the sounds of the last words in the lines. It forms the unity of a poejm. For example the following are some rhyming words.
(4) Tone: When someone speaks to us we can find out if he isangry, pleased, loving, hating or proud. In fact, his way of speaking, speaks of his emotional attitude. This is the tone. Every poem has a tone, it can be discovered by its rhythm, rhyme, imagery and symbolism. If the tone is sad, the rhythm may be slow, if happy, it may be triping and fast. The tone in the following lines is sad.
Sunday too my father got up < And put his clothes on in the
(5) Imagery:
The word ’Image' means a picture formed in the mind. In poetry the use of images is called 'imagery'. It is a device, used to create images in the minds of readers
i words, phrases or structures. Images are the te details which express the meaning of the poem. Each word of the poem creates the image of something in our minds.
Running splash of rust And gold - flung and scattered Among seven hills like broken China in the sun.
Here the poet has given the sense of movement through imagery. The words "running splash" give us the image of speed. Likewise 'gold' stands for wealth. The whole poem gives the image of a city full of ugliness along with beauty and prosperity.