Assignment No.1 Compulsory English (1424) aiou Spring 2021
Q.l: Read about 'Compare and Contrast' on Pages 147-160. You should also have read about a brief comparison and contrast between aeroplane and helicopter given on page 151. Now, keeping in mind the two Pakistani educational systems (public and private sectors), answer the following questions:
(a) How both of the systems arc similar (provide a comparison between private and public educational systems)?
Ans: There are very less similarities as both have teachers and students. Both public and private high schools do have one key similarity: they require a certain number of credits in core subjects such as English, mathematics, and science to pass. They both have tp register their students to get matriculation certificate.
(b) How both of the systems are different (provide a contrast between private and public educational systems)? Each of the above answer should be in a paragraph shape and appropriate transition words should be used for showing the relationship of the cities.
Ans: Funding
The biggest difference between public and private schools is from where they receive funding. Public schools receive funding from local, state, and federal governments. Residents and businesses pay school taxes so that the youth in their community is well-educated. Private schools rely mainly on students' tuition for funds. Private schools can also receive donations and grants to pay their bills. Because they don't rely on state funding, private schools are less affected by politics, making their budgets more consistent and predictable.
Teachers .
Public school teachers must receive certification to teach in a public school. Certification requirements vary by state. Additionally, most states and school districts require teachers to coiu?hue education or receive ongoing professional development credits after certification. Most private schools do not require teachers to be state certified. Schools can, however, recommend their teachers ■cceive certification. In smno eases, faculty at private schools can be experts in their field or hold a doctorate degree. This will vary by syh.'v.d, sis he sure to do some research on a private school's faculty.
Admissions and Student Body
Another difference worth mentioning is admissions. Public schools must admit all students regardless of family income, special needs, religion, etc. Private schools can be more selective. Some private schools might require an admissions test to get in. Student body populations at private schools may be all boys or all girls. Performing arts schools may require an audition. For this reason, private schools can usually keep class sizes smaller if they have a selective admissions process. Some parents like the demographics that a private school can provide while others want the more diverse population of a public school.
Q.2: Read about 'Academic Reading' on Page 183-185. Now briefly EXPLAIN the following phrases (in your own words) with appropriate examples:
(a) Non-academic reading (b) Pre-reading (c) Skimming a text
(d) Reading strategies (e) Active reading
Non-acadcmic reading is less formal and not necessarily intended for an educated audience, and it s often more emotional or opinionated; examples of such include letters, blog posts, even fiction novels.
Pre-reading
Pre-reading is the process of skimming a text to locate key ideas before carefully reading a text (or a chapter of a text) from start to finish. Also called previewing or surveying. Pre-reading provides an overview that can increase reading speed and efficiency. Pre-reading typically involves looking at (and thinking about) titles, chapter introductions, summaries, headings, subheadings, study questions, and conclusions.
Skimming a text
Skimming is reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the material. Scanning is reading rapidly in order to find specific facts. While skimming tells you what general information is within a section, scanning helps you locate a particular fact.
Reading strategies
Reading strategies is the broad term used to describe the planned and explicit actions that help readers translate print to meaning. Strategies that improve decoding and reading comprehension skills benefit every student, but are essential for beginning readers, struggling readers, and English Language Learners.
Active reading
Active reading simply means reading something with a determination to understand and evaluate it for its relevance to your needs. Simply reading and re-reading the material isn't an effective way to understand and learn. Actively and critically engaging with the content can save you time.
0.3- . In Unit 6, ive have studied that READING is universal requirement and that most of us read for the sake of pleasure or information as well as in order to perform a specific task (as given in Exercise 11 on Page 206). For the purpose, we select a text carefully and go through it accordingly. Comment what are your purposes for reading the following types of texts:
(a) Newspaper b) College prospectus (e) (i) Who is who Rate list (f) (1) Dictionary Restaurant
(c) Research journal td) (g) Thesaurus (h)
Sunday magazine Admission form
Newspaper
Information about world's event.
College prospectus
To know about the course's contents.
Research journal
Research journals communicate the results of research in the field of study covered by the journal.
Sunday magazine
To follow the latest trends and gossips.
Who is who
To know biographical information of countries.
Dictionary
for read about the pronunciation, grammatical forms etc.
The following questions are based on Unit - 7. Read the unit carefully and answer the questions/solve the exercises given below.
Thesaurus
To know meaning of same words.
Admission form
To apply for admission.
Rate list
To know the current rate of commodities.
Restaurant
To know where you want to eat.
following terms (in your own words) with appropriate examples:
(a) Literal meaning (h) Associated meaning
Ans: (a) Literal meaning
Conceptual meaning covers those basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word. It is the type of meaning that dictionaries are designed to describe. Some of the basic components of a word like "needle" in English might include 'thin, sharp, steel instrument.1 These components would be part of the conceptual meaning of "needle."
(b) Associated meaning
However, different people might have different associations or connotations attached to a word like "needle."
They might associate it with 'pain,' or 'illness,' or 'blood,' or 'drugs,' or 'thread,' or 'knitting,' or 'hard to find' (especially »
in a haystack), and these associations may differ from one person to the next. These types of associations are not treated as part of the word's conceptual meaning.
Poets, songwriters, novelists, .literary critics, advertisers, and lovers may all be interested in how words can evoke certain aspects of associative meaning, but in linguistic semantics, we’re more concerned with trying to analyze conceptual meaning."
0.5: Go to Exercise 7 'a Merchant and his Secant’ on Page 235 and carefully PEAD the situations given in the story. Based on your reading of the text, answer the following two questions:
(a) Why did the servant want to escape the town?
Ans: He wanted to escape the town because he Ihvisght that death had come io take him.
(b) What do you think might have happened to the servant in Samara?
Ans: The severest death was destined in Samara, so the death has surely taken him.
0.6: Read about 'Denotation and Connotation' on Pages 249-260. Now carefully READ the following terms and write down the possible connotative meanings of the following words:
Words Connotative
Clever Fox
Leader Politician
Boss The senior or executive
Professor Intellectual
Sick Irritating
Trickster Scammer
Fox Cleverness
Eagle Eye
Clever Trickster
Leader Fox
Eagle Professor
Beautician Sick
Youth
Q.7: We have read in detail about 'Denotation' and 'connotation' in Unit 8. We have further studied that words carry 'positive' as well as 'negative' connotation. Similarly, there are words which also have some neutral meaning (neither negative nor positive). Now analyze the following words and write down the possible connotative (whether positive, negative or neutral) meanings of the following words:
(a) Shy (b) Sharp (c) Skilled (d) Mule (e) Horsc(f) Stubborn
(g) Camel (It) Eagle (i) Fox (j) Nightingale ___________
(a) Shy Innocent
(b) Sharp Over smart
(c) Skilled Expert
(d) Mule Son of donkey
(e) Horse Speed
(f) Stubborn manner
(g) Camel Water reservoir
(h) Eagle Eye
0) Fox Clever
(i)Nightingale Sweet voice
Q.8: Which is your favourite English daily newspaper (out of Dawn, The News and The Nation) and why? Find out the last FOUR 'Book Reviews' given in your favourite newspaper and make a collection of them. Now
. answer thefollowing questions:
(a) What is interesting about these books? .
Ans: All these books are about fiction stories and include a dominant, person in theses books and the story revolves around the heroic character who has enormous qualities. These all books have strong story and happy ending with a good moral. They are interesting because they have good content with positivity. .
(b) which out of these four books, you would like to read first and why? :
Ans: I would like to read the "somewhere a bird is singing" because it has a good plot with a mixtur?of nice and nasty characters. Set in Plymouth in the late Victorian era, I found it interesting reading about the people's lives, and about the Salvation Army.
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