Solved Assignment # 2 aiou autumn 2020 code # 1431
Q: 1 What is an soft ware ?Explain any 10 applications of software.also explain application software and system software?
Ans: Computer Software
A computer cannot do every thing its own provided some sequence-wise instructions and relevant data to perform its functions. Ihis sequence of instructions is called a computer programm d to as computer software. Software is a generic term used for collection of data and instructions given to the erjwuters to perform specific tasks. It also refers to set of programs, procedures and associated documents designed for the working of computersfrThe software is logical part of the computer that user can ' not touch but use to make computer operate.
Bbmputer software controls the operation of hardware or some other re by implementing the instructions given to it in an ordered way.
Software Package
A Software Package is a group of programs that solve a specific problem or perform a specific type of job. A word-processing package may contain programs for text editing, text formatting, drawing graphic,spelling checking Hence, a multipurpose computer system^ several software packages, one perform.
How Software Works:
When you install a new application on your PC, a lot goes on behind the scenes that mosf of us take for granted. Running that installation program launches a complex series of events that leads, ultimately, to making the new application ready to use. it's not uncommon for a user to have five or more applications running at once, plus innumerable crating system processes that keep the whole show running. When creating software, programmers devote, a lot of energy to make sure their program plays nicely with all of those other applications.
(b) Write down the process for creating, saving, editing and deleting an MS Word document.
Ans: Using Elementary Job Commands
It includes different job commands which are :
Create a File
Each file is basically given a file- and extension such as: 'fr doc: Word Document
Text File
Excel Spreadsheet ☆ htm or html: HTML File ppt: Power Point Presentation etc.
As the MS Word is an application package used to create official/personal documents. So let us see the procedure of creating a file inMS-WorlSr ‘ .
Note: Microsoft Office should be installed in order to take a start.
First of all, click start menu (start button) then a list of different options will be opened. Choose an option ”All Programs.Then another list of different options will be opened. Choose an option "Microsoft Office".
By clicking this option "Microsoft Office", different sub-options will be opened immediately. Then simply click "Microsoft Office Word",’ a document will be opened which is basically known as a word file. Simple write/type something on this file. Then after completion, the file is needed to be saved. Just follow the next step below,
Save a File
The following is the basic procedure of saving a file in the MS-Word:
Just click a button (Office Button) on the upper left coiner of the file. Then click an option "Save", by clicking this option, a dialog box will be opened where you will give a path to save this file.
Any path can be chosen e g. desktop. (On the left hand side of thjs dialog box, a scrolling vertical bar will be bar by choosing any other path for saving
One can scroll this Then just give a file name e.g. My Doc
file will automatically be saved this file at any time.
4. Press "Save" button (then this word file will automatoically saved on desktop). After that, the user
this purpose, just go to the ni
Modify a File
Modify means to do changes in the document. The following is the basic procedure of modifying an MS-Word file:
1. Simply locate the file to be changed where you have saved it. Double click on this file then the file will be opened.
2. Then do changes according to your requirements. After that the file again needs to be saved then there are two options to save this file
☆ Just click on the save button (which shows on the upper left Comer of the file 0ust along with office button). Then simply close this file. The file will be saved safely.
☆ Otherwise click a button (Office Button) on the upper left comer of the file. Then click an option "Save" and then simply close the file. The file will be saved automatically on the same place.
3. One can also save an existing file on some other place. For this purpose, just click the same button (Office Button) on the upper left comer of the file. Then click an option "Save As", by clicking this option, a dialog box will be opened where you will give another path to save this file.
Note: Any other path can be chosen easily e.g. Local Disk (E :) from this
dialog box, (On the left hand side of this dialog box, a scrolling vertical bar will be seen. One can scroll this bar by choosing any other path for saving this file).
4. Then press "Save" button (then this word file will be saved automatically on that selected path). After that, the user can modify this file at any time. One can also rename a file, for this purpose just follow the next step below.
Renaming a File
1. First locate your file (Let us consider, the file is located on the Desktop).
2. Right-click the file.
3. Choose an option ’'Rename",
4. The file name will be highlighted in blue then ready to be retyped.
5. Type a new file name and then press Enter.
6. The file is "renamed".
One can also delete a file, for this purpose just follow the next step below.
Delete a File
1. First locate your on the Desktop).
2. Right-click the file icon.
4. A "Delete File" dialog box will be appeared in order to ask you "Are you sure you want to move this file to the Recycle Bin?".
5. Choose Yes, if you want to delete this file.
6. Then the file will be moved to the Recycle Bin (Till now the file has been deleted from the original path but still existed in Recycle Bin).
Note: If you want to delete this file permanently from a system then go to Recycle Bin and delete the same file. In order to delete the file from Recylcle Bin, just follow the following steps which are similar to the above steps except those changes which are highlighted below:
☆ Right-click the file icon.
’ft Choose an option "Delete".
☆ A "Delete File" dialog box will be appeared in order to ask you"Are you sure you want to permanently delete this file?".
☆ Choose Yes, if you want to permanentlydelete this file.
Then the file will be deleted permanently from the system.
Find a File
In order to find a file in a system, follow the following steps:
Double click an icon •'Computer” on desktop. A window will be opened. '
On the upper^right comer of this window, an option "Search Computer" is seen.
Just click that option then the line will seem to be blinked.
Just write a name of file which you want to search.
5. After that the system will start finding that file. Within a shorttime-period, different files related to that name will be shown on this window.
Q: 2 what kind of facilities are available One can easily find the exact file from there operating system? Elaborate.
Ans:- Facilities in Single User Operating System:
A single user operating system is a type of operating system that provides facilities to only one user at a time. It’s the most common system used for home computers. It’s also used in offices and other work environments. Furthermore, single user OS is simple. An operating system can be used . for a variety of tasks and it’s a crucial program on a computer. Single user single task OS and single user multi-task OS are two types of single user OS. Single-task operating systems can function on electronic devices, like a computer, and will run only application at a time. It can be used , on
wireless phones and two-way messaging systems. Multitasking single-user operating systems can do a little bit more than a single-task system. It can run multiple applications and programs in one go. This is used on computers where someone needs to scour the Internet, run a graphics program, listen to music, and use a word processor. Windows, Apple Mac OS are some (examples of single user OS.
2- Facilities in Multi User Operating System:
A multi user operating system is a type of operating system that provides resources and services to multiple users at a time. Timesharing OS and Distributed OS are some types of multiuser OS. Furthermore while multiuser OS is complex. Main objective of designing of Multi user OS is used to time sharing and batch processing on mainframe system. Now
these days, this multi user operating system is used in the large organization, government sector, educational system such as large scale university, and mostly used in the servers side like as Ubunto Server or Windows Server. These servers grant the permission of multiple users to accessing the operating system, kernel, and hardware simultaneously. In the multi u*er operating system, several peripheral can be shared such as printers, fax m/c, plotters, and hard drives etc. Due to this feature, users can share own documents. In this system, tiny time slice of CPU time is allotted to all users. UNIX and Linux are two examples of Multiuser OS.
(b) Define system performance measures & process management tools.
Ans:, System Performance Measures
Measuring operating system's performance is such an important task which sets out the miyor and fundamental techniques which are used in analyzing as well as understanding its performance. •
There are different methods which are being used for describing and
measuring the operating system's performance such simulation and modelling as shown below:
These methods are described below in detail:
Measurement
Measurement means to cany out some real experiment along with a real IP (Internet Protocol) system which is being operated in real time (with real users). A monitoring feature basically records all necessary and primary data during this experiment. After that the performance values can be easily computed from that recorded data.
Simulation
Mostly a ’’simplified functional model” of an IP system & its users is generally developed for simulation. Then a computer-program is written which runs that modeL This computer-program may run in one of the three different modes which include slow motion, time lapse mode or in real time. Any one of these modes can be used easily (it doesn’t create any problem). All necessary and fundamental information during the above simulated run can be simply recorded with the help of a software monitor. After that the performance values can be easily computed from that recorded data.
Modelling
A "very simplified functional model” of an IP system & its users is generally developed for modelling. From this model, another mathematical model is basically derived by using "queuing theory". This mathematical model is then analyzed with the help of so-called state equations (merely numerically). But sometimes the explicit formulae (of interesting performance-terms) may be found. Then the performance values may be computed with the help of those formulae.
Overall, the brief summary is that the simulation and modelling are those methods which use only "models of the system” under test These two methods basically deliver performance-values of the models. These, are estimated values which can't be considered as measured values. So it can be said that simulation and modelling only deliver predictions of performance- values. On the other hand, the measurement is that method where the real IP- system is analyzed, investigated and tested (which can be a considered a suitable approach for measuring system performance).
Process Management .
A program doesn't do anything unless the instructions related to it are executed or carried out by a Central Processing Unit (CPU). The term "process" can be defined in many different ways such as:
☆ A program in execution-mode (as mentioned above) is called a process.
A compiler (time-shared user program) can also be referred as a process.
☆ A word-processing program which is being run through an individual user (on a PC) is also known as a process.
So, it can be said that a process can be considered like a job/time-shared program.
Basically a program (by itself) is not a "process". A program is usually a passive entity; say for example a file's contents which are stored on a disk, while a process is generally referred as an active entity. In a system, a process is basically a unit of work. Such system contains a broad collection of processes. Some of these processes are referred as operating system processes (those that execute system- code) and some of these processes are referred as user processes (those that execute user-code).
All these processes may potentially execute concurrently by means of multiplexing the CPU. For example, the operating-system may be responsible for those activities (which are listed below) in connection with process-management:ft Create & delete both users as well as system processes.
A Suspending & resuming processes.
ft Provide mechanisms for the process synchronization.
’fr Provide mechanisms for the process communication.
ft Provide mechanisms for the deadlock handling.
As a process carries-out/executes, it changes its state. The state of anyprocess can be easily defined in part through current activity (action) that process. Every process ran be existed in anyone of the following mentioned states such as:
New: A process is being produced / created.
Ready: The process is now waiting to be allotted or assigned to Running: The instructions are being carried-out / executed. Waiting: The process is basically waiting for some result / event to occur (like an I/O completion / reception of a sign (signal)). Terminated: The process has completely finished execution.
Q:3 (a) What are important types of communication media? Differentiate between analog and digital transmission.
Ans: Data Communication:
Data communication is the flow of electronic data among two nodes (Computers and other devices) through communication media. In order to manage the communication, the nodes must be part of communication system and linked with each other via some media like cables or microwave. Furthermore the data communication software is used to transfer data from one
The communication system is governed by three fundamental principles that include deliver, accuracy and timeliness.
1- Delivery: The system must carry data to the correct end or destination. Data must be received by the correct recipient (device / user).
2- Accuracy; The system must deliver the data with accuracy. The altered or incomplete data is unusable, therefore it should be accurate as per sending format'. * . ,
3- Timeliness: The system must deliver data in time. Late delivery of data may not be effective; therefore time delivery should be achieved.
3- Data Transmission Forms:
There are two forms of data transmission i.e. Analog and Digital.
1- Analog Transmission:
.Analog is the transmission of data in a continuous wave ‘form. Analog signals are represented by continuous signals which reflect the time varying
quantities over a time interval. The human voice is an example of analog data. When someone talks, an analog wave is created in the air medium. The voice can be captured by a microphone and transformed to an analog signal. The outputs of many sensors, such as temperature and pressure sensors, are also examples of analog data. Analog signals are represented by continuous range of values as shown in the following figure.
Analog Transmission Digital is the transmission of data using distinct on and off electrical states. AS you can switch on or off your light the data bit can have values 0 or 1. The combination of these bits actually forms the binary code. In this way the signals are converted into a binary code by grouping of binary numbers 0 (off) and 1 (on). The binary code forms the digital data. The
data stored in computer memory is an example of digital d^ta. It can be converted into digital signal where it is transferred from one computer to other. At the receiving end it is again converted into analog signal. Digital signals are represented by discrete or discontinuous values as shown in the fig
(b) Differentiate different types of network topologies with the help of diagrams.
Ans: Network Topologies:
_ Network topology is the connection arrangement of the various links and nodes of a computer network. It is the topological structure of a network that defines configuration of cables, computers and other peripherals.
The major types of network topologies include Star, Ring, Bus and Hybrid topologies.
7- Star Topology:
Star Topology is the most general type of network arrangement that is used in offices and homes. In Star topology, all the components of network are connected to a connection device. This device is known as ’'hub”.
The communications^ take place via Hub, which acts as a common connection device. All the data initiated by nodes passes through the Hub. The Hub forwards it io the destination node. Hub also manages and controls the whole.
1- Advantages of a Star Topology:
The star topology is easy to install.
The wiring arrangement is also easy.
The transmission delays do not increase if a new node is added.
If any node fails, it does not affect the network.
It is easy to detect faults.
Addition and removal of parts is easy in star topology.
1- Star topology requires large cable
If the hub goes down,- the whole ne
2- , Ring Topology:
In a ring network; the nodes are attached with each other in a closed loop. Each node has exactly two neighbors. The computers and devices implete the network. Each packet is initiated s through all nodes until it reaches its final n the connection loop might take down the entire
Advantages of a Ring Topology:
1- There is no central node for controlling the network.
2- Ring topology.is easy to install.
3- The wiring arrangement is also easy.
4- It provides equal access to devices and not a single node use all the bandwidth. Adding and removing node is also simple.
Disadvantages of a Ring Topology:
The transmission signals go in sequential order which create delays, A single break in cable can disturb the flow .of whole network.
Bus Topology:
Bus Topology is one of the most simp topology all the nodes are connected into a is the backbone of the network and node sends and receives through
Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology:
1- - It is easy to add a new node in bus topology.
2- Bus topology requires smaller cable length as compared to star topology. ’
3- It is also cheaper as compared to star topology.
4- It is suitable for small networks.
5- Disadvantages of a Bus Topology:
1 - If main cable breaks the whole communication system goes down.
2- All nodes should be capable to respond immediately against messages. . ' ,
3- The main cable requires terminators at both ends.
4- If the number of devices is increased it drops down the efficiency of
bus network.
5- It is not appropriate for networks -with heavy amount of traffic.
6- The security of bus network is low because all the nodes receive the signals from the source.
Mesh Topology:
A mesh topology is made up of a network where each node is interconnected with each other. It provides a one-to-one connection between devices on the network. The arrangement of mesh technology is very expensive as dedicated connections are required between every node of the network and it results in many redundant connections. The mesh topology is not frequently used to develop media based computer networks. Therefore it is mostly used in wireless networks.
Advantages of Mesh Topology:
1- Mesh topology allows to send data from different devices simultaneously.
2- If one of the nodes fails it does not affect the network.
3- Extension and alteration in mesh topology can be done without disturbing the other nodes.
2- Disadvantages Topology:
There are high chances of redundancy in many of the network connections.
Overall cost of mesh network is high as compared to other topologies.
Set- and maintenance of this topology is also very difficult.
Q: 4 (a) What is meant by the term multimedia? Also define it with the help of
at-least three different examples.
Ans: introduction:
Newspaper was the first and foremost mass-communication medium in order to employ multimedia because it mainly used text, images or graphics. It was the major source of information for the
people.Afterwards, motion pictures, radio and significant new media till 20th cen brought audio and video respectively an mass-communication.
The integration (mixing) of all these media leads towards the creation of multimedia where text, images graphics, audio and video are the major components. The term multimedia is derived from two different terms ’’multi" and "medium"/ Medium is usually defined as a distribution tool used to present or deliver distribute information. Therefore multimedia can be defined as a combination of multiple media used to deliver information to the users digitally. In order to fully understand the meaning of multimedia, the basic definitions, concept and examples of multimedia with illustrations are described below:
Multimedia is,a field or a system concerned with computer controlled integration I combination of text, animation, graphics, audio, video, images and any other form of media which can represent, store, transmit and process all information digitally. It can be said that multimedia* generally means that computer information can represent through animations, audio and video in addition to other traditional medium such as text, graphics and’ images. ’
Multimedia: The Integration of Various Forms of Media bstly require huge disk space. In this
hd DVDs can be considered some good they mainly store information / data.
Ans: Examples of Multim edict:
There are many examples of multimedia applications where multimedia plays an important part and provides a lot of benefits (such
Multimedia Courseware:
ultimedia Courseware is an important application of multimedia which is capable of: ‘
1- Improving the learning skills of learners.
2- Enhancing their knowledge regarding their education.
The learners can easily understand the different concepts because of multimedia contents. Overall, it simply leads towards better educational 3- World Wide Web(www):
World Wide Web is commonly abbreviated by www. It has become .
one of the most important applications of multimedia..
There are many important features of World Wide Web such as:
1- The users can easily gain precise knowledge by using world wide web.
2- It provides any required information instantly;
3- It is accessible etc.
Electronic Newspapers / Magazines:which provides
The electronic newspaper or magazine is the highly popolar multimedia application. It is widely famous among the people of all ages.
It contains many features such as:
1- It is one and only one mass communication current information.
2- It always keeps people up-to-date with the fresh news related to all. It is a live connection that allows people in different locations to interact with one another for the purpose of communication by using computer networks. •
1- It includes both audio and video image.
-1 a face to face communication which gives participants an portunity to listen and See other's language and facial expressions, allows different people to communicate with each other.
These types of features made this multimedia application very eminent. ‘ .
5- Interactive Movies:
Entertainment is very necessary for everyone's life because it is an important key which keeps people glad and fresh. The multimedia applications, such as interactive movies or games are best example of entertainment especially for children because:
1- The interactive movies and games are a source of pleasure for the children.
2- The children not only enjoy but also learn a lot, while watching interactive movies
Digital Video Editing and Production System, On-line reference works: E.g. Encyclopedia & Games etc. Home Shopping and Video-on-Demand are some of the other important multimedia applications which are used for different purposes
(b) Define and differentiate media centre, media centre computer and windows media centre.
Ans: Media Centre:
The term media centre is basically an audio-visual software application which is used in home theatre PC (personal computer), home cinema, windows media centre or media portal etc.
ii) Media center computer: .
The media centre computer is a (convergence) device which combines almost all the capabilities or functionality of a PC with some software-applications that support music, video, photo or video recording etc. Basically it directly relates to multimedia as almost all the components of multimedia exist in a media centre computer. The media centre computer revolves around multimedia components which makes it very interactive and efficient.
Characteristcs:
There arc number of characteristics of a media centre computer which make this interface very famous such as:
1) Easytouse
2) Interactive Interface
3) Efficient
4) Resourceful .
5) Very Customizable
6) Artistic and
7) Great Plug-in capabilities etc?
These features make a media centre computer very attractive.
Overall, it can be said that it is a product of numerous technology innovations which may include high powered home computers and digital media. One can transform his/her PC into a self contained media centre with the help of right softwa applications) plus some extra his/her machine a new life.
centre is usually referred as a digital edia player which has been developed by type of application which allows users to:
Play Music Watch Videos See Pictures
Watch Movies
View and Record Live
Television etc. .This application is almost included in different versions of Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows? etc.
Q:5 Q:(a) Why High Level Languages are easier to use? Also differentiate Compiler and Interpreter.
Ans:
High Level Language:
High Level Language (HLL) is a type of computer language that uses English and mathematical symbols for its program construction. They areconsidered as third generation. In a HLL, each statement is equivalent to large number of assembly language commands or? instructions that perform complex computing operations. The only on the logic of applications withouj con architecture.
Advantages of High Level Language
The high level language ismachine independent and program oriented.
It is easy to leamIt requires less time and effort to write a program in a HLL.
Compiler
compiler is a computer program(s) that transforms source code into the object code. The source code is the program written in a programming
language and object code is the executal binary format.
A user writes a program in a high level language and uses the specific'
compiler designed for that language to execute the program. The compiler scans the entire program first and identifies errors (if required) and then translates the program into machine code. The machine code is then executed by the processor.' '
An interpreter is a computer program which translates a high level computer program into its equivalent machine language program. It reads one line of code at a time, converts it into binary language and then runs the code on the machine.
Difference between Compiler and Interpreter:
The interpreter takes one statement at a time, translates and executes
it and then takes other statement. While the .compiler reads the entire program in one scan and then translates and executes it.
Due to scanning a program in one go; a compiler takes a larger amount of time in translating and executing a high level language code and interpreter on the other hand scans line by line and therefore takes . lesser time
Linker:
A linker or link editor is a computer program that links one or more object files generated by a compiler and combines them into a single unit to execute the program.
Computer programs are comprised of several components or ' modules; all these components and modules need not to be confined within a single object file. When a program comprises of more than one object files, the linker combines these files into a .single unit executable program.
(b) Explain basic methods of taking data backup. Also explain the process of virus spreading in computer.
Ans: Methods of Data Bakup:- There are plenty of options available for
people looking to backup up their data, all with their own pros and cons.
1. USB stick:- Small, cheap and convenient, USB sticks are everywhere, and their portability means that they’re easy to store safely, but also pretty easy to lose. 2, External hard drive:- External hard drives are just what they sound like — hard drives that live outside your computer, meaning they can be plugged in to other sources. If using them for backup, it’s best not to use them as an ‘extra every day hard drive’.
3, Time Machine:- For the Mac users out there, Time Machine is an option that backs up to external hard drives automatically. Apple sells its own brand of dedicated wireless Time Capsules, but you can use any hard disk for it
Network Attached Storage:- Businesses tend network attached storage, but with more multiple computers, the idea has a certain looking to save files from more than down, a dedicated wireless storage
Cloud Storage:- While Cloud Server, there arackup their files to ore homes having especially for those . With prices coming ution is a convenient option
storage is essentially your own f third party cloud storage options around.
extras. iCloud, Dropbox, Google Drive and OneDrive arc big nam but others arc available.
Printing:- At a first glance, this might sound a facetious inclusion. But while considerably less technically advanced, printing offers you a hard copy of your most important documents that will survive power outages, and are easy to store and access even if your computer is out of action for a few days.
Process of Virus Spreading in Computer:- In the early, pre-internet days, viruses often spread from computer to computer via infected floppy disks. The SCA virus, for instance. spread amongst Amiga users on disks with pirated software. It was mostly harmless, but at one point as many as 40% of Amiga users were infected.
Today, viruses spread via the internet. In most cases, applications that have been infected by virus code are transferred from computer to computer just like any other application. Because many viruses include a logic bomb code that ensures that the virus's payload only executes at a specific time or under certain conditions, users or admins may be unaware that their applications are infected and will transfer or install them with impunity.
Infected applications might be emailed they could also be downloaded from an infected code repository or compromised app store.
It provides better documentation of programs due to similarity
with natural language.
Tbe debugging of programs is also easy in HLL.
4As a result high level languages are used more often than machine or assembly language. However the programs written in high level language need to be translated into machine language during execution process. For this purpose language translators and linkers are used for this purpose. Language translators include Compiler and Interpreter. High level. language comes with compilers and interpreters.
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