1st Solved Assignment 247(Math) - aiou ..Matric-autumn 2021

<b>Class: Matric Mathematics, Course Code: 247                                              Semester: Autumn 2020 </b><br />                                                                        <i><b>Assignment 1</b></i><p><i><b>Q.l (a) 14 Cows consume 63Kg of hay in 18 days how many Cows will cat 770Kg of hay in 28 days At the same rate ? </b></i><br />630kg + 18days = 35kg per day 35kg + 14cows — 2.5kg per cow per day <br />Then yon must find out how much hay must eaten per day. <br />770kg + 28days = 27.5kg per day <br />Then divide 27.5 by 2.5 to find the amount of cows needed. <br />27.5kg - 2.5 = 11 11 cows will eat 770kg of hay in 28 days <br /><b>b-</b> If a:b : 4:6 then<br />3a:b=12:6<br /><b>Q.2 (a) Calculates Ushar on a maize crop Amounting to Rs resources? </b><br />Ushar = 5% of product price = 5% x 270,000 <br /> = 5x 2700= 13500<br />b- Calculate zakat on silver amounting to Rs 180,000<br />Zakat = 2.5 % of amount <br />= 2.5%x 180,000 <br />= 2.5x1800<br /> = 4500 <br /><i><b>Q.3 (a) Distribute the amount of profit among three persons whom ratio of their shares is 4:3:6 If a quantity K is divided into three parts in the ratio X : Y : Z, then </b></i><br />First part = X'(X + Y + Z) * K, <br />Second part = Y/(X + Y + Z) x K, <br />Third part = Z/(X + Y + Z) x K. <br />For example, suppose, we have to divide K among X, Y, Z in the ratio 4:3:6 This means that if X gets 4 portions, then Y will get 3 portions and Z will get 6 portions. Thus, total portions = 4 +3+6 = 13. So, we have to divide K into 13 portions and then distribute the portions among X, Y, Z according to their share. <br />Thus, X will get 4/13 of K <br />Y will get 3/13K <br />Z will get 6/13K <br /><b>(b) A shopkeeper gains a profit of 15% by selling a waters set for Rs 1600/- If he sells it for Rs 1900/-. Find his profit percentage. </b><br />Profit = 15% <br />Selling Price = 1600 <br />Actual Price = 1600-1600x15% <br />Let x be the actual price then : <br />x = 1600- 1600x15% <br />= 1600-240 <br />= 1360 <br />if selling price is 1900 then profit? = 54< 28% <br /><i><b>Q.4 (a) Find the compound profit on Rs 48000/- at 5% for once year</b></i> <br />Given Rate of interest is r=5%=0.005 <br />Principal Amount is A=48,000<br />Tiiiie is t=l years <br />Interest is compounded yearly once =>n=l <br />Amount =P(1 + ^) n <br />= 48000(1 + ^-) 1 <br />= 48240 <br />Interest is A-P=4800-48240 <br />= 240 <br /><i><b>(b) Aamir invests Rs 900/- At 3| % per annum profit compunded annually find the amount at the end of the third year. </b></i><br />Per annum profit = 900x 3.5% = 31.5 <br />Amount at tire end of first year = 900+31.5 = 931.5 <br />Amount at the end of Second year = 931.5+31.5 = 963 <br />Amount at the end of third year = 963 +31.5 = 994.5 <br /><i><b>Q.5 (a) Aslam gets paid Rs 120/- per hour for his normal working to 10 hours Daily (5 Days A Week) The Rate of over time is 1.5 of Rs 120 per hour. If he works 30 hours as overtime then work out his montly pay </b></i><br />Daily working hour s =10 <br />Weekly Working Hours = 6x10 = 60 <br />Monthly Working hours = 4x60=240 <br />Payment for normal work = 240x 120 = 28800 <br />Overtime of 30 hours @ 1.5 x 120 per hour <br />Gross Monthly pay = 28800 + 5400 = Rs. 34, 200 <br />(b) If the total annual income of a person is Rs 8,30,000/- with tax chargeable of amount of Rs<br />1200,000-then find of the chargable,@3.5 <br />Chargeable income= total annual income - all the tax exemptions and tax reliefs <br />= 8,30,000^- 1,20,000 = 7,10,000 </p>

1st Solved Assignment 247(Math) - aiou ..Matric-autumn 2021

Class: Matric Mathematics, Course Code: 247                ...

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2nd Solved Assignment -aiou -221 autumn 2020

<p><b>Compulsory English-Il (221)                                                                                    Level: Matric <br />Semester, Autumn 2020                                                                                      Passing Marks :40 </b>                                                             <i><b>  Assignment No.2</b></i><br />                                                                     (Unit 4-6) <br /><i><b>Q.l In Unit 4, you have read the conversation between the police inspector and Junaid. How did Junaid describe the robber's physical features, appearance or way of dressing? For example: He had long hair tied at the back.</b></i> <br /><b>Answer:-</b> <br />Description of the Robber: <br />1. He was quite tall, may be over six feet and was strong built. <br />2. He'd light brown hair and dark black but small eyes. <br />3. He was wearing trousers and blue colored half sleeve shirt. <br />4. He appeared quite well dressed and young looking. <br />5. He was slim. <br />6. He'd long hair tied at the back..</p><p><i><b>Q:2   In Unit 4 read the information about describing a person and describe the following </b></i><br />i-Your Father<br />ii-Your Grand father<br />iii. Your Friend <br />iv. Your spouse <br />Answer:- <br /><b>Your Father:- </b><br />My father's name is Ahmad Hasan. He is a bank officer. He is about forty years old. He is tall and strong. He has black eyes and curly hair. He has a<br /> graceful personality. He wears a neat and clean dress. He is a good Muslim. He is honest to his duty. He likes to help others. He is a caring father. He loves us very much. We are proud of our great father. <br /><b>Your Grandfather:- </b><br />My grandfather's name is Ali Hasan. He is an old man in his 80s. he has a round face with small bright eyes. He has grey hair and long grey beard. He used to be a tall man. But due to his age now his height has shrunk. He has still a glowing complexion. He has a regular routine in his life. He wakes up early in <br />the morning. He regularly walks. He keeps himself busy in the welfare of his family. He is a sociable person. He is always very kind to others. <br /><b>Your Friend: </b><br />I have many friends. But ali is my best friend. He is 16 years old. He has black eyes and curly hair. He is tall and strong. He is doing F.Sc. he is loves playing cricket. He enjoys watching cartoon films. He is fond of Biryani and ice­cream. He dislikes noise and dust. Ali is a sincere friend I like him very much. <br /><b>Your Spouse: </b><br />The one person who has influenced my life greatly is my spouse. I am proud of his positive attitude, his intelligence and his love for me. Asad is a loving person with black eyes and such a nice smile. <br />His name is Asad and he is 35 years old. He is six feet tall having a graceful personality. He is always in a good mood. We both take care of each other. I think, a good husband is a lifelong companion. Asad always cares for me, protects me and even motivates me. He is the backbone of my family. My husband is my best friend and I am proud of him. I will say, you're my soul. My happiness, the all that I need. <br /><b>Q.3 Write the missing words in the following sentences with the help of the following words. </b><br />Oval <br />Almanac^ <br />Fair <br />Blonde <br />Card <br />Catalogue <br />Call number <br />Fiction <br />Extravagant <br />Reference section <br /> 1. Please put these decoration pieces on that <br />2. Sana has got hair. <br />3. Someone spending a lot of money can be called as an <br />4. are mini encyclopedias. <br />5. is the literature from the world of imagination. <br />6. The card for a nonfiction book will have a <br />7. contains the most used books. <br />8. contains a list of book by title, subject and author. <br />9. Sarah has complexion. <br />10. Ali has an face.<br /><b>Answer:</b>- Please put these decoration pieces on that card. <br />Sana has got blonde hair. <br />Someone spending a lot of money can be called as an extravagant. <br />Almanac are mini encyclopedias. <br />Fiction is the literature from the world of imagination. <br />The card for a nonfiction book will have a Call number. <br />Reference Section contains the most used books. <br />Catalogue contains a list of book by title, subject and author. <br />Sarah has Fair complexion. <br />Ali has an Oval face. <br /><b>Q.4 In Unit 5 you read the dialogue between Sanam and the Librarian. Keeping that in mind and answer the following questions: </b><br />What did the librarian tell Sanam to do? <br />What books does Sanam want? <br />What did the librarian ask Sanam to give? <br />What did the librarian tell Sanam to do? <br />The librarian told sanam to fill in a membership form and deposit Rs 300 <br />as annual fee. <br />What books does Sanam want? <br />Sanam wants books on English Literature and Language. <br /> What did the librarian ask Sanam to give? <br />The librarian asked Sanam to give her identity card. <br /><b>Q.5 Open your dictionary. Read the relevant dictionary pages and find out: </b><br />1) Meaning of "solar". <br />2) At least two compound nouns of the word "table". <br />3) Find the pronunciation of "epitome". Which word does it rhyme with? <br />4) The synonym of the word "beautiful". <br />5) The noun of the word "braver/'. <br />6) The definition of the word "obsolete". <br /><b>Answer:-</b> <br />1. Meaning of "solar". <br />2. At least two compound nouns of the word "table". <br />3. Find the pronunciation of "epitome". Which word does it rhyme with? <br />4. The synonym of the word "beautiful". <br />5. The noun of the word "bravery". <br />6. The definition of the word "obsolete". <br /><b>Q.6 Make two sentences for each homonyms given below to differentiate their meaning.</b><br />1- I bought a new wrist watch for my son. <br />Answer:<br />Word                                                      Sentences <br />1 Bear                                                1 can't bear it. <br />                                                           1 saw a bear in the zoo. <br />2 : Bank                                              He work at a bank <br />                                                            We walked along the river bank. <br />3 Cell                                                  Do you have a cell phone? <br />                                                            He was put in a cell. <br /> 4  Head                                                She shook her head. <br />                                                            He is head of this family. <br /> 5 :Bark The dog is barking.                You can't judge a tree by its bark. <br /> <i><b>Q.7 Write meaning of the following words in English and make sentences. You may get help from the dictionary. </b></i><br />Word                              Meaning                               Sentence <br />1-Monarch                       King                         The old monarch was sent to jail<br />2-Stalwart                        loyal                         The Salwart dog Protected his master.<br />3 Icon                             symbol                       A soldier is an icon of bravery.<br />4:Adventure                    Exciting event          After many adventures I returned to my home.<br />5- Sly                              Clever                       He is a sly like a fox<br />6 :Malice                        Enmitty                      I feel not malice towrd any one<br />7:Polite                           Genteel                     You must be polite toward your elders<br />8 -Magnificent               splended                    It is a Magnificent  view.<br />9- Myth                          folk tale                      Every nation has its own myth<br />10-Mesarable                  sorrowful                   She felt miserable after her divorce.<br /> <i><b>Q.8 Read Unit 6 of the Text Book and explain the meaning of the following homophones by giving two examples each: </b></i><br />Example: Know, no <br />1. I know everything in this book. <br />2. There is no chance I can do this. <br />Ans:<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Our Hour Sew Sow </li><li>This is our new school. </li><li>He came here one hour ago. </li><li>She is sewing clothes. </li><li>Farmer was sowing seeds. </li><li>We like to read alo Smoking is not allowed. </li><li>We want peace. </li><li> 1 need a piece of paper. </li><li>Die :He died of cancer. </li><li>Dust allergy Please dye my shirt </li></ul>

2nd Solved Assignment -aiou -221 autumn 2020

Compulsory English-Il (221)                                                                                    Level: Matric Semester, Autum...

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1st Solved Assignment aiou code 221 autumn 2020

<p>Compulsory English-Il (221)                                                                                 Level: Matric<br />Semester, Autumn 2020                                                                                         Passing Marks: 40 <br />                                                                   <b>    Assignment No. 1 </b><br /><i><b>(Unit 1-3)Q.l In 'Talking about Shopping in Unit 1, you learnt the correct quantity of things that you want to buy from bakery, grocer and cloth shop. Write the correct quantity of each of the following </b></i><br />items:<br />Apples<br />Books <br />Guns <br />Oil <br />Pastries <br />Pins <br />Fruits <br />Patrol <br />Swans <br />Honey <br />For example: Five liter oil <br />Answer:- <br /><b>Word                                            Sentence </b><br />1-Apples                               Two kilos of apples. <br />2 Books                                Three volumes of books. <br /> 3-Guns                                 A pile of guns <br /> 4-Oil Five liters tin of cooking oil. <br /> 5-Pastries A pack of pastries. <br /> 6- Pins A packet of pins. <br /> 7-Fruits A basket of fruits. <br />8-Patrol                         Two liters of petrjI. <br />9 -Swans                       A flock of swans. </p><p>10 -Honey                     A bottle of honey </p><p><b>Q.2 You have read all: about different types of nouns. Keeping in mind the information about nouns correct the following statements:</b><br /> 1. A pot of plants is common noun. <br />2. Naila has three kilos of chairs. <br />3. Please, give me two dozen of meat. <br />4. 'Can you lend me your computer' is an informal expression. <br />5. There is many juice in the tank. <br />6. Sunday market is a common noun. <br />7. Dell computer is a proper noun <br />8. Outlets is a common noun <br />9. Human is a proper noun <br />10. Oxygen is countable noun <br />Answer:- <br />1. A pot of plants is common noun. <br />Correct: A pot of plants is a compound noun. <br />2. Naila has three kilos of chairs. <br />Correct: Naila has three kilos of mangoes. <br />3. Please, give me two dozen of meat. <br />Correct; Please give me two kilos of meat. <br />4. Can you lend me your computer' is an informal expression. <br />Correct: "Can you lend me your computer" is a formal expression. <br />5. There is many juice in the tank. <br />Correct: There is much juice in the tank, </p><p><b> Q:3 Write down the appropriate functions of  each of the following</b><br />For example: Why don't you consult some good architect for your home design? (Suggestion) <br />1. Could you please help me in doing my new project (....) <br />2. Would you please come along with me (...) <br />3. Let's go out and have fun (...) <br />4. You must respect your elders(....) <br />5. Have you finished your assignments (...) <br />Answer:- <br />1. Could you please help me in doing my new project (Request) <br />2. Would you please come along with me (Request) <br />3. Let's go out and have fun (Invitation) <br />4. You must respect your elders(Obligation) <br />5. Have you finished your assignments (Asking Question) <br /><i><b>Q.4 Read Unit 1, page 11,12. Fill in the blanks using "little" or "few". </b></i><br />1. There is............... money in the wallet. <br />2. I've got a............ books. <br />3. My father has got a.................. cigarettes in the packet. <br />4. I can't wait for you. I've got................... time. <br />5. Sidra has got a............... English books. <br />6. Hooria has got a............. friends. <br />7. There is................... butter left. We need to buy some. <br />8. There are .................. ... people at the cinema as the film is not very good.<br />7. There is little butter left. We need to buy some. <br />8. There are few people at the cinema as the film is not very good. <br />9. I have got few magazines. I prefer books. <br />10. There is a little pizza in the fridge if you are hungry. <br /><i><b>Q.5 Suppose your brother has become an army cadet and is facing many physical challenges in the academy. Write him a letter and give at least five suggestions as given below in the example how he can make adjustments.</b></i> <br />For example: You should try to follow the rules defined by the seniors. <br />Answer:- <br />Letter to Brother: <br />House No-2  Samaqnabad Lahore. <br />My dear Abdullah, <br />Assalam-o-Aliakum! Your letter came to hand yesterday. I came to know that you are facing some physical challenges in the academy. Here I give you some suggestions to make well adjustments: <br />1. You should try to follow the rules and regulations defined by the academy. <br />2. You should set a goal and think of it regularly. <br />3. Only do meaningful work and don't indulge in useless activities. <br />4. You must take the time to get to know your colleagues, your colleagues can support you when you are feeling stressed at work. <br />5. Develop good relations with your fellow-cadets and celebrate small successes among yourselves. <br />I hope, following these tips you will enjoy your cadet life a lot. <br />Your loving brother  Naim<br /><i><b>Q.6 Read Unit 3, carefully and answer the following questions: <br />1. Define pollution and give examples of how it effects the surroundings.</b></i><br />2. Is Pakistan an overpopulated country? How? <br />3. What is environmental hazard? <br />4. What is the problem that Pakistan faces? <br />5. How does rain damage the environment? <br />Answer:- <br />1. Define pollution and give examples of how it effects the surroundings. <br />Pollution means making our environment dirty, pollution has very bad- effects on human life and other living things, such as health problems, diseases, noise and tension etc. <br />2. Is Pakistan an overpopulated country? How? <br />Yes, Pakistan is an overpopulated country. It is among 10 most populated countries in the world. Pakistan will be fourth most populous country by 2030. <br />3. What is environmental hazard? <br />Environment means the space or atmosphere around us. <br />4. What is the problem that Pakistan faces? <br />The biggest problem that Pakistan faces is environmental pollution.<br />5. How does rain damage the environment? <br />Harmful gases and smoke rise into the air and combine with moisture in the clouds. This makes the rain that falls from those clouds acidic. When acid rain sinks into the soil it kills trees and other plans. <br /><i><b>Q.7 Read Unit 3, about the sentences showing cause and effect. Now write 2 </b></i><br />It was terribly cold, therefore 1 could not go out. 1 couldn't go out because it was terribly cold. <br />3-There is too much dust in the atmosphere, so people cough all the time. People cough all the time, because there is too much dust in the atmosphere. 4 The sewerage pipes leak. So people drink polluted water. People drink polluted water because the sewerage pipes leak. <br />5-There were heavy floods, therefore crops were destroyed. Crops were destroyed, because there were heavy floods. <br />6 -He did not attend the class because he was ill. <br />He was ill, therefore he did not attend the class. <br />7 The park is dirty because people throw plastic bags there. <br />People throw plastic bags there therefore the park is dirty. <br />8-There is smoke pollution because there are too many vehicles on the roads. <br />There are too many vehicles on the roads so there is smoke pollution. <br />9-She went to sleep early because she was tried. <br />She was tired so she went to sleep early. <br />10 There is noise pollution because the shops play loud music. The shops play loud music so there is noise pollution. Q.8 Make the appropriate request for the following. You may be formal or informal. <br />1. You want some tea at your neighbor's house. <br />2. You are sick and want to take the day off. <br />3. You want to borrow money from your father. <br />4. You want to take a lift from your boss because you don't have a car. <br />5. You want to leave your pet parrots with your neighbors while you go to Murree. <br />Answer:- <br />1. You want some tea at your neighbor's house. <br />Ali, what about having tea at your house the evening? <br />2. You are sick and want to take the day off. <br />Excuse me sir, could you please grant me today's leave as I have a severe headache? <br />3. You want to borrow money from your father. <br />With your permission, can I use your pen please? <br />4. You want to take a lift from your boss because you don't have a car. <br />Excuse me sir, could you please drop me at the next bus stop? <br />5. You want to leave your pet parrots with your neighbors while you go to Murree. <br />I wonder if it's possible to leave my pet parrots with you during my trip to Murree? <br />Q.9 Read Unit 3, page numbers 52 & 53. Write five causes of following problems with words "because, as, since" while following the example. <br />1. Flood <br />2. Pneumonia <br />3. Diarrhea <br />4. Heat stroke <br />5. Dust allergy <br />Example: Toothache: I have severe tooth ache because I did not take care of my dental hygiene. <br />Answer:- <br />Words <br />Causes <br /> 1 Flood                           There are floods in the country because Karantk .it has rained a lot <br /> 2 Pneumonia                  I have Pneumonia last night outside in the rain. <br />3 Diarrhea:                     The children have suffere polluted water. <br />4:Heat stroke                 he wa: ot sun f hit by heat stroke yesterday because she Spent all time in the<br />5: Dust allergy               Dust allergy is a often atmospher dust allergy as there is toe much dust in the <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /></p>

1st Solved Assignment aiou code 221 autumn 2020

Compulsory English-Il (221)                                                                                 ...

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2nd Solved assignment matric code 207 aiou autumn 2020

<p><br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Compulsory English-1 (207) Level: Matric <br />Semester, Autumn 2020 Passing Marks: 40 </b></span><br />                                                                        Assignment No. 2<br /><i><b>                                                                               (Unit 4-6) <br />Q.l In Unit 4, you learnt how to express likes and dislikes. We express our likes and dislikes in the following expressions. </b></i><br />1- I like swimming. (Like) I hate hiking. (Dislike) <br />Now write what are your likes and dislikes in the following. Write different expressions each time. <br />Answer <br /> Food Movies Songs Friends Cell phones Restaurant Colour Dress Park Hair style<br /> Colour <br />1 like blue colour the most. <br /> Dress <br />1 am quite fond of wearing simple dress.<br />Pairs <br />1 am very fond of visiting park daily. <br /> Hair style <br />1 like braided hair style the most.<br /><i><b>Q.2 Write a paragraph of at least 100 words describing the city you live in. Write about things that you like and dislike about it. </b></i><br />Answer:- <br /><b>                                                                   My Home Town </b><br />I live in Lahore. It is my home town. Lahore is the capital of Punjab province. It is a beautiful city. It stands on the bank of the River Ravi. There are two shades of Lahore, old Lahore and new Lahore. Old Lahore is very crowded. Here the streets are narrow. In new Lahore there are beautiful parks and gardens Lahore is a historical city. The old buildings remind us about its glorious past. People come to see its historical places like Badshahi Masjid,Shahi Fort, Minar-e-pakistan, Jahangir's Tomb and Shalimar Garden etc. Lahore is a great centre of trade, industry and education. People are fond of eating good, tasty foods. They like traditional goods as well as fast foods. They are very hospitable. Lahore is the heart of Pakistan<br />Q.3 Suppose you travel from your country to another country. What are the things that you will require for your journey and why? <br />Answer- <br />required for <br />1. passport,visa,and money required<br />2. Insurance; and id card<br />3. clothes,shoes.,according to weather<br />4. Cell phone <br />5. Hotel and tour contact<br /><i><b>Q.4 In Unit 6, you learnt about formal and informal expressions for inviting people. You have to be formal while inviting your elders to an event and you can informally invite the persons to whom you have friendly relations. </b></i><br />For example: Would you please come to the dinner party? Formal <br />What about coming to the dinner party? Informal <br />Now write formal or informal expressions in each of the following situations: <br />i. You invite your friends7 parents to your sisters' wedding. <br />ii. You invite a colleague or lunch. <br />iii. You invite your teachers for a birthday party at school. <br />iv. You invite your grandparents to your university. <br />v. You invite your boss for lunch. <br />Answer:- <br />1. You invite your friends' parents to your sisters' wedding. <br />Will you please come to attend my sister's wedding ceremony on Friday next? <br />2. You invite a colleague or lunch. <br />What about coming for lunch this afternoon? <br />3. You invite your teachers for a birthday party at school. <br />Respected Sir, would you please attend my birthday party at school tomorrow? <br />4. You invite your grandparents to your university. <br />I would be delighted if you could come to attend our convocation <br />ceremony at university this afternoon? <br />invite your boss for lunch. <br /> Sir, I would be very much grateful if <br />Write these in their res ive columns. <br /> <i><b>Q.5 The following paragraph contains different parts of speech. Can you differentiate between no , pronouns, verbs, adverbs and prepositions?</b></i><br /> Answer:- <br />Lahore <br /> This is all new to us. Once upon a time, we were in the big city, and the population of our neighborhood - a small district in a large borough in one of the nation's largest cities - the population of just our neighborhood was ten times bigger than the population of our entire city today. If you can call it a city. Everything here is called Village Something: the village Laundromat, the Village Stationery, the Village Tavern, the village Pizza, the village Freez (an ice cream stand), the Village Cinema, the village School. <br />Nouns Pronouns Verb. Adverbs Prepositions <br />City, Us, Is, In, To, <br />Populations, We, were. Once, In, can our was entire <br />Nation, in a large<br /> Neighborhood. you. can. upon<br /> <i><b>Q:6. Write a post card to your brother while you are on attending a summer campin islamabad<br />Answer:- </b></i><br /> June 4 2020<br />Lahore <br />Dear brother,<br />A group of 23 students, including males and females from different schools of different cities left here on Wednesday to participate summer camp<br /> in Islamabad to be held there from June 1 to 14. I am enjoying here very much. I love many places in Islamabad. I visit Islamabad at night or daytime<br /><i><b>Q.7 Write the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives. </b></i><br />Positive                           Comparative degree                                      Superlative degree <br />Poor.                                        poorer.                                                        poorest </p><p>Fake.                                       faker.                                                             fakest<br />Green.                                  greener.                                                           greenest<br />ugly.                                       uglier                                                              ugliest<br />Busy                                     busier.                                                             busiest<br /> Funny                                   more funny                                                   most funny<br /> Bad                                       more bad.                                                     most bad<br /> Beautiful                            more beautiful.                                             most beautiful<br /><br />  <br /><br /><br /><br /> </p>

2nd Solved assignment matric code 207 aiou autumn 2020

Compulsory English-1 (207) Level: Matric Semester, Autumn 2020 Passing Marks: 40                                                            ...

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1st Solved Assignment-Compulsory English-1 code 207 Matric aiou autumn 2020

<p><b>Compulsory English-1 (207)                                                                                      Level: Matric <br />Semester, Autumn 2020                                                                                        Passing Marks: 40 </b><br />                                                                        <span style="color: red;"><b>   Assignment No. 1</b></span><br />                                                                                  (Unit 1-3) <br /><b>Q.l In Unit 1 you read how to ask questions. Choose the correct WH words given in the box to complete each of the following questions </b><br /> 1-............are you living this time? <br />(The hotel on Jinnah Avenue.) <br />2-...............should I park my car? <br />(In front of the gate.) <br />3-............will pick up the rubbish? <br />(The cleaner who comes in the morning.)<br />4-............ is your best friend? <br />(The girl sitting in the front row.) <br />5- are you running so fast? <br />(I want to reach school on timd <br />are you cooking food today? <br />(My cook is on leave today.) is the color of your dress? (Blue and green.) ; <br />does the weather forecast say about today? <br />(It is going to rain.) <br />(In ten days.) will you pic <br />(By next week.) <br />p your assignment? <br /> Answer:Where are you living this time? (The hotel on Jinnah Avenue.) <br />• Where should I park my car? (In front of the gate.) <br />• Who will pick up the rubbish? <br />(The cleaner who comes in the morning.) <br />• Who is your best friend? <br />(The girl sitting in the front row.) <br />• Why are you running so fast? <br />(I want to reach school on time.) <br />• Why are you cooking food today? (My cook is on leave today.) <br />• What is the color of your dress? (Blue and green.) <br />• What does the weather forecast say about today? (It is going to rain.) <br />• When are you expected to return from the trip? (In ten days.) <br />• When will you pick up your assignment? <br /><i><b>Q.2 Read Unit 2 and write short paragraph giving information about the things you bought from the market to decorate your room. Provide details about buying clothes, furniture, wall hangings, decoration and also about the setting and dimension of your room etc.</b></i><br />Answer:- <br />Things to Decorate my Room: <br />A spacious room is my dream. I plan to buy things to decorate my dream room. In this apartment an oversized and jumbo mirror I will fix in the front wall. Moreover I will buy awesome wall art pieces, and in the side wall a big wardrobe. A new thing, LED curtain for my window, that will provide a soft, cool light, super cozy and lovely. A corner table and a chair to sit on and do my home work. A book organizer to stack my books and note books. A table lamp to provide plenty of light for night reading. A wall hanging. I think it's enough to decorate my room well. Then I'll want to invite my friends into my room to take a look at how <br /><i><b>Q.3 Suppose you see an advertisement of job for a language teacher in a newspaper. The administration of the office requires the following information. </b></i><br />1. Full name <br />2. Permanent home address <br />3. Present address <br />4. Education <br />5. Experience <br />6. Award s/certifi cates <br />7. Any other language spoken <br />How would you give this information to the officer? <br />Answer:- <br /><b>Required information </b><br />1. Full name <br />Daniyal iqbal <br /> 2. Permanent home address <br />375-B, Johar Town, Lahore <br />3.Present address <br />25-D Jinnah Garden, Islamabad <br />4. Education <br />B.A, B.ED <br />5. Experience <br />3 Years as language teacher <br />6.Awards/Certificate <br />Honors of Distinction <br />7. Any other language spoken <br />Urdu, English, Punjabi <br /> <span style="color: red;"><i><b>Q.4 Keeping in mind Unit 1, read the dialogue and re-write the information about Sunny in paragraph form.</b></i></span> <br />A: Can you introduce yourself?<br /> Sunny: Yes! I am Sunny Roy <br />A: Where are you from? <br />Sunny: I have come from America. <br />A: Which city do you live in? <br />Sunny: I live in Michigan City. <br />A: What is your profession? <br />Sunny: I am a teacher. <br />A: What subject do you teach? <br />Sunny: Mathematics. <br />A: How long will you stay in Pakistan? <br />Sunny: Four months. <br />A: Will you be working here? <br />Sunny: Yes, I will be teaching in Falcon School. <br />A: Are you married? <br />Sunny: Yes, I have a wife and two children. <br />A: will you family live with you here? <br />Sunny: I have come here alone. <br />Answer <br />Introduction <br />I am Sunny Roy. I am from America. There I live in Michigan City. I am a teacher. I teach Mathematics. In Pakistan I will stay for four months. I will be teaching in Falcon Schools. I am <i><b>married. I have a wife and two children. I have come here alone<br /> Q.5 Suppose you want to ask your mother how to do the following things. Write 5 questions that you will ask her regarding: </b></i><br />a) How to pack your bag. <br />b) Howto cook noodles. <br />c) How to fly a kite. <br />d) How to tie shoe laces. <br />e) How to boil an egg. <br />Answer:- <br />1. Howto pack your bag. <br />Mom, would you please help me how to pack my bag? <br />2. Howto cook noodles. <br />Please Mom, will you guide me how to cook noodles? <br />3. How to fly a kite. <br />Please can you tell me how to fly a kite? <br />4. How to tie shoe laces. <br />Please Mom, help me how to tie my shoe laces? <br />5. Howto boil an egg. <br />Mom, would you please guide me how to boil an <br /><i><b>Q.6 Use the present continuous tense or ing from the verb to write 5 sentences using the following verbs: </b></i><br />word. present continpus tense<br />play. we are playing cricket<br />study. she is studying a book<br />work. He is working in a bank<br />Eat. They are eating nice<br />write. Ali is writing a letter<br /><i><b>Q.7 Use to complete the following sentences. </b></i><br />As <br />Because <br />Therefore <br />Due to <br />Since <br />1. I want to study physics I want to become a scientist. <br />2. He is unable to walk he has weak legs. <br />3. He has been training parrots he cannot do anything else. <br />4. The student completed his work he was awarded with a certificate. <br />5. He couldn't play cricket his failing health. <br />Answer:- <br />1. I want to study physics because I want to become a scientist. <br />2. He is unable to walk as he has weak legs. <br />3. He has been training parrots since he cannot do anything else. <br />4. The student completed his work therefore he was awarded with a certificate. <br />5. He couldn't play cricket due to his failing health. <br /><i><b>Q.8 Read the essay given below carefully and then answer the questions given below (in your own words)</b></i></p><p>. Humans, unlike many other animals, are omnivores. We require both vegetable matter and meat to be fully healthy (although some humans manage to survive reasonably healthily whilst consuming no animal products at all, finding their protein mainly in nuts and seeds). To carry out its many complicated functions, the human body requires different chemicals and substances. All of the nutrition we take in can be put in one of seven categories. These are; carbohydrates, proteins, fiber, minerals, vitamins, fats and water. <br />Carbohydrates provide the body with energy. Proteins allow the body to repair itself and grow. Fiber aids the digestive system. Minerals and vitamins are required for many reasons. Deficiencies in any vitamin or mineral can lead to illnesses. Vitamins are essential for normal growth and development. Fats are often unnecessary, and many are bad for you. The body does not need to take in most fats, but the fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 are necessary. The body is around 70% water. If water is not consumed, the body will dehydrate. The body loses water in excretion, sweating and breathing. It is advised that you should have a balanced diet, taking in food from each of the food groups, in proportion. <br />Questions: <br />a) What are omnivores? <br />b) What does a human body require to carry out its functions? <br />c) In how many categories can nutrition be divided into? <br />d) What will happen if we don't drink water? <br />e) What is the percentage of water in human body? <br />Answer:- <br />a) What are omnivores? <br />Omivores are those organisms who eat plants and animals. <br />b) What does a human body require to carry out its functions? <br />To carry out its functions a human body require to carry out its functions? <br />c) In how many categories can nutrition be divided into? <br />All of the nutrition can be divided into seven categories. <br />d) What will happen if we don't drink water? <br />Our body will dehydrate if we don't drink water. <br />e) What is the percentage of water in human body? <br />The percentage of water in human body is 70% <br /><br /> <br /><br /> </p>

1st Solved Assignment-Compulsory English-1 code 207 Matric aiou autumn 2020

Compulsory English-1 (207)                                                                                      Level: Matric Semester, Autu...

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2nd Solved Assinment 1431 aiou autumn 2020

<p><b>Solved Assignment # 2 aiou autumn 2020 code # 1431</b><br /><i><b>Q: 1 What is an soft ware ?Explain any 10 applications of software.also explain application software and system software?</b></i><br />Ans: Computer Software<br /> A computer cannot do every thing its own provided some sequence-wise instructions and relevant data to perform its functions. Ihis sequence of instructions is called a computer programm d to as computer software. Software is a generic term used for collection of data and instructions given to the erjwuters to perform specific tasks. It also refers to set of  programs, procedures and associated documents designed for the working of computersfrThe software is logical part of the computer that user can ' not touch but use to make computer operate. <br /> Bbmputer software controls the operation of hardware or some other re by implementing the instructions given to it in an ordered way.</p><p><b>Software Package </b><br /></p><p> A Software Package is a group of programs that solve a specific problem or perform a specific type of job. A word-processing package may contain programs for text editing, text formatting, drawing graphic,spelling checking Hence, a multipurpose computer system^ several software packages, one perform. <br /> <b>How Software Works: </b><br />When you install a new application  on your PC, a lot goes on behind the scenes that mosf of us take for granted. Running that installation program launches a complex series of events that leads, ultimately, to making the new application ready to use. it's not uncommon for a user to have five or more applications running at once, plus innumerable crating system processes that keep the whole show running. When creating software, programmers devote, a lot of energy to make sure their program plays nicely with all of those other applications. <br /><b> (b) Write down the process for creating, saving, editing and deleting an MS Word document. <br /> Ans: Using Elementary Job Commands </b><br />It includes different job commands which  are : <br /><b>Create a File </b><br />Each file is basically given a file- and extension such as: 'fr doc: Word Document <br /><b><i> Text File </i></b><br />Excel Spreadsheet ☆ htm or html: HTML File  ppt: Power Point Presentation etc. <br />As the MS Word is an application package used to create official/personal documents. So let us see the procedure of creating a file inMS-WorlSr ‘ . <br />Note: Microsoft Office should be installed in order to take a start. <br />First of all, click start menu (start button) then a list of different options will be opened. Choose an option ”All Programs.Then another list of different options will be opened. Choose an option "Microsoft Office". <br />By clicking this option "Microsoft Office", different sub-options will be opened immediately. Then simply click "Microsoft Office Word",’ a document will be opened which is basically known as a word file. Simple write/type something on this file. Then after completion, the file is needed to be saved. Just follow the next step below, <br /><b>Save a File </b><br />The following is the basic procedure of saving a file in the MS-Word: <br />Just click a button (Office Button) on the upper left coiner of the file. Then click an option "Save", by clicking this option, a dialog box will be opened where you will give a path to save this file. <br />Any path can be chosen e g. desktop. (On the left hand side of thjs  dialog box, a scrolling vertical bar will be bar by choosing any other path for saving <br /> One can scroll this  Then just give a file name e.g. My Doc<br /> file will automatically be saved  this file at any time. <br />4. Press "Save" button (then this word file will automatoically saved on desktop). After that, the user<br /> this purpose, just go to the ni <br /><b>Modify a File  </b> </p><p>Modify means to do changes in the document. The following is the basic procedure of modifying an MS-Word file: <br />1. Simply locate the file to be changed where you have saved it. Double click on this file then the file will be opened. <br />2. Then do changes according to your requirements. After that the file again needs to be saved then there are two options to save this file <br />☆ Just click on the save button (which shows on the upper left Comer of the file 0ust along with office button). Then simply close this file. The file will be saved safely. <br />☆ Otherwise click a button (Office Button) on the upper left comer of the file. Then click an option "Save" and then simply close the file. The file will be saved automatically on the same place. <br />3. One can also save an existing file on some other place. For this purpose, just click the same button (Office Button) on the upper left comer of the file. Then click an option "Save As", by clicking this option, a dialog box will be opened where you will give another path to save this file. <br />Note: Any other path can be chosen easily e.g. Local Disk (E :) from this <br />dialog box, (On the left hand side of this dialog box, a scrolling vertical bar will be seen. One can scroll this bar by choosing any other path for saving this file).<br />4. Then press "Save" button (then this word file will be saved automatically on that selected path). After that, the user can modify this file at any time. One can also rename a file, for this purpose just follow the next step below. <br /><b>Renaming a File </b><br />1. First locate your file (Let us consider, the file is located on the Desktop). <br />2. Right-click the file. <br />3. Choose an option ’'Rename", <br />4. The file name will be highlighted in blue then ready to be retyped. <br />5. Type a new file name and then press Enter. <br />6. The file is "renamed". <br />One can also delete a file, for this purpose just follow the next step below. <br /><b>Delete a File </b><br />1. First locate your on the Desktop). <br />2. Right-click the file icon. <br />4. A "Delete File" dialog box will be appeared in order to ask you "Are you sure you want to move this file to the Recycle Bin?". <br />5. Choose Yes, if you want to delete this file. <br />6. Then the file will be moved to the Recycle Bin (Till now the file has been deleted from the original path but still existed in Recycle Bin). <br />Note: If you want to delete this file permanently from a system then go to Recycle Bin and delete the same file. In order to delete the file from Recylcle Bin, just follow the following steps which are similar to the above steps except those changes which are highlighted below: <br />☆ Right-click the file icon. <br />’ft Choose an option "Delete". <br />☆ A "Delete File" dialog box will be appeared in order to ask you"Are you sure you want to permanently delete this file?". <br />☆ Choose Yes, if you want to permanentlydelete this file. <br />Then the file will be deleted permanently from the system. <br /><b>Find a File </b><br />In order to find a file in a system, follow the following steps: <br />Double click an icon •'Computer” on desktop. A window will be opened. ' <br />On the upper^right comer of this window, an option "Search Computer" is seen. <br />Just click that option then the line will seem to be blinked. <br />Just write a name of file which you want to search. <br />5. After that the system will start finding that file. Within a shorttime-period, different files related to that name will be shown on this window. </p><p><i><b>Q: 2 what kind of facilities are available One can easily find the exact file from there operating system? Elaborate</b></i>. <br />Ans:-<b> Facilities in Single User Operating System: </b><br />A single user operating system is a type of operating system that provides facilities to only one user at a time. It’s the most common system used for home computers. It’s also used in offices and other work environments. Furthermore, single user OS is simple. An operating system can be used . for a variety of tasks and it’s a crucial program on a computer. Single user single task OS and single user multi-task OS are two types of single user OS. Single-task operating systems can function on electronic devices, like a computer, and will run only application at a time. It can be used , on <br />wireless phones and two-way messaging systems. Multitasking single-user operating systems can do a little bit more than a single-task system. It can run multiple applications and programs in one go. This is used on computers where someone needs to scour the Internet, run a graphics program, listen to music, and use a word processor. Windows, Apple Mac OS are some (examples of single user OS. <br /><b>2- Facilities in Multi User Operating System: </b><br />A multi user operating system is a type of operating system that provides resources and services to multiple users at a time. Timesharing OS and Distributed OS are some types of multiuser OS. Furthermore while multiuser OS is complex. Main objective of designing of Multi user OS is used to time sharing and batch processing on mainframe system. Now <br />these days, this multi user operating system is used in the large organization, government sector, educational system such as large scale university, and mostly used in the servers side like as Ubunto Server or Windows Server. These servers grant the permission of multiple users to accessing the operating system, kernel, and hardware simultaneously. In the multi u*er operating system, several peripheral can be shared such as printers, fax m/c, plotters, and hard drives etc. Due to this feature, users can share own documents. In this system, tiny time slice of CPU time is allotted to all users. UNIX and Linux are two examples of Multiuser OS. <br /><i><b>(b) Define system performance measures & process management tools. </b></i><br /><b>Ans:, System Performance Measures </b><br />Measuring operating system's performance is such an important task which sets out the miyor and fundamental techniques which are used in analyzing as well as understanding its performance. • <br />There are different methods which are being used for describing and <br />measuring the operating system's performance such simulation and modelling as shown below: <br />These methods are described below in detail: <br /><b>Measurement </b><br />Measurement means to cany out some real experiment along with a real IP (Internet Protocol) system which is being operated in real time (with real users). A monitoring feature basically records all necessary and primary data during this experiment. After that the performance values can be easily computed from that recorded data. <br /><b>Simulation </b><br />Mostly a ’’simplified functional model” of an IP system & its users is generally developed for simulation. Then a computer-program is written which runs that modeL This computer-program may run in one of the three different modes which include slow motion, time lapse mode or in real time. Any one of these modes can be used easily (it doesn’t create any problem). All necessary and fundamental information during the above simulated run can be simply recorded with the help of a software monitor. After that the performance values can be easily computed from that recorded data. <br />Modelling <br />A "very simplified functional model” of an IP system & its users is generally developed for modelling. From this model, another mathematical model is basically derived by using "queuing theory". This mathematical model is then analyzed with the help of so-called state equations (merely numerically). But sometimes the explicit formulae (of interesting performance-terms) may be found. Then the performance values may be computed with the help of those formulae. <br />Overall, the brief summary is that the simulation and modelling are those methods which use only "models of the system” under test These two methods basically deliver performance-values of the models. These, are estimated values which can't be considered as measured values. So it can be said that simulation and modelling only deliver predictions of performance- values. On the other hand, the measurement is that method where the real IP- system is analyzed, investigated and tested (which can be a considered a suitable approach for measuring system performance). <br />Process Management . <br />A program doesn't do anything unless the instructions related to it are executed or carried out by a Central Processing Unit (CPU). The term "process" can be defined in many different ways such as: <br />☆ A program in execution-mode (as mentioned above) is called a process. <br /> A compiler (time-shared user program) can also be referred as a process. <br />☆ A word-processing program which is being run through an individual user (on a PC) is also known as a process. <br />So, it can be said that a process can be considered like a job/time-shared program. <br />Basically a program (by itself) is not a "process". A program is usually a passive entity; say for example a file's contents which are stored on a disk, while a process is generally referred as an active entity. In a system, a process is basically a unit of work. Such system contains a broad collection of processes. Some of these processes are referred as operating system processes (those that execute system- code) and some of these processes are referred as user processes (those that execute user-code). <br />All these processes may potentially execute concurrently by means of multiplexing the CPU. For example, the operating-system may be responsible for those activities (which are listed below) in connection with process-management:ft Create & delete both users as well as system processes. <br />A Suspending & resuming processes. <br />ft Provide mechanisms for the process synchronization. <br />’fr Provide mechanisms for the process communication. <br />ft Provide mechanisms for the deadlock handling. <br />As a process carries-out/executes, it changes its state. The state of anyprocess can be easily defined in part through current activity (action) that process. Every process ran be existed in anyone of the following mentioned states such as: <br />New: A process is being produced / created. <br /> Ready: The process is now waiting to be allotted or assigned to Running: The instructions are being carried-out / executed. Waiting: The process is basically waiting for some result / event to occur (like an I/O completion / reception of a sign (signal)). Terminated: The process has completely finished execution.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Q:3  (a) What are important types of communication media? Differentiate  between analog and digital transmission</b>. <br />Ans:<b> Data Communication</b>: <br />Data communication is the flow of electronic data among two nodes (Computers and other devices) through communication media.  In order to manage the communication, the nodes must be part of communication system and linked with each other via some media like cables or microwave. Furthermore the data communication software is used to transfer data from one <br />The communication system is governed by three fundamental principles that include deliver, accuracy and timeliness. <br />1- Delivery: The system must carry data to the correct end or destination. Data must be received by the correct recipient (device / user). <br /><b>2- Accuracy</b>; The system must deliver the data with accuracy. The altered or incomplete data is unusable, therefore it should be accurate as per sending format'. * . , <br />3- Timeliness: The system must deliver data in time. Late delivery of data may not be effective; therefore time delivery should be achieved. </p><p><b>3- Data Transmission Forms: </b><br />There are two forms of data transmission i.e. Analog and Digital. <br /><b>1- Analog Transmission</b>: <br />.Analog is the transmission of data in a continuous wave ‘form. Analog signals are represented by continuous signals which reflect the time varying <br />quantities over a time interval. The human voice is an example of analog data. When someone talks, an analog wave is created in the air medium. The voice can be captured by a microphone and transformed to an analog signal. The outputs of many sensors, such as temperature and pressure sensors, are also examples of analog data. Analog signals are represented by continuous range of values as shown in the following figure. <br />Analog Transmission Digital is the transmission of data using distinct on and off electrical states. AS you can switch on or off your light the data bit can have values 0 or 1. The combination of these bits actually forms the binary code. In this way the signals are converted into a binary code by grouping of binary numbers 0 (off) and 1 (on). The binary code forms the digital data. The <br />data stored in computer memory is an example of digital d^ta. It can be converted into digital signal where it is transferred from one computer to other. At the receiving end it is again converted into analog signal. Digital signals are represented by discrete or discontinuous values as shown in the fig</p><p><b>(b) Differentiate different types of network topologies with the help of diagrams. </b><br />Ans: Network Topologies: <br />_ Network topology is the connection arrangement of the various links and nodes of a computer network. It is the topological structure of a network that defines configuration of cables, computers and other peripherals. <br />The major types of network topologies include Star, Ring, Bus and Hybrid topologies. <br /><b>7- Star Topology: </b><br />Star Topology is the most general type of network arrangement that is used in offices and homes. In Star topology, all the components of network are connected to a connection device. This device is known as ’'hub”. <br />The communications^ take place via Hub, which acts as a common connection device. All the data initiated by nodes passes through the Hub. The Hub forwards it io the destination node. Hub also manages and controls the whole.<br /><b>1- Advantages of a Star Topology: </b><br />The star topology is easy to install. <br />The wiring arrangement is also easy. <br />The transmission delays do not increase if a new node is added. <br />If any node fails, it does not affect the network. <br />It is easy to detect faults. <br />Addition and removal of parts is easy in star topology. <br />1- Star topology requires large cable <br />If the hub goes down,- the whole ne <br /><b>2- , Ring Topology</b>: <br />In a ring network; the nodes are attached with each other in a closed  loop. Each node has exactly two neighbors. The computers and devices implete the network. Each packet is initiated s through all nodes until it reaches its final n the connection loop might take down the entire <br /><b>Advantages of a Ring Topology: </b><br />1- There is no central node for controlling the network. <br />2- Ring topology.is easy to install. <br />3- The wiring arrangement is also easy. <br /> 4- It provides equal access to devices and not a single node use all the bandwidth. Adding and removing node is also simple. <br /><b>Disadvantages of a Ring Topology</b>: <br />The transmission signals go in sequential order which create delays, A single break in cable can disturb the flow .of whole network. </p><p><b>Bus Topology</b>: <br />Bus Topology is one of the most simp topology all the nodes are connected into a is the backbone of the network and node sends and receives through <br /><b>Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology: </b><br />1- - It is easy to add a new node in bus topology. <br />2- Bus topology requires smaller cable length as compared to star topology. ’ <br />3- It is also cheaper as compared to star topology. <br />4- It is suitable for small networks. </p><p><b>5- Disadvantages of a Bus Topology: </b><br />1 - If main cable breaks the whole communication system goes down. <br />2- All nodes should be capable to respond immediately against messages. . ' , <br />3- The main cable requires terminators at both ends. <br />4- If the number of devices is increased it drops down the efficiency of <br />bus network. <br />5- It is not appropriate for networks -with heavy amount of traffic. <br />6- The security of bus network is low because all the nodes receive the signals from the source. <br /><b><i>Mesh Topology</i></b>: <br />A mesh topology is made up of a network where each node is interconnected with each other. It provides a one-to-one connection between devices on the network. The arrangement of mesh technology is very expensive as dedicated connections are required between every node of the network and it results in many redundant connections. The mesh topology is not frequently used to develop media based computer networks. Therefore it is mostly used in wireless networks. <br /> <br />Advantages of Mesh Topology: <br />1- Mesh topology allows to send data from different devices simultaneously. <br />2- If one of the nodes fails it does not affect the network. <br />3- Extension and alteration in mesh topology can be done without disturbing the other nodes. <br />2- Disadvantages Topology: <br />There are high chances of redundancy in many of the network connections. <br />Overall cost of mesh network is high as compared to other topologies. <br />Set- and maintenance of this topology is also very difficult. <br /><b>Q: 4 (a) What is meant by the term multimedia? Also define it with the help of <br />at-least three different examples. </b><br />Ans: <b>introduction</b>: <br />Newspaper was the first and foremost mass-communication medium in order to employ multimedia because it mainly used text, images or graphics. It was the major source of information for the <br />people.Afterwards, motion pictures, radio and significant new media till 20th cen brought audio and video respectively an mass-communication. <br />The integration (mixing) of all these media leads towards the creation of multimedia where text, images graphics, audio and video are the major components. The term multimedia is derived from two different terms ’’multi" and "medium"/ Medium is usually defined as a distribution tool used to present or deliver distribute information. Therefore multimedia can be defined as a combination of multiple media used to deliver information to the users digitally. In order to fully understand the meaning of multimedia, the basic definitions, concept and examples of multimedia with illustrations are described below: <br />Multimedia is,a field or a system concerned with computer controlled integration I combination of text, animation, graphics, audio, video, images and any other form of media which can represent, store, transmit and process all information digitally. It can be said that multimedia* generally means that computer information can represent through animations, audio and video in addition to other traditional medium such as text, graphics and’ images. ’<br /> Multimedia: The Integration of Various Forms of Media bstly require huge disk space. In this<br /> hd DVDs can be considered some good they mainly store information / data. <br />Ans<b>: Examples of Multim edict: </b><br />There are many examples of multimedia applications where multimedia plays an important part and provides a lot of benefits (such <br /><b>Multimedia Courseware</b>: <br />ultimedia Courseware is an important application of multimedia which is capable of: ‘ <br />1- Improving the learning skills of learners. <br />2- Enhancing their knowledge regarding their education. <br />The learners can easily understand the different concepts because of multimedia contents. Overall, it simply leads towards better educational 3- World Wide Web(www): <br />World Wide Web is commonly abbreviated by www. It has become . <br />one of the most important applications of multimedia.. <br />There are many important features of World Wide Web such as:</p><p>1- The users can easily gain precise knowledge by using world wide web. <br />2- It provides any required information instantly; <br />3- It is accessible etc. <br />Electronic Newspapers / Magazines:which provides <br /> The electronic newspaper or magazine is the highly popolar multimedia application. It is widely famous among the people of all ages. <br />It contains many features such as: <br />1- It is one and only one mass communication current information. <br />2- It always keeps people up-to-date with the fresh news related to all. It is a live connection that allows people in different locations to interact with one another for the purpose of communication by using computer networks. • <br />1- It includes both audio and video image. <br />-1 a face to face communication which gives participants an portunity to listen and See other's language and facial expressions, allows different people to communicate with each other. <br />These types of features made this multimedia application very eminent. ‘ . <br /><b>5- Interactive Movies: </b><br />Entertainment is very necessary for everyone's life because it is an important key which keeps people glad and fresh. The multimedia applications, such as interactive movies or games are best example of entertainment especially for children because: <br />1- The interactive movies and games are a source of pleasure for the children. <br />2- The children not only enjoy but also learn a lot, while watching interactive movies  <br /> Digital Video Editing and Production System, On-line reference works: E.g. Encyclopedia & Games etc. Home Shopping and Video-on-Demand are some of the other important multimedia applications which are used for different purposes</p><p><b>(b) Define and differentiate media centre, media centre computer and windows media centre. </b><br /><b>Ans: Media Centre</b>: <br />The term media centre is basically an audio-visual software application which is used in home theatre PC (personal computer), home cinema, windows media centre or media portal etc. <br /><b>ii) Media center computer: . </b><br />The media centre computer is a (convergence) device which combines almost all the capabilities or functionality of a PC with some software-applications that support music, video, photo or video recording etc. Basically it directly relates to multimedia as almost all the components of multimedia exist in a media centre computer. The media centre computer revolves around multimedia components which makes it very interactive and efficient. <br /><b>Characteristcs</b>: <br />There arc number of characteristics of a media centre computer which make this interface very famous such as: <br />1) Easytouse <br />2) Interactive Interface <br />3) Efficient <br />4) Resourceful . <br />5) Very Customizable <br />6) Artistic and <br />7) Great Plug-in capabilities etc? </p><p>These features make a media centre computer very attractive. <br />Overall, it can be said that it is a product of numerous technology innovations which may include high powered home computers and digital media. One can transform his/her PC into a self contained media centre with the help of right softwa applications) plus some extra his/her machine a new life. <br />centre is usually referred as a digital edia player which has been developed by type of application which allows users to: <br />Play Music Watch Videos See Pictures </p><p>Watch Movies <br />View and Record Live <br />Television etc. .This application is almost included in different versions of Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows? etc. </p><p><b>Q:5 Q:(a) Why High Level Languages are easier to use? Also differentiate Compiler and Interpreter. </b></p><p><b>Ans: </b><br /><b>High Level Language:  </b><br />High Level Language (HLL) is a type of computer language that uses English and mathematical symbols for its program construction. They areconsidered as third generation. In a HLL, each statement is equivalent to large number of assembly language commands or? instructions that perform complex computing operations. The only on the logic of applications withouj con architecture. </p><p><b> Advantages of High Level Language </b><br />The high level language ismachine independent and program oriented. <br />It is easy to leamIt requires less time and effort to write a program in a HLL.</p><p> <b>Compiler </b><br />compiler is a computer program(s) that transforms source code into the object code. The source code is the program written in a programming <br />language and object code is the executal binary format. <br />A user writes a program in a high level language and uses the specific' <br />compiler designed for that language to execute the program. The compiler scans the entire program first and identifies errors (if required) and then translates the program into machine code. The machine code is then executed by the processor.' ' <br />An interpreter is a computer program which translates a high level computer program into its equivalent machine language program. It reads one line of code at a time, converts it into binary language and then runs the code on the machine. <br /><b>Difference between Compiler and Interpreter: </b><br />The interpreter takes one statement at a time, translates and executes <br />it and then takes other statement. While the .compiler reads the entire program in one scan and then translates and executes it.<br /> Due to scanning a program in one go; a compiler takes a larger amount of time in translating and executing a high level language code and interpreter on the other hand scans line by line and therefore takes . lesser time <br /><b>Linker: </b><br />A linker or link editor is a computer program that links one or more object files generated by a compiler and combines them into a single unit to execute the program. <br />Computer programs are comprised of several components or ' modules; all these components and modules need not to be confined within a single object file. When a program comprises of more than one object files, the linker combines these files into a .single unit executable program.<br /><b>(b) Explain basic methods of taking data backup. Also explain the process of virus spreading in computer</b>. <br />Ans: Methods of Data Bakup:- There are plenty of options available for <br />people looking to backup up their data, all with their own pros and cons. <br /><b>1. USB stick:-</b> Small, cheap and convenient, USB sticks are everywhere, and their portability means that they’re easy to store safely, but also pretty easy to lose. <b>2, External hard drive:-</b> External hard drives are just what they sound like — hard drives that live outside your computer, meaning they can be plugged in to other sources. If using them for backup, it’s best not to use them as an ‘extra every day hard drive’. <br />3, Time Machine:- For the Mac users out there, Time Machine is an option that backs up to external hard drives automatically. Apple sells its own brand of dedicated wireless Time Capsules, but you can use any hard disk for it <br /><b>Network Attached Storage:-</b> Businesses tend network attached storage, but with more multiple computers, the idea has a certain looking to save files from more than down, a dedicated wireless storage </p><p><b>Cloud Storage</b>:- While  Cloud Server, there arackup their files to ore homes having especially for those . With prices coming ution is a convenient option<br />storage is essentially your own f third party cloud storage options around. <br />extras. iCloud, Dropbox, Google Drive and OneDrive arc big nam but others arc available. <br />Printing:- At a first glance, this might sound a facetious inclusion. But while considerably less technically advanced, printing offers you a hard copy of your most important documents that will survive power outages, and are easy to store and access even if your computer is out of action for a few days. <br />Process of Virus Spreading in Computer:- In the early, pre-internet days, viruses often spread from computer to computer via infected floppy disks. The SCA virus, for instance. spread amongst Amiga users on disks with pirated software. It was mostly harmless, but at one point as many as 40% of Amiga users were infected. <br />Today, viruses spread via the internet. In most cases, applications that have been infected by virus code are transferred from computer to computer just like any other application. Because many viruses include a logic bomb code that ensures that the virus's payload only executes at a specific time or under certain conditions, users or admins may be unaware that their applications are infected and will transfer or install them with impunity. <br />Infected applications might be emailed they could also be downloaded from an infected code repository or compromised app store. </p><p>It provides better documentation of programs due to similarity<br /> with natural language. <br />Tbe debugging of programs is also easy in HLL. <br />4As a result high level languages are used more often than machine or assembly language. However the programs written in high level language need to be translated into machine language during execution process. For this purpose language translators and linkers are used for this purpose. Language translators include Compiler and Interpreter. High level. language comes with compilers and interpreters. </p>

2nd Solved Assinment 1431 aiou autumn 2020

Solved Assignment # 2 aiou autumn 2020 code # 1431 Q: 1 What is an soft ware ?Explain any 10 applications of so...

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2nd solved assignment 1426 autumn 2020 aiou

<p><span style="color: #990000;"><b>English Literature                              1426                 aiou                           autumn 2020</b></span><br /></p><p><i><b>Q: 1 How are the elements of drama similar explain with the help of Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice and se of a novel? Explain with the re by Charlotte Bronte. </b></i><br /> <b>Ans: Elements of Drama: </b><br />Drama is a display of emotio relationships and the portrayal  of human life. It sketches different personalities and represents a wide variety of emotions through the different characters it portrays. There are five  elements of drama as given below: <br />Let us now try to understand each of the element- of drama. <br /><b>I. Theme: </b><br />The theme of a drama refers to the central idea of the play. It can either be clearly stated through dialogue or action or can be inferred after watching the entire performance. How can the readers or audience find out<br /> the theme of the play? Well, we can understand the theme of the play through images, through characters, through action. <br />When you are reading a drama and analysing it, asking the following questions will help you understand the theme of the drama: <br />What is the theme or underlying i <br />Is the title of the drama relate Is the author trying to s better way of looking at life? <br />Does he say anything important about life or people? <br />Does the author tell his ideas directly or must you read <br />The order of events occurring in a play is referred to as he plot of the drama. It is the basic storyline that is narrated through a play. The entertainment one derives from a play depends largely on the sequence of events that occur in the story. The logical connection between the events and the characters, which enact the story form an integral part of the plot of drama. <br />There are five essential parts of plot: Introduction: <br />The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is revealed. <br /><b>II. Rising Action: </b><br />This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is revealed. <br /> Climax: <br />This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. The reader wonders what will <br />happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not? </p><p><b>iv. Falling action: </b><br />The events and complications begin to resolve ^themselves. The readers or audience know what has Si happened and if the conflict will be resolved or not. <br />Resolution or End: <br />This is the final outcome or untangling of events in the story. <br /><b>Character: </b><br />Characters are the people portrayed by the actors in the play. It is the characters who move the action, or plot of the play forward. The characters that form a part of the story are interwoven with the plot of the drama. Each character in a play has a personality of  its own and has a distinct set of principles and beliefs. Actors who play various roles in a drama have the very important responsibility of bringing the characters to life. <br />Writers whether they are novelists or dramatists employ a variety of characters while weaving their  tales. Beyond the standard definitions of protagonist protagonist in a literary work), recognizing the types of characters and the parts they play while reading an interesting story can add to the experience. <br /><b>Characterisation </b> </p><p>A Characterisation is made up of three elements: earance, which is the way the character looks; <br />Personality, which is the way the character thinks or feels; and behaviour, which is the way the character acts and reacts. In any type of story, it is important that readers are able to picture the characters. Character details can take many forms: physical features, clothing, hobbies, and communication. Paying attention to details can provide a lot of information about what a character is like. <br />Characters are the agents who perform the action during the course of the play. <br /><b>4. Dialogue: </b><br />Dialogue means the words written by the playwright "<br /> and spoken by the characters in the play. In a play, practically the entire story is carried out on the shoulders of the dialogue. The story of any play is taken forward by means of the dialogue. The story is narrated to the .audiences through the dialogue. The success of a drama depends hugely on the contents of the dialogue and the quality of dialogue delivery by the actors of the play. Dialogue Unveils characters. Characters in a play speak through their own vocabulary, accent, and life experiences. <br />Drama is a genre of literature intended to be acted out by actors. The lines actors have in a drama are called dialogue^it means "to converse or have a • con ition". Some plays are great to read, while really need to be acted out in front of you in order for you to fully appreciate them! <br /><b>Music: </b><br />Music is also one of the important element of a drama. This element of drama comprises of the melody in the use of sounds and rhythm in dialogues as well as melodious compositions, which form a part of many plays. The background music, the songs and the sound effects that are used in a play make up the musical element of drama. Music composers and lyricists sit together to create music that can go well with the theme of the play. If the scenes of a play are<br /> accompanied by well-suited pieces of music, they become more effective on the audiences. Hence, music forms a very important element of drama. <br />Stagecraft: . <br />While the dialogue and music constitute the important aspects of drama, the visual element or the stagecraft deals .with the scenes, costumes and special effects used in it. Stagecraft plays a vital role in increasing the visual appeal of a drama. The use and organisation of different stage properties and the stage setup constitute the stagecraft, which is an essential component of a play. Stage Craft is an art that has been in existence since the beginning of theatre. The costumes worn by the artists must suit the characters they are playing. Besides, it is important for the scenes to be dramatic enough to hold the audiences to their seats. The special effects used in a play add to the visual appeal. <br />Drama is a term generally used to refer to an art form involving performances by actors while an enthusiastic audience is. perhaps one of the very essential elements of drama. A play needs a live and lively audience who can constructively criticize performances and generously appreciate quality work. Theatre requires an audience that is engaged by the action. Theatre depends more than most arts upon audience response. <br />If the house is not full, performance loses force. <br />Aristotle believed that tragedy is "the imitation of an action that is serious and having magnitude, complete in itself. Discuss with examples from your text book. <br /><i><b> Q:2 Aristotal believed that tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and have  complete in it self .discuss with examplesfrom your text book.</b></i></p><p><b>Ans.(a)   tragedy: </b><br />Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher, scientist, and a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great believed that tragedy is "the imitation of an action that is serious and having magni <br />Salient features of tragedy:</p><p><i><b>(1) The tragic hero who, though not perfect </b></i><br />some way morally superior to most of the audience, who is nearly always upper class, and who also show ’’Hamartia^, or the tragic flaw or arrogance. This Hamartia or arrogance causes the hero to believe he can defeat fate or violate a moral law, which leads to some kind of ’’Catastrophe or calamity, which further results in "Peripeteia” or a complete reversal of fortune from happiness to disaster. <br />(2) A true tragedy should evoke pity and fear on the part of the audience. According to Aristotle, pity and fear are the natural human response to spectacles of pain<br />and suffering-especially to the sort of suffering that can strike anybody at any time. <br />The tragic hero must be essentially admirable and good. As Aristotle points out, the fall of a scoundrel or villain evokes applause rather than pity. Audiences cheer when the bad guy goes down. On the other hand, the downfall of an essentially good person disturbs us , and stirs our compassion. As a rule, the nobler and more truly admirable a person is, the greater will be  grief at his or her downfall. <br /><b>Introduction: </b><br />The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is revealed. <br /><b>ii. Rising Action: </b><br />This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is revealed. <br /> <b>Climax: </b><br />This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. The reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not? <br /><b>iv. Falling action: </b><br />The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. The readers or audience know what has happened and if the conflict will be resolved or not. <br />  Climax (outcome) <br />(Initialing event, exposition) <br />Setting (opening scene, introduction of characters) <br /><b>v. Resolution or End: </b><br />This is the final outcome or untangling of events in the Story. <br />What is a Theme of a drama? Discuss at least 2 major themes that hamlet covers. <br />The theme of a drama refers to the central idea of the  play. It can either be clearly stated through dialogue or action or can be inferred after wa performance. How can the reade <br />the theme of the play? J theme of the play through through action. <br /><i><b>Q: 3 What is the them of a drama ?Discuss at least 2 major themes that hamlet covers.</b></i><br /><i><b>What is the theme or underlying idea? </b></i><br /></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Is the title of the drama related to the theme? </li><li> Is the author trying to show you a new, different or better way of looking at life? </li><li>Does he say anything important about life or people? </li><li>Does the author tell his ideas directly or must you read between the lines? <i><b>Ans: Themes in Hamlet: .</b></i> </li><li>Images of corruption, disease, and death appear throughout this play to help convey the theme that a corrupt head of state corrupts the state itself. </li></ol><div><p><b>Revenge: </b><br />Plays based on acts of personal revenge became very popular in Shakespeare’s day. This form came to be known as the revenge tragedy, a genre which most often included some or all of the following: <br />☆ the ghost of a murdered family member who demands that the hero takes revenge<br />☆ the revenger must take the law into his own hands and commit an evil act to get revenge, which inevitably leads to his own death scenes involving real or pretended madness ☆ a graveyard scene <br />much violence and many deaths, (thus its alternate name’’the tragedy of blood<br />Hamlet contains all of these elements; in fact, the play is structured around a double revenge. Both Hamlet and Laertes seek to avenge their fathers' murders. <br />The play is completely dominated by the remarkably complex characterisation of Hamlet, the brooding and brilliant Prince of Denmark, through whom the traditional form of revenge tragedy is opened up. The bulk of the play deals not with Hamlet's ultimately successful revenge of his father’s murder, but with Hamlet's inner struggle to take action. The<br /> play concludes with a bloodbath that's typical of revenge tragedy. <br /><b>2) Death: </b><br />Hamlet's thoughts on suicide, especially the "to be or not to be" speech, focuses on the value of life and the mystery of death. But Hamlet himself never commits suicide. It is Ophelia, who never mentions the possibility of taking her own.life, but drowns herself, as • <br />ion of madness and despair. though the entire play, from the <br />opening scene's confrontation with a dead man’s ghost to the bloodbath of the final scene, which leaves almost every main character dead. <br />’’Frailty, thy name is woman,” so Bays Hamlet in his first scene. Hamlet's attitude toward women is notoriously sexist or biased and is resulted from his disgust at his mother's unfaithfulness to his dead father. This outlook eventually spills over to include all women, especially the unfortunate Ophelia, who has virtually no power or control, even over her own life.</p><p><i><b>Q:4  Prose is the most suitable for giving facts and information. Do you agree? </b></i><br /><b>Ans: What is Prose? </b><br />The word ’’prose” comes from the Latin word ’’prosa”, meaning ’’straightforward". <br />Prose is a type of literature that does not follow any particular formal structure ordinary form of spoken <br /> adopted for the description of facts or the discussion of ideas. without a formal pattern of verse; r meter often found in poetry and is usually ped into paragraphs. Although some works of nose contain traces of poetic devices such as meter, rhyme etc. but that kind of a conscious blend of poetic devices and ordinary language is known as "prose poetry”. <br />As said earlier that prose is straightforward and ordinary form of writing that does not follow any particular formal structures, therefore prose is often considered the most suitable writing form where the writer’s aim is to give facts and information. The writer usually uses the simplest language possible to express points ,so that it is understood by a reader. This means that prosecan be used for writing in newspapers, magazines, short stories, letters, essays, history, biography and many other forms of writings. <br /><b>Status of Prose in Literature: </b><br />The status of prose has changed overtime. Much of early literature is written in the form of poetry. Prose was considered as ordinary, dull or mundane form of writing. Prose was at one time synonymous with dull, unimaginative or laboured writing and the word ’’prosaic” has developed from prose to mean <br />anything boring. </p><p><i><b>Q: 5 Some stories use code switching in them. Do you approve of it? Why?</b></i></p><p><b>Ans:Code switching </b><br /></p><p>Code switching  can explain this mixing of two languages (codes). When two languages are used together while speaking and writing, we can call this "Code switching". We are sure that you must have noticed in many television shows on different channels, where people especially the comperes and anchor persons mix Urdu and . </p><p>We can say that in the prose sample that you have read, the writer switches codes on switches from language A that is English to Language B that is Urdu. . <br /><i><b>Q: 6  Read the excerpt of The Diary of a Social Butterfly' by Moni Mohsin in your textbook and tell how culture is being depicted in it? </b></i><br />Analysis: <br />Ans: Pakistani columnist Moni Mohsin was pleasantly surprised to find she had a fan following in India <br /> Fools are her theme, satire her tenor. So when Moni Mohsin lets her pen flit oven butterfly. <br /> Pakistani high life. She lets loose a scathing attack on Pakistani politics. <br />And appropriately enough she has readers addicted to her brand of lampooning with her hit column - The Diary of a Social Butterfly - that features in Pakistan’s national weekly The Friday Times. So much so that when she came down to India to attend the Jaipur Literary Festival earlier this year, she was taken aback to find that even Indian readers knew the Butterfly. <br />She returned home to London, promptly re-opened the diary entries and compiled them into a book that has been released only in India under the Random House umbrella. Mohsin is hoping for a launch in her home country soon. <br />The Diary of a Social Butterfly has been going strong wight from the early '90s when it was started after its $ author chanced upon a conversation at a lunch party in Lahore. It went somewhat on these lines: <br />An amply proportioned Begum with diamond studs the size of rupee coins and huge designer sunglasses was holding forth on her newly purchased shahtoosh. ’’Haan so I got this one yesterday only. It is seven also yards, na. I had two from before also but they were three yards only. So I thought, chalo, might as well get a big one also." <br />Her companion in a slinky sari and a minuscule blouse flicked back her long highlighted tresses and <br />said: "I tau don’t wear shawls, baba. One looks too much like an ayah.” <br />. Out of this idle banter emerged the idea of a column that would mock the ways of the spoilt rich and also, simultaneously, be a commentary on the times. "Before this column, I was writing a light-hearted <br />column called By The Way single woman. But it began to bore me very soon. So  The Diary of a Social Butterfly slid into its place perfectly," says the 45-year-old author. <br />Butterfly is a knuckle-brained socialite who has the unusual talent of delivering a bolt, from the blue with her by-the-way shrewd, political comments. And malapropism is her forte and stock-in-trade. So the Kinnaird College-educated "sophisty, smart and socialist" lady sails through politically volatile times, right from 9/11 to Benazir Bhutto’s assassination, with her tittle-tattle and parties. <br />Some of her traits admittedly spring from her creator. "There is a Butterfly in all of us. Like her, I love a fun party and a good gossip. I enjoy feasting on Vogue and Elle and (dare I say it?) even Hello," says Mohsin. Contrary to Indian perceptions, the media in Pakistan enjoys a fair bit of latitude," says Mohsin who made her debut as an author in 2006 with the well-received <br />novel, The End of Innocence. <br />It drew on her memories of the war of December 1971. ”My first real memory of it was being woken up in the middle of the night by a loud drilling sound outside my bedroom window. I peered out of the window and saw what I thought were fireworks in the garden. Suddenly my mother was there in the bedroom that my sister and I shared and she was bundling us out of there. It's the only time I've seen strafing," she says. <br />Her new book with its tongue-in-cheek tone, is in a sense therefore a break from her earlier novel. She stopped writing the column about three years ago, because she found that being a mother to her young <br />children was a full-time job. But she had to bring the Butterfly back on popular demand. <br />Belonging to a liberal upper-middle class family, she went to the UK for higher education after a convent education in Lahore. After getting a degree in social anthropology at Cambridge University she returned to Pakistan and started working as a features writer covering environment and heritage with The Friday Times. <br />She's about to start writing a new novel but she insists that her life revolves completely around her family. <br />’’That includes long walks with my husband and children, lying-in on a Sunday morning with all the weekend papers spread out over my bed and a mug of coffee on my bedside table, travelling together to new places like Sri Lanka, Italy and France, making complicated Lego models with my son, listening to and advising my 9-year-old daughter on her new novel - she begins a new one every month!” <br /><i><b>Q: 7 Poetry is an art from used for aesthetical fulfillment. Explain how? Would you read poetry for relaxation? Give reasons. </b></i><br />According to Wordsworth, "Poetry is spontaneous A over flow of powerful feelings" <br />These definitions show that poetry has many aspects and different qualities. Poetry enriches our emotional life and awakens in us a feeling for beauty in all things and everywhere. <br /> What does the poet mean? For understanding a poem it is very important to find its them or cetral idea.<br />Daffodils” by Wordsworth. The poet describes a lovely valley and the beautiful flowers near the lake. But his theme is not the beauty of flowers or the lake. In fact . C he is writing about the power to recall a scene at some future time and enjoy it in his mind's eye. <br />In all good poems the poet uses a language which is more colourful and enjoyable. For this purpose he uses many devices and techniques. These devices are called the figures of speech. A brief discription of the figures of speech is as under: <br /><b>(1) Words: </b><br />The English words can be devided into syllables. There are words of one, two or more syllables in English. For example words of one syllable are BUT’, CAT, CUT, AND etc. The words of two syllables are TALKING, WALKING, BARKING etc. When we speak we stress one or more syllables. All sylables are not stressed equally.^It forms the basis of the metre(cDj)or unit of measurement in poetry. <br /><b>(2) Rhythm: </b><br />In poetry there is a natural rise and fall of language. <br />This is called rhythm. fl 2—) The effect of metre and rhythm is musical and this music is based on parallelism of sounds. Look at these lines: <br />Twinkle, Twinkle, little star. <br />How I wonder what you are! <br />we feel that there is a metre and rhythm in these lines. It makes the poetry a different thing from the prose, sky, fly, rain, vain, run, shun etc. <br /><b>(3) Rhyme: </b><br />Rhyme means matching the sounds of the last words in the lines. It forms the unity of a poejm. For example the following are some rhyming words. <br /><b>(4) Tone: </b>When someone speaks to us we can find out if he isangry, pleased, loving, hating or proud. In fact, his way of speaking, speaks of his emotional attitude. This is the tone. Every poem has a tone, it can be discovered by its rhythm, rhyme, imagery and symbolism. If the tone is sad, the rhythm may be slow, if happy, it may be triping and fast. The tone in the following lines is sad. <br />Sunday too my father got up < And put his clothes on in the <br /><b>(5) Imagery: </b><br />The word ’Image' means a picture formed in the mind. In poetry the use of images is called 'imagery'. It is a device, used to create images in the minds of readers <br />i words, phrases or structures. Images are the te details which express the meaning of the poem. Each word of the poem creates the image of something in our minds. <br />Running splash of rust And gold - flung and scattered Among seven hills like broken China in the sun. <br />Here the poet has given the sense of movement through imagery. The words "running splash" give us the image of speed. Likewise 'gold' stands for wealth. The whole poem gives the image of a city full of ugliness along with beauty and prosperity. </p></div>

2nd solved assignment 1426 autumn 2020 aiou

English Literature                              1426                 aiou                           autumn 2020 Q: 1 How are the elements of...

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