Educational Wealth

old papers Ninth 2009 -group 2 (English compulsory)

Abdullah 1 English compulsory, old papers Wednesday, August 27, 2014

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OLd papers</h2>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lahore board</td></tr>
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 Ninth Lahore Board 2010                       
English (Compulsory) Paper: I (Objective Type)                                
Time: 20 Minutes Max.Marks:19
                        Group-II</div>
 
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Q:1  
(a)  
Fill in (he blanks with suitable forms of verb:                5  
(i). The dog………..at night. (bark)  
(ii) lt……….since morning (rain)  
(iii) Let it be……….. (do)  
(iv) Ali ……..to school daily. (go)  
(v) Who has………his house? (see)  
(b)   
Complete the following words by providing
missing letter: 5  
(i) kin…….. ness (ii) a…..azement.(iii) sno…….(iv) ……omfort  
(v) br……eze  
(c)  
Tick (/) mark the correct sentence                              5  
(i)  
(a) You are not faithful.  
(b) Not faithful you are.  
(c) Fithful not you are.  
(d) You are faithful not.  
(ii)  
(a) How are tall trees those?  
(b) How are tall those trees?  
© How are those trees tall?  
(d) How tall are those trees?  
(iii)  
(a) 1n play hockey they in evening.  
(b) The hockcy in evening play they.  
© They play hockey in the evening.  
(d) They play hockey in the evening.  
(iv)  
 (a) 1 had not taken tea.  
(b) Taken tea 1 bad not.  
© Tea had taken not 1.  
(d) had taken I not tea?  
(v)  
(a) Home dear my is Pakistan.  
(b) Pakistan is my dear home.  
© Pakistan my dear is home.  
(d) Pakistan home dear is my.  
(d)   
Read these sentences carefully and write T/F in the box  
      against   each sentence:                                                  4  
(i) ‘Inland'’ means not in the country.  
(ii) Bees do not live in groups.  
([iii) The workers bees sit idle.  
(iv) Doctors fly aeroplanes.  
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                           Ninth Lahore Board 2009 </h3>
English (Compulsory) Paper: I                         (Subjective Type)  
Time: 2.10 Hours                                           Max..Marks: 56 '  
                                      (Group - II)  
Note:., All questions are to he attempted on the answer book.   
                                        Section - I  
Q:2 
Write any FIVE of the following questions:                   10  
(i) What was the park like in 1992.  
(ii) When does Chinese new year start?  
(iii) Who makes the grass and tree grow?  
 (iv) Why have women become socially and politically aware?  
(v) Where did the master send the prince?  
(vi) Why should we be kind to animals ancf birds?  
(vii) What did Abou Ben Adhem ask the angel?  
(viii) Who is a reformer?  
                                     Section - II  
Q:3 
Translate the following paragraph into urdu :               7  
Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) admired the valour and bravery of Hazrat Khalid bin Waited (R.A.) and gave him the title of “Saifullah" (Sword of Allah). After the death of Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W.) the first Khalifah Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) appointed Hazrat Khialid bin Wa|ed (R.A.) to command the Muslim army.  
                                               OR  
Rewrite the above paragraph into simple English.  
Q:4  
Write down the summary of the poem
“Daffodils’'. ?  
                                              OR  
Paraphrase the following stanza into simple English:  
For God is by when I pray.  
And when I close mine eyes in sleep,  
I know that He will with me stay,  
And will all night watch by me keep.  
Q:5  
Use any FIVE of the following words/ idioms in
your own sentences:                                                                  5  
run over, opponent , festival . prosperous . scrap off, bloom .  
dignity. increase . 
Q:6  
Write a letter to your mother who is worried about
your health.                                     
 OR  
Write a story with the moral result <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2013/12/stories-part-4.html" target="_blank">“All that glitters is not gold’’</a>.  
                                                OR  
Write a dialogue between two brothers regarding school rules.  
Q:7  
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given at the end:                                                    10  
There lived a monkey in a forest. One day he was going about in search of food as he was very hungry.At last, he entered the house of a farmer. There was nobody in the house. The monkey- found a' hard vessel with a narrow opening. He put his hand into it. It had grains in it. He took a handful of grains and tried to pull his hand out but he could not with his closed Fist. 
 After some time the owner of the house came up. His dog was also with him. The dog fell upon the monkey and lore him to pieces. Thus the monkey met his fate due to his greed.  
Questions:
‘  
(i) Why did the monkey enter the house of a
farmer?  
(ii) What did he find there?  
(iii) What was in the vessel?  
(iv)What did the monkey do?  
(v) Why could' he not pull his hand out of the
vessel?  
Q:8
   
Translate any FIVE of the following sentences  
       into English:                         5  
 
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Exclusively for candidates whose Medium of Examination is English (Question - 8 Alternative to Urdu Translation)  
Write TEN sentences about “A Picnic"                         15  
Change the voice of the following:                                4  
(i) They are buying this house.  
(ii) She gave me five films.  
(iv)He will write a letter.  
(v) Do it. </div>

old papers Ninth 2009 -group 2 (English compulsory)

OLd papers Lahore board Ninth Lahore Board 2010 English (Compulsory) Paper: I (Objective Type...

solved Assighnments: Basic of ICT -1431-spring 2014 -2nd assignment

Abdullah 17 solved assignments, spring 2014 Tuesday, August 19, 2014

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Solved Assighnments</h2>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AIOU</td></tr>
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ASSIGNMENT No. 02                                     </h3>
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 Basic of ICT                                                  code:1431  
B.A                                                                 Spring ,2014 
Q No 1.  
What is meant by computer software? Differentiate between system software and application software?  
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Computer Software </h3>
Software refers to the programs and data that instruct a computer's hardware (or physical parts) how to work together and how to allow the computer's user to interact with the computer.  
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Association with hardware</h3>
Software essentially is programming code that allows hardware to interface with other hardware and the user to interface with the hardware. Without software, hardware would not be able to communicate with or utilize other hardware and the user would not be able to use the device.  
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Operating Systems and Hardware Drivers </h3>
Operating systems are technically software because they are made up of programming code, but operating systems are so large in scope that they are their own class of software. Hardware drivers are software that tells the operating system how to use the computer's hardware devices. 
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 Utilities of operating system</h3>
 A utility is a software program that accomplishes a task. For example, an anti-virus program is a utility that protects your computer from viruses, while the Windows Calculator is a utility that performs basic math operations. Other common computer utilities include Web browsers, email clients, registry cleaners, virtual machines, computer back-up programs and the Windows Update utility.  
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Business  software</h3>
Most business software deals with creating and editing documents. The Microsoft Office suite is one of the best-known products in the business software category. It includes Word for word processing, Excel for spreadsheets and PowerPoint for creating presentations. Other business software types include programs for databases, customer relationship management, accounting and taxes.  
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Resides in Read/Write Memory </h3>
 Software usually resides in ROM (read only memory) or RAM (random access memory) or on media such as a hard drive, CD or USB device. In most cases software is initially transferred to a hard drive and then used from the hard drive from then on. 
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 Firmware Blurs the Lines </h3>
Some software resides in what is called "firmware," which is a cross between hardware and software. Firmware is basically software encoded somehow onto hardware. It can in some cases be changed or upgraded.  
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System software</h3>
 System software is the term used to describe the programs and files that constitute the operating system- such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OSX or Linux—of a computer. System software is responsible for the management and control of computer hardware and basic system operation.  
How System Software Works  
System software is essential for human beings to interact with computers. System software operates at the most basic level of a computer, creating the user interface and relaying any command given to the computer to the CPU (Central Processing Unit.)  
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Operating System Tasks </h3>
An operating system is the most important piece of software that runs on a computer because without it other programs cannot run. Operating system tasks include recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display, and management of peripherals, such as hard disk drives and printers.  
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Types of System Software </h3>
System software includes file management tools, assemblers, compilers and debuggers, together with drivers—small programs that tell the operating system and other software applications how to interact with hardware—and other configuration files.  
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Application software </h3>
Application software is what allows users to store information, create content and media, access information and communicate. Because most of the processes of the world now run on computers, there are many types of software to handle all the functions that are required. All software applications have specific hardware requirements.  
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 Features
Documentation software </h3>
This software  allows users to document their work. Examples of this would be Word and PowerPoint. Media Development software allows users to create various types of media, including visual (Photoshop, Flash), audio (ProTools) and hard copy (Quark).  
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Data Management software </h3>
Data Management software enables the manipulation of data (FileMaker Pro, Excel, Quicken), while content access software (iTunes, Real Player) gives users the ability to uniformly access content created by others.  
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 Type
:Word processing software </h3>
Type
Word processing software makes the creation (along with the presentation and sharing) of words much easier, while programs designed for the Internet (browsers and email software) give the ability to email information and instantly access products and services, while media creation now shortens the "publication lag" that dogged users in the past.  
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Shareware and free ware packages </h3>
In addition to the commercial software packages (most of what has been mentioned), there is shareware (a method that allows users to try software before paying with the'honor system) and freeware (software that designers create as a hobby). 
 The Facts (set of software programs) 
Where there is a litany of different software packages and programs designed for the home user, there is a far larger (and more complex) set of software programs that run most of the
world. These include enterprisewide software, testing and simulation software, business workflow software, database management software and programming software, among others.  
Q No 2.  
What is meant by operation system? Discuss it in detail with the help of different examples.  
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Operating System </h3>
An operating system is a conglomeration of software that controls the hardware of the computer and ensures that the computer can perform all its basic functions, which are necessary for all other programs to work.  
The operating system helps additional programs integrate with the computer so that they can run. Because the operating system is so important, it is usually the First software added to the computer. Operating systems contain a number of utilities.  
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Utilities of operating system  </h3>
"A utility in an operating system is a computer program that performs a single task, usually very specific and related to only part of the operating system software.  
"These programs work mostly with system resources such as memory and basic data flow. They often help computers organize their memory and set apart memory for applications that are added later in the life of the computer.  
Operating systems have many different software programs that help them run basic processes for the computer. Some of this software users can replace or delete. Other types of software are vital to the operating system and help it function correctly.  
Likewise, some software is highly complex and multi-layered, while other types are simple and take up only a little space. Utilities tend to be smaller, more basic types of software. While you are pretty much free to use your Apple device as you please, there are certain things you can't do due to Apple's own restrictions. These restrictions are spelled out in.
Difference
Operating systems also use software known as applications, and it can sometimes be difficult to tell what the difference is. In general, utilities are smaller and more simple than applications. Applications are complex and perform many functions instead of only one, often functions that are not directly related to the basic computer structure. Word processors and datasheet programs are two of the most common applications.  
Examples
There are utilities for most components of the operating system. One of the most common types is the disk drive utility, which manages the disk drives that the computer creates. Other utilities manage printers and other basic devices that are linked to the computer and need a direct line to computer memory.
Add-Ones
Some utilities in operating systems may not be completely necessary, and some utilities can even be part of applications. For instance, a simple program within an application that allows it to print to multiple locations may be considered a utility, as can simple tools within an operating systems.  
These tools can often be added on or taken away from the operating system as desired.
Different functions of an operating system
Operating systems manage user interaction with the physical resources a computer provides. 
 Through an operating system, users are able to carry out every day computing activities including running applications, accessing websites, using email and storing files, such as data and media items.  
The main operating systems used on desktop and laptop computers include various versions of Microsoft Windows and Mac, plus a variety of Linux distributions, including Ubuntu. Their interfaces and approaches may vary, but the main functions within an operating system are broadly the same. 
 Process Management
Computing applications and functions are carried out primarily by one or more processing chips. Operating systems can appear to run several processes simultaneously, but in fact several tasks are alternated between by a single processor at a speed faster than users can detect.  
This allows several programs and computing activities to operate at the same time from the user's point of view. Each application or activity runs within a single dedicated process, with the operating system scheduling and managing the processing resources between activities.  
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Memory Management
Operating systems </h3>
Memory Management
Operating systems use Random Access Memory to store the short-term data required for applications and other computer functions to operate. Each computing activity that is ongoing has a certain amount of memory allocated to it, which the operating system manages.  
In cases where an application attempts to do something that there is not enough memory for, an operating system can sometimes use virtual memory to carry out the required processing, by utilizing a section of hard disk memory and using it as though it is RAM.  
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File Management  </h3>
Computer devices can store many different types of data, file and document. This may include personal user files, such as word processing documents, photographic images and video. Applications installed on the computer may also be associated with numerous files required when they execute.  
The operating system manages the storage and use of these files, including viewing, editing and deleting. Most operating systems provide a graphical user interface for user access to the file system, such as Windows Explorer or Finder on Mac OS X. 
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 Input / Output </h3>
Computers use a variety of channels for user interaction.  
Computer output includes the monitor and audio speakers or headphones, while input includes the mouse and keyboard. These are the standard input / output elements in a desktop or laptop computer, while mobile devices sometimes offer additional elements. 
 These hardware components are managed by the operating system through the use of drivers. Drivers handle communication between the user and the hardware provided within a given computing system, including capturing and interpreting userl=j0i6r4l=j0i6r433 input and presenting output in response to it. 
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Applications of operating system</h3>
The operating system itself is a software application. In most cases,  however, user access to computing resources takes place through other applications.  
There are some applications installed on an operating system when it is initially installed itself, but users can also install additional software either from disk or by downloading over the Web. The operating system handles the execution of applications as well as managing the resources they require, such as memory and input / output.  
Common applications include Web browsers, email clients, word processing programs and media players.  
 Q:3 
Identify basic elements of a communication system. 
Communication system 
Effective communication plays a vital role in the success of every professional and personal relationship. Becoming a skilled communicator requires you to learn the roles of every element of communication. You can use these elements in many ways, including public speaking, interpersonal relationships, media development and business relations. 
 The basic communication model consists of five elements of communication:  
the sender,  
the receiver,  
the message,  
the channel  
 feedback.  
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Maintain Message Clarity </h3>
The sender plays the specific role of initiating communication. To communicate effectively, the sender must use effective verbal as well as nonverbal techniques. Speaking or writing clearly, organizing your points to make them easy to follow and understand, maintaining eye contact, using proper grammar and giving accurate information are all essential in the effectiveness of your message. You will lose your audience if it becomes aware of obvious oversights on your part. The sender should have some understanding of who the receiver is in order to modify the message to make it more relevant. In the basic communication model, the sender is Point A in the diagram. 
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A reciever </h3>
A receiver can be one person or an entire audience of people. In the basic communication model, the receiver, labeled Point B, is directly across from the speaker. The receiver can also communicate verbally and nonverbally. The best way to receive a message is to listen carefully, sitting up straight and making eye contact. Don't get distracted or try to do something else while you're listening. Nodding and smiling as you listen to the sender speak demonstrate that you understand the message. 
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Message </h3>
The message may be the most crucial element of effective communication.  
A message can come in many different forms, such as an oral presentation, a written document, an advertisement or just a comment. In the basic communication model, the arrow from Point A to Point B represents the sender's message traveling to the receiver. The message isn't necessarily what the sender intends it to be. Rather, the message is what the receiver perceives the message to be. As a result, the sender must not only compose the message carefully, but also evaluate the ways in which the message can be interpreted.  
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Assess Your Medium </h3>
The message travels from one point to another via a channel of communication. In the diagram, the channel sits between the sender and receiver, Points A and B. Many channels, or types, of communication exist, from the spoken word to radio, television, an Internet site or something written, like a book, letter or magazine.  
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 Advantages and disadvantages.of channel of communication </h3>
Every channel of communication has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, one disadvantage of the written word, on a computer screen or in a book, is that the receiver cannot evaluate the tone of the message. For this reason, effective communicators word written communications clearly so they don't to rely on a specific tone of voice to convey the message accurately. 
 The advantages of is television as a channel for communication include its expansive reach to a wide audience and  the sender's ability to further manipulate the message using editing and special effects 
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Feedback </h3>
 The last element of effective communication, feedback, describes the receiver's response or reaction to the sender's message.  
The receiver can transmit feedback through asking questions, making comments or just supporting the message that was delivered. Feedback helps the sender to determine how the receiver interpreted the message and how it can be improved. In the basic communication model, the receiver transmits feedback from Point B back to the sender at Point A.  
As a result the model has a cyclical appearance, as the original receiver becomes the sender and vice versa.  
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Network topologies </h3>
In computer networking, topology refers to the layout of connected devices. Here is an introduction of the standard topologies of networking'. Think of a topology as a network's 'virtual shape or structure.  
This shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the network. For example, the computers on a home LAN may be arranged in a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find a ring topology there.  
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  Maximum bandwidth</h3>
 The maximum bandwidth on these cables does not increase with the addition of each node the network operates more slowly with each new computer added. In addition, these coaxial cables are typically slower than their star topology counterparts.  
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Coaxial-based technologies</h3>
Coaxial-based technologies are rarely found in modern workplaces and almost never used in homes. As a result, the technology necessary to operate a bus topology network is generally difficult to find, if it can be found at all. Network interface cards (expansion cards that plug into the inside of a computer and provide network access) with a BNC connector are often more expensive than their RJ-45 counterparts.  
b)  
Briefly explain the term: Assembler, compiler, linker and interpreter.  
<h3>
Assembler</h3>
 An assembler is a type of computer program that interprets software programs written in assembly language into machine language, code and instructions that can be executed by a computer. An assembler enables software and application developers to access, operate and manage a computer's hardware architecture and components.  
An assembler is sometimes referred to as the compiler of assembly language. It also provides the services of an interpreter.  
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Assembler and symbolically use codes </h3>
An assembler primarily serves as the bridge between symbolically coded instructions written in assembly language and the computer processor, memory and other computational components. 
 An assembler works by assembling and converting the source code of assembly language into object code or an object file that constitutes a stream of zeros and ones of machine code, which are directly executable by the processor.  
Assemblers are classified based on the number of times it takes them to read the source code before translating it; there are both single-pass and multi-pass assemblers. Moreover, some high-end assemblers provide enhanced functionality by enabling the use of control statements, data abstraction services and

providing support for object-oriented programming structures.

Generally compiling is a term which is often heard by everyone who is associated with programming, even if remotely. 
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Compiler </h3>
 "A compiler is a program which converts a high level language program/code into binary instructions (machine language) that our computer can interpret, understand and take the appropriate steps to execute the same. " 
Let us take an example to understand what does the above definition means. If you ask any person who is associated with programming, that what the first program he/she wrote was, then the obvious answer would be "Hello World". So let us also start with the same.  
This most basic program prints or displays the words "Hello, World!" on the computer screen. But there is a problem. It is not that simple. Behind the curtains there is lot of complex things going. Let us peep inside these things. 
 The hard truth is that our computer cannot understand the commands/instructions contained in a source file (helloworld.c), because C is a high-level language which means, it contains various characters, symbols, and words that represent complex, numbers-based instructions for eg. printf, main, header files etc. The only instructions a computer can execute are those written in machine language, consisting entirely of numbers that is the binary language in terms of 0 and 1.  
Before our computer can run our C program, our compiler should convert our helloworld.c into an object file; then a program called a linker should convert the object file into an executable file.  
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Linker </h3>
Linker and Programming is the process of creating useful computer programs from human readable code. The code words that are used to create a computer program are called "source code." This source code needs to be converted to a format that can be read by a computer to be useful. This process of conversion is called "compilation." A crucial part of the compilation process is linking. The compiled binary executable is loaded into main memory to run.
The linker takes various parts of the compiled program and combines them to form a single executable program. Usually when large software applications are created they are written in discrete chunks, with each chunk held in a separate source code file. The job of the linker is to take each of these chunks, once they have been assembled, and combine them together into a single executable application. 
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 Interpreter </h3>
An Interpreter is a program that implements or simulates a virtual machine using the base set of instructions of a programming language as its machine language. You can also think of an Interpreter as a program that implements a library containing the implementation .of the basic instruction set of a programming language in machine language. 
 An Interpreter re^ids the statements of a program, analyzes them and then executes them on the virtual machine by calling the corresponding instructions of the library.
During an interactive interpreter session the statements are not only read, analyzed and executed but the result of the evaluation of an expression is also printed. 
 This is also called a READ - EVAL - PRINT loop. 
 Pay attention, the READ - EVAL - PRINT loop is only entered in an interactive session. If you ask the interpreter to execute code in a file, results of expression evaluations are not printed. You have to do this by yourself.  
Q No 4. 
 Explain the basic concept of multimedia. Identify ten different examples of multimedia and also describe five of them in detail.
  
<h3>
Multimedia </h3>
Through the proliferation of technology In modern-day homes, people communicate in a variety of ways through multimedia. The term "multimedia" itself can take many forms, but it always relates to the way computers present different elements.  
Multimedia is common on a variety of kinds of websites and if you use a computer, you use multimedia communication daily.
Communication technologies in multimedia can take an ordinary lecture or sermon and turn it into an extraordinary experience the audience will not forget. 
 Communication technologies in multimedia such as using video, SMART boards and projector slide programs such as PowerPoint can make your communication more effective. Every person learns differently and needs various avenues of communication to receive the message effectively.  
Communication technologies in multimedia can cover multiple aspects of communication types such as audio and visual learning and in one presentation.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Text Communication: </h3>
Text communication encompasses a variety of forms and is one of the most common forms of multimedia communication In a computer user's day-to-day activities. Text communication includes such areas of Internet use as reading a website, reading and writing email messages and instant messaging.  
Text communication is also the oldest form of multimedia communication, as the first computers displayed text only.  
<h3>
Image Communication: </h3>
Though images might not seem to be a form of communication in the same way that text is a form of communication, it is a legitimate form of multimedia communication that many users enjoy daily. Examples include browsing an online photo album, opening and viewing images attached to an email and looking at photos that accompany stories on news websites.  
<h3>
Audio Communication: </h3>
A common form of Web-based multimedia communication is audio communication. This form involves receiving a message through an audio format, such as listening to an online radio station or playing a music file. If you use the Internet to stream a radio station broadcast, for example, you are engaging in a form of audio communication.  
Audio communication often combines with other forms of multimedia communication. A slideshow, for example, can feature text, images and audio together.  
<h3>
Video Communication: </h3>
As its name indicates, video communication is a form of multimedia communication through video.  
It is common on many websites, including YouTube and the websites of television stations. Since high-speed Internet has become common, video communication has increased as users are able to access this form of multimedia communication. Types of video communication include .AVI, MPEG, WMV and QuickTime files.  
Q:5  
Write the notes in your own words on the following 
Multimedia kiosk 

A multimedia kiosk is any type of large computer terminal, most often 
located in a public place, which the general public may use for various 
purposes. An ATM is a type of multimedia kiosk, for instance; a user can
 walk up to the terminal, insert a debit card, and withdraw money from 
an account without needing to interact with a bank teller or other 
employee.  
Multimedia kiosks are often found in places such as 
supermarkets, shopping malls, airports, and convenience stores, among 
others, and most feature convenient touchscreens.
Though an ATM is probably the most common type of multimedia kiosk, 
there are many others available as well. A photo printing kiosk is very 
common.  
These often have different functions; for instance, one may be 
able to insert the memory card from a digital camera. The photos will 
then be loaded onto the screen, where the user can individually select 
which photos he or she wants to print.
In addition to selecting the photos to be printed, the user may be able 
to make changes to size, change photos from color to black and white, or
 add colorful borders to the photos, among other changes.  
Some photo 
printing kiosks can print the pictures immediately, while others must be
 printed by a store employee, and may usually be picked up within one 
hour to one day. Other types of photo printing kiosks allow one to scan 
in a physical photo or multiple photos on a flatbed scanner, and the 
photo can then be manipulated, enhanced, or reprinted without damaging 
or changing the original.
Another type of interactive multimedia kiosk is a DVD rental kiosk. 
These allow customers to insert payment, generally through cash or a 
credit card, and select a DVD to rent.  
The customer may then return the 
DVD to the kiosk when he or she is finished watching it. These are just a
 few of the many different types of multimedia kiosks available, many of
 which can oe customized for different purposes at schools or companies.
 Some businesses even allow their employees to clock in and out of work 
through the use of a multimedia kiosk.
If a business wishes to add a multimedia kiosk to their location, it is 
up to them to purchase or rent the machine. The business is typically 
responsible for maintaining the kiosk, though the distributor generally 
offers support services for a fee as well. Many people enjoy the 
convenience and ease of use of a multimedia kiosk, and find that it 
benefits their business to have one.  
Computer hardware  
Computer hardware has advanced drastically since the early days when 
computers took up entire rooms and required teams of people to run. 
Modern computer systems fit in a small case and can draw power from a 
standard wall jack. It is important to learn about the components of 
your computer so that you can diagnose problems or replace equipment as 
it becomes outdated.  
Functions of hardware: 
Hardware is the corporeal and tangible portion of a computer system that
 you interact with to take advantage of computer programs. It is 
distinct from software in that it is built of physical material and 
generally does not perform logical operations or change its state 
frequently.  
 The central piece of hardware for any computer is the 
motherboard, which is a circuit board that contains all of the sockets, 
slots, and chip sets that all of the other hardware devices will be 
connected into. The centra! processing unit, which handles all of the 
mathematical calculations that the computer needs to perform, is 
attached to the main socket of the motherboard. The two main companies 
that produce processors, AMD and Intel, each make a variety of different
 processor types that work with different motherboards.  
The random 
access memory attaches to slots in the motherboard and it controls the 
speed that computations occur. The hard drive is the component that 
actually stores all of the data in the computer such as files, music or 
games. All of these units are run by a power supply that plugs into a 
wall socket. Computers with more advanced hardware will require a higher
 voltage power supply to run at peak efficiency. Some sort of cooling 
system must also be used, such as a fan or liquid cooling tubes, to 
prevent the other devices from overheating and shutting down. All of 
these components are held inside of a metal or plastic case.  
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 High level languages </h3>
In computer science parlance, programming languages are divided into 
categories according to the distance in which the syntax is abstracted 
from the native processor instructions. Most high-level languages use a 
compiler to make them portable among the supported platforms. This 
allows the programmer to work in an English-like syntax while the 
compiler deals with the details of converting it into processor-specific
 instructions. The efficiency of modern compilers has made high-level 
languages more popular than the more challenging requirements of 
low-level tools.  
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C+ +
C++ </h3>
 C+ +
C++ is a high-level language that maintains some of the features of a 
low-level language. It provides a minimally worded logical command set 
that is accessible for programmers on many platforms without worrying 
about the underlying processor instruction set. It retains the C 
language ability to directly address the processor or memory hardware 
when necessary, a feature that many other high-level languages have done
 away with. 
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
 COBOL </h3>
Common Business Oriented Language, or COBOL, is an example of a verbose 
high-level language. Instructions and variables are spelled out in 
lengthy statements designed for the ease of reading by the programmer. 
The syntax is portable among the numerous platforms on which the 
language is supported. Though it has been updated with modern 
object-oriented features, it has been supplanted in recent years by 
other programming tools.  
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Computer and interpreter</h3>
 Computer language processor that translates a program line-by-line 
(statement-by- statement) and carries out the specified actions in 
sequence.- In contrast, an assembler or compiler completely translates a
 program written in a high-level language (the source program) into a 
machine-language program (the object program) for later execution. 
Whereas a compiled-program executes much faster than an 
interpreted-program, an interpreter allows examination and modification 
of the program while it is running (executing).
 
 
 
As with spoken languages, people have many different computer-programming languages to communicate with computers.  
These computer-programming languages help bridge the gap between computers and people.
Computer languages have been developed with interpreting statements in mind. These are some of them:  
<h3>
Python</h3>
 A very popular, free, object oriented interpreted language created in 1991. It is also modular which means people can add extra parts to it for others to use. You will find Python being used as the back-end processing language on web servers 
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BASIC </h3>
The grand-daddy of interpreted computer languages. Created nearly fifty years ago (1963) as an easy-to-learn language. Its strength is that it is interactive - it checks your code as you type it in and its syntax is simple.  
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JAVA </h3>
This is the second type of interpreter. It compiles source code into byte code which then runs on a virtual machine. Java is very popular as the language to use for coding the business- logic within a company's business application. For example, on on-line mortgage application form on a Building Society web site would most likely be connected to a Java server that is working through all the complex business rules for providing a customer quote. </div>
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solved Assighnments: Basic of ICT -1431-spring 2014 -2nd assignment

Solved Assighnments AIOU ASSIGNMENT No. 02 Basic of ICT ...

solved assighnments:compulsory English-1423,aiou-spring 2014-2nd

Abdullah 1 solved assignments Monday, August 18, 2014

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Solved Assignments</h2>
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Compulsory English I            Code :1423                  2nd BA/BS                                                                   Spring 2014 
                           Assignment No 2 
Q.l Unit 5 teaches you how to express certainty and uncertainty. In its section A, page 145 degrees of certainty (complete, strong, less strong) are given with appropriate vocabulary for expressing them. Use these words and make complete sentences. (10)  
Ans:  
i) Certainly: I certainly never expected to become a writer.  
ii) Definitely: He definitely needs a holiday  
iii)Clearly: I wasn't thinking clearly.  
iv) Undoubtedly: Universities undoubtedly will have concerns 
    about such a program.  
v) Probably: It's probably the best movie I have ever seen.  
vi) Presumably: It's raining, which presumably means that your football match will be cancelled.  
vii) Likely: Young drivers are far more likely to have accidents than older drivers.  
viii) Unlikely: The weather is unlikely to improve over the next few days. 
ix) Possibly not: This last task is possibly not the most difficult.  
x) Perhaps not: ' I don't think you understand.' 'Well, perhaps not.
Q.2 
 In Unit 5 page 148, obligatory words are explained and examples are given. A paragraph is given to you from which, you have to select obligatory words and use them in your own sentences.                                                                                                   (10)  
Ans:
Responsibilities are what people have to do. A responsibility of a citizen would be to obey the law. People, who do not obey the law, are not only hurting themselves but others too. When people break the law they get into trouble. Our government makes rules to make it easier for us all to live together. We call these rules law. Parents make rules to keep you safe from dangerous people or places. Police officers' responsibility or duty is td make sure people don't break laws and live safely. Teachers and principals make rules and it is
the responsibility of students’to follow these rules. If there weren't any rules at schools, how could anyone get education?  
 i) Responsibilities: The Minister will have responsibility for coordinating childcare policy.  
ii) Obey: Soldiers are expected to obey orders without questioning them.  
iii) Rule: If you break the rules, it just spoilsThe whole game.  
iv) Law: Elected officials ought to obey the law.
.  
iv)  Duty: Local authorities have a duty to keep the streets clean.  
v) Follow: Most EU countries have signed the agreement and the   
                 US is expected to follow shortly  
Q.3  
Unit 5, Section B deals with active and passive voice. Some sentences are given below. We want you to change the passive voice into active voice and the active voice into passive voice.  
                                                                                               (10)  
Ans:  
i) Sara rescued three cats.  
   Three cats were rescued by Sara.  
ii) The students handed in the reports.  
   The reports were handedby students . 
iii)  Is the DVD recorder repaired by the mechanic?  
   Does the mechanic repair the DVD recorder?  
iv) Ali learned the poem.  
   The poem was learned by Ali.  
v) The car will be taken by them.  
   They will take the car.  
vi) Sidra has forgotten the book.  
   The book has been forgotten by the Sidra.  
vii) The match had been lost by the girls.  
   The girls had lost the match.  
viii) The teacher is not going to open the door.  
   The door is not going to be open by the teacher. 
 ix) Handball has been played by them.  
   They have played handball.  
x) Lunch is being taken by them.  
   They are taking lunch.  
Q.4  
Unit 6 explains the uses of and difference between preference and intentional words. Some common objects and verbs are given bellow. Use them in sentences utilizing preferences as well as intentional words. J.
Prefer, rather have, like - than, would like to choose, would opt. Intend to , plan to,
aim to, goal  
 
i) Football: I aim to organize my football team after completion of  
                   my studies.  
ii) Studying: I opted studying literature than stories.   
iii) Sister: I would prefer my sister to take admission in computer  
                 science rather than commerce. 
iv) Milk: I love drinking milk rather than any soft drink.  
v) Walking: I intend to walk daily before breakfast and after  
                    dinner.  
vi) Driving: I am going to take admission in driving school after  
                     exams. 
vii)  Study: I am thinking for combine study well before the   
                    commencement of
exams.  
viii)  Reciting: I love reciting the Holy Quran in the morning and  
                          in all my free time throughout the day. 
ix) Beef: I always give priority to mutton upon beef.  
x) Fish:  I always to like eat fish than any other sort of meat.  
Q.5 
 Unit 7 deals with "asking, giving and refusing permission". For this purpose different words and expressions are suggested in the Unit. You have to make complete sentences using the words and expressions given on page 219 and 220.                       (10) 
Ans:  
i) All right you can enjoy the company of your friend.  
ii) Of course you may attend the marriage party. 
iii) I have no objection if she lends you her laptop.  
iv) Go ahead; it is the deed of virtue.  
v) Certainly you can join the cricket academy after exams.   
vi) No problem; I allow him to go to village.  
vii) Actually, I'd rather you didn't.  
viii) I’m sorry son. I’m going to have to say no.  
ix) Sorry you can't have my camera as I am using it
myself. 
x) I am sure,you will pass the exam. 
Q.6  
In Unit 7, Section D, techniques for writing an essay have been explained to you. We want you to make an essay of around 300 words arguing on the usefulness of computer applications in education in the 21st century.                                 (20)  
Ans:
Today, computers are used all over the world. We can find computers in houses, schools, offices, factories, companies and many other places. They are very useful to us as they can be used for many purposes. 
 They have come to play an important role in our daily lives. So, we can say that the 21st Century is the age of computers and every student should have the knowledge of computer.
The use of computers today, is not restricted to only office desktops or laptops. In a matter of fact, computers are used in our daily lives ranging from appliances to car engines and video games thereby making it one of the most important asset in our lives with the education system not an exception when it comes to computers.  
The growth of the computer industry has sky-rocket over the past few years and has been quiet remarkable. Today, it is the fastest growing industry in our economy. 
 Many schools are now equipped with computers for educating their students thereby making computers an integral part of education system. Information Technology classes are also added as a "bonus" to enhance the students' skill in using a computer. 
Teachers and professors use computers for teaching, giving presentations, assessing various data banks, maintaining database of students, communication in the form of e mails or chat, browsing the Internet and to prepare students with the reality &. integrity to have a competitive edge in the global job market.  
Computers have revolutionized teaching and learning in a big way. They can watch various films on history, geography, wild life, science and encyclopedias with the use of computers to enhance the students' learning experience with great sound and excellent picture quality and commentaries on Compact Discs' cr DVD's as well as from the internet.  
The use of computers also includes the use of internet which has widen the education system to even more possibilities. The internet: provides a great deal of access
through various information on any subject or research and any other technical information with ease. Moreover, a computer is patient and non-judgmental, which can give the student motivation to continue learning.  
According to studies conducted, the effectiveness of computers used for instruction, students usually learn more in less time when receiving computer-based instructions. 
 Q.7  
Unit 8, Section B deals with indirect or reported speech.  
Understanding the Unit you have to make few sentences in direct speech and then convert the same sentences into indirect speech. The theme of your sentences should be your family. (10)  
Ans:  
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The father said, "He will buy new car".  </li>
<li>The father announced that he would buy new car. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The grandmother said to Akram, "Work hard to get succeeded in exams". </li>
<li>The grandmother advised Akram to work hard to get succeeded in exams. </li>
<li>Uncle said, "Aunt has arrived in Pakistan yesterday". </li>
<li>Uncle told that Aunt had arrived in Pakistan the previous day. </li>
<li>My cousin said," "I have just finished my studies". </li>
<li>My cousin told that he had just finished his studies. </li>
<li>The mother said, "She has planned to visit Lake View Park next week". </li>
<li> The mother informed that she had planned to visit Lake View Park next week. </li>
<li>My sister said to me, "Are you seeing Arsalan tomorrow?" </li>
<li>My sister asked me if I was seeing Arsalan next day. </li>
</ul>
Q.8  
Unit 9 explains the uses of expressions of advice and suggestion. We want you to suggest and advice few health care tips (at least ten) to your friend who is a chain smoker.                        (10)  
Ans:  
If you've tried to quit smoking and failed, don't worry because most smokers failed several times before quitting successfully.
 The first thing you should do is that you must set a quit smoking deadline and I suggest that you should stick to that deadline.
 Why don't you tell your family, friends and co-workers that you're going to quit
and that you want their support. 
 How about asking them not to smoke around you.
Another thing I'd strongly recommend is that you better change your environment that is, you ought to get rid of all cigarettes and ashtrays in your home, car, and place of work,
You must change your routine, and may I propose that you must do different things that will occupy your mind and divert your attention form smoking.  
I know that since you're addicted to smoking, you might feel stressed out and my suggestion would be to do some physical exercise, drink a lot of water and other fluids.
vli. How about reading books, adopting a hobby? If I were in your position I'd plan
something enjoyable to do every day. Talk to someone, go for a walk, or get busy with a task.
viii. Remember that one you quit, don't smoke not even a puff.  
You can quit even if you've failed several times in the past, understand that this is normal. You are not alone.
Until you get rid off completely, with immediate effect you if you smoke strong cigarettes, you should change to milder one.
You should also try and reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke each day.  
Q.9  
In Unit 9 Section C, difference between facts and opinions is explained to you. Write a paragraph about the education system of Pakistan giving some facts and some opinions that you know.     
                                                                                       (10) 
 Ans:
Pakistan is placed at 136th position for having just 49.9% educated population. In addition to that, Pakistan is ranked at 113th out of 120 registered UN members according to the research conducted by UNESCO. Some of the very basic flaws of the education system in Pakistan contribute to the economic, ethnic and socio-political crisis within the country.  
Firstly, the education system of Pakistan is based on unequal lines. Medium of education is different in both, public and private sectors. This creates a sort'of disparity among people, dividing them into two segments.  
Such a distraught infrastructure is the basic cause of high illiteracy rate in Pakistan and high drop outs

rate in rural areas and public schools.  
Secondly, regional disparity is also a major cause. The schools in Baluchistan are not that much groomed as that of Punjab. In FATA, the literacy rate is deplorable constituting 29.5% in males and 3% in females.  
The third major cause of flawed education system in Pakistan is gender discrimination. The current primary school ratio of boys and girls is 10:4, which is a cause of a big concern.  
Fourthly, the lack of technical education is a biggest flaw in the education policy that has never been focused. Therefore, less technical people means low standard of education.  
Fifthly, the allocation of funds for education is very low. It is only 1.5 to 2.0 percent of the total GDP. It should be around 7% of the total GDP.  
At that budget allocation, the illiteracy rate in Pakistan would not increase but rather it will go on decreasing. The Federal and Provincial governments need to cut down their expenditures in other areas and spend a bigger proportion of budget allocations on education.  
With the advent of private education system, especially in smaller cities and towns since 1990s, the government sector education system seems to have been absolved of its responsibility to impart education to children. The government'sector education system has now reduced to only cater for the need of employment of teachers who ultimately land in performing election duties once in three or five years but not without partisan role towards one candidate or the other. This has result in ever increasing illiteracy in country.  
The white collar segment which could have been opinion maker with a role of watchdog over the performance of public sector have become oblivious of the existence of this sector as most of them send their children to private schools. 
Sending children to public sector schools has become a social stigma for well off parents. This has also created a situation wherein only the poor parents can send their children to government schools.  
On the other hand, the private education system has gone into the hands of mediocre people to make fortunes of this new business. Most of government teachers have been associated with this business.  
Although they are providing outlets for children's education, yet no quality education is available to children. The parents face disappointment even after paying hefty fees for sending their children to private schools when it comes to the merit and real competition in the practical lives of their children.  
All this mismanagement in the education system has converted the nation into a mob and one of the biggest illiterate societies in the world.  
                        previous : <a href="http://educational-wealth.blogspot.com/2014/08/solved-assighnmentscompulsory-english.html" target="_blank">Assighnment No 1</a> (compulsory English)  
 
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solved assighnments:compulsory English-1423,aiou-spring 2014-2nd

Solved Assignments AIOU Compulsory English I Code :1423 2nd BA/BS ...

Technical education

Abdullah 0 essay Monday, August 18, 2014

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Technical education</h2>
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OUTLINES  
1-Introduction  
2-Technical education is much in demand  
3-The purpose of education is to train us for better living.
4-Technical education makes us skilled.  
5-For India it is very important.  
6-Technical education makes the people in human  
7-Conclusion.  
Modern civilisation is dominated by science and scientific development. As a result of it specialisation in certain branches and industrialisation have become the most important aspects of scientific development. It is because of this reason that technical education has been so much in demand. In the earlier days education was meant for the intellectual development of man and in some cases for spiritual cultivation.  
The main purpose of education was to discipline our emotions and discipline our thinking, and by doing so it made us fit for a proper type of social life. With the passing of time education became broader in its embrace and more significant
in organising the society. 
 A number of politicians made use of education for propagating their ideologies. Fop example, in Russia and China of yesterday some of the sayings of individuals were taught in the schools and colleges. The young minds were stuffed with certain thoughts which suited their purpose. 
But nowadays education is becoming more and more job-oriented. That is why technical education is assuming greater importance.
Technical education makes us skilled so that we may be able to handle the machines properly. As has already been pointed out technical education makes us specialists in certain domains of life. There are a large number of jobs which cannot be properly performed till technical knowledge is acquired.  
In a developing country like Pakistan technical education is very important. It is not possible to make industry the important -
basis of economy, as we have envisaged, without making
arrangement for technical education. That is why a larger number of Technical Institutes and other engineering colleges cater to this type of education. In this respect one thing should be kept in mind that arrangements for absorbing technical men be made. More industries should be set up every year. But this process cannot go on
i for all times to come.  
At one or the other stage they will have to
reduce the number of those who get technical education so that there may not be unemployment among the technical people. It is generally said that technical men can never remain unemployed because they will have their own industries but it is true in theory only; In practice it needs a good market to sell the finished goods. It is not possible to provide these two things to all the technical men.
In one of the essays entitled “Useless knowledge"  
Russel tells us that technical education makes the people inhuman and purely objective. They look at the problem purely from the technical point of view and their thinking becomes cold and calculating.  
This is possibly one of the defects of technical education. We should always try to have a larger outlook, comprehensive thinking and humanitarian approach. For all this there should be liber^education also.  
Technical education makes human beings machines but when it is tampered with liberal education'it becomes more wholesome and beneficial. Liberal education not only makes us to cultivate our
affections but also develops our thinking.  
Apart from it technical education should be a part of training after completing education and should not be an education in itself.
Technical training is more or less practical whereas education is somewhat different from learning the skill.
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Technical education

Technical education Technical education OUTLINES 1-Introduction 2-Technical education is much in demand 3-The p...

My last day at college

Abdullah 0 essay Monday, August 18, 2014

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My last day at college </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FC college Lahore</td></tr>
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OUTLINES  
1-Introduction.  
2-A memorable occasion.  
3-Emotional speeches.  
4-Time of the function.  
5-Group photograph.  
6-Cultural program.  
7-The principal's speech  
8- Conclusion. 
 In every college there is a tradition that the junior students give a farewell party to the senior outgoing students. In this way in a Government College every year the students of XI Class give a farewell party to the XII Class students who are departing for their board examination.  
Although parting from one's college is always sad yet in this manner the last day in the college is made a memorable occasion for the students who are leaving.
This day is definitely a sad day for those who are leaving. But at the same time it is full of hopes, because they are now going to achieve their mission for which they had joined the college years ago. 
 On this day both the students and the teachers give emotional and touching speeches at the farewell party. The voice of the speakers is choked. The students ask for forgiveness if they had been rude to their teachers during their stay in the college. The teachers bless them and wish them a good and bright career in the future. It is a day when a relationship which had been established over a period of nearly 2 years is snapped suddenly.  
The students take away the sweet memories of their college.
Last year I had to appear at the Intermediate Examination in March. Our Principal gave us preparatory holidays for nearly two weeks in February. He also announced that the farewell function for the outgoing students would be organised on 24th February.  
So it was my last day at the college where I had studied for nearly 2 years. The function was to be organised by the students of XI Class under the supervision of our Vice-Principal. We reached the college at 10.00 a.m.  
The function was to start at 10.30 a.m. We had been asked to reach the college half an hour before the actual time.
The students of the Class XI had beautifully decorated the college with buntings and balloons. In the college a small stage had also been erected. On the stage were our honourable Principal, Vice- Principal and other members of the staff.  
All the students sat on the carpets which were spread on our ground. First of all we assembled in the lawn of our college for a group photograph. After the photograph was taken we assembled in the Hall.
The Principal of our college presided over the function. The moment our Principal arrived, a student of our class'garlanded him. 
 After this a few items of cultural program like songs, ghazals, jokes.
etc. were arranged. There were certain students both in Class XI and Class XII who gave us good and touching songs. Some students also recited poems and couplets befitting the occasion. The cultural program which was organised for the entertainment of the student and guests was a great success. 
 After the cultural program was aver the monitor of class XI rose and gave a touching farewell speech with the permission of the chair person. After this the monitor of our class also made a brief speech on behalf of the outgoing, students, which was .also very moving.  
After this our respectable teachers by whom we were taught blessed us one by one. They also gave brief speeches.
In the end, our Principal gave us his blessings in an inspiring and memorable speech. He exhorted us to work hard in life and dedicate ourselves to the building of our nation.  
He advised us to lead a disciplined and honest life. He also wished us success in our future career. His speech was very impressive. All the students clapped when he finished his speech.
After the end of the Principal's speech we were served with tea, biscuits, cakes and fruits. 
 It was a fine party which was liked by every one. The function was adjudged to be the best organised during the last so many years. This was indeed a memorable day in my life. All the outgoing students took leave of their teachers and friends individually.  
The teachers blessed us by extending their good wishes for our forthcoming examination, this was our last day at the College.
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My last day at college

My last day at college FC college Lahore OUTLINES 1-Introduction. 2-A memorable occasion. 3-Emotional speech...

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My last day at college

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