Solved Assighnment # 1-1431 aiou -Spring 2021

Solved Assighnment # 1                                         1431 aiou                                    Spring 2021
Question No 1:(a) Define the term ICT. Describe it with the help of proper examples. Arts:
Introduction and definition of ICT
Ans:
ICT (information and communications technology:
ICT (information and communications technology is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them,' such as videoconferencing and distance learning. ICTs are often spoken of in a particular context, such as ICTs in education, health care, or libraries. The term is somewhat more common outside of the United States.
Information:
Information is generally referred to data which can be recorded, organized and interpreted within a context in order to convey meaning.
For exmaple "NADRA" (National Database & Registration Authority) is an organization which collects data from people. This data is basically organized or compiled with the help of computers for generating computerized National Identity Cards.
Communication:
Communication is basically the transfer of ideas and messages among people through different system, devices or media such as computer, internet, cell phone, telephone, television or radio etc.
A figure named as "Communication Model" (Figure 1) shows the above basic concept in a clear way: 'Technology:
Technology is generally defined as making, modification, adaptation and usage of tools, techniques, systems or machines for the purpose of solving problems or achieving goals in less time period.
After having a brief concept of all these terms individually, ICT can be easily defined as "Any system, product or machine which can receive,
store or transmit data/ipformation electronically in digitl form". Personal computers, digital television or internet can be considered the best examples of ICT. It basically revolve around those systems or devices' which can easily record and interpret information electronically within a context in order to covey meaning. Its basic purpose is to transfer ideas and messages among people for solving their problems in short time period.
After defining the term Information and Communication Technology, it will be good to briefly describe basic concept of ICT.
Explanation:
According to the European Commission, the importance of ICTs lies less in the technology itself than in its ability to create greater access to information and communication in under"served populations. Many countries around the world have established organizations for the promotion of ICTs, because it is feared that unless less technologically advanced areas have a chance to catch up, the increasing technological advances in developed nations will only serve to exacerbate the already-existing economic gap between technological "have" and 1 have not” areas. Internationally, the United Nations actively promotes ICTs for Development (ICT4D) as a means of bridging the digital divide.
'ICT application' is a technical term for a standard computer program.. Common ICT applications are Wordprocessors, Desktop Publishing (DTP) software, Spreadsheets, Databases and Presentationalsoftware.
Teachers can made great use of standard ICT applications in their history lessons. The online lessons in this section allow teachers to encourage the development of key ICT skills through the study of history.
Many schools make use of Microsoft Office with a standard set of applications that can be used by all:
Microsoft Word
Word processor
Microsoft Publisher
DTP software
Microsoft Excel
spreadsheet
Microsoft Access
database
Microsoft PowerPoint
presentation
Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, words, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology. It is transmitted either electrically over physical media, such as cables, or via electromagnetic radiation.Such transmission paths are often divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing. Since the Latin term communicatio is considered the social process of information exchange, the term, telecommunications, is often used in its plural form because it involves many different technologies.
Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons; smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs. Other examples ot pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. 20th and 21st century technologies for long-distance communication usually involve electrical and electromagnetic technologies, such as telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, networks, radio, microwave transmission, fiber optics, and communications satellites. computer industry but these terms are different in definition.
IT stands for Information Technology and ICT stands for Information Communication Technology. These are very closely related, but the terms signify two different areas of study or industry. Most simply put, ICT falls under the IT umbrella and refers to the specific area of IT that .has to do with
communications.
V I IT: IT is used within texts to be concise. IT refers to the entire information domain, which includes the hardware, software, peripherals, and networking. .
An item falls under the IT umbrella when it is used for the
- purposes of storing, protecting, retrieving, and processing data electronically. This is a vast field with many different subspecialties, including networking, communications, and software engineering. IT is an important aspect for businesses and the academic community.
ICT: ICT is the abbreviation for Information Communication Technology. The term is used mostly within the academic arena to refer to the branch of IT related to digital devices that are used to communicate or interact with digital information. ICT also draws in telephony and media broadcasting. This term is used to describe a very specific area of JT and is more specific than the general idea of networking.
Question No 1 :(b) Write down the advantages and disadvantages of "Information and Communication Technology".
Advantages of ICT:
1. Communication:
With the help of ICT it has become quicker and more efficient to contact either a busirtess or family member. We can now correspond with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them, or sending them an email. The wide availability of the internet has also opened up face-to-face direct communication from nearly anywhere in the world, thanks to the help of video-conferencing, social networking websites, Skype and a myriad of deal offered by telecommunications companies and smart phones thus making it far cheaper than in the past. Online communication can bring families / friends together across distances.
2. Globalization:
ICT has not only brought the countries and people closer together, but it has allowed the world's economy to become a single interdependent system. This means that we can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but we can also bring down barriers of linguistic a^d geographic boundaries. The world has developed into a global village due to the help of information technology, allowing countries who are not only separated by distance but also by language to share ideas and information with each other.
3, Cost effectiveness:
ICT has also helped to automate business practices, thus restructuring businesses to make them exceptionally cost effective. This, in turn, increases productivity making the business more profitable.
Greater Availability:
ICT has made it possible for businesses to be automated giving clients access to a website or voicemail every time. This means that a business can be open anytime, anywhere, giving a customer the capability . to make a purchase from different countries thus making it easier and more convenient.
5. Bridging the cultural gap:
Greater access to technology has helped to bridge the cultural gap by helping people from different cultures to communicate with one another, and allow for the exchange of views and ideas, thus increasing awareness and reducing prejudice.
6. Creation of new jobs:
Probably, the best advantage of ICT has been the creation of new and interesting jobs. Computer programmers, Systems analysts, Hardware and Software developers, and Web designers are just some of the many new employment opportunities created with the help of ICT.
Disadvantages of I.C.T:
1. Destructive and immoral content:
I.C.T technology has provided access to damaging information through various websites that host destructive and immoral content.
2. ' Unemployment:
While information technology may have streamlined the business process it has also created job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. This means that a lot of lower and middle level jobs have been done away with causing more people to become unemployed.
5. Privacy
though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also bought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge.
Industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue as since technology keeps on changing with each day. This means that one has to be in a constant learning mode, if he or she wishes f
or their job to be secure.
5.___ Do m in ant culture:
While information technology may have made the world a global village, it has also Contributed to one culture dominating another weaker one. For example it is now argued that US influences how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Languages too have become overshadowed, with English becoming the primary mode of communication for business and everything else.
Question No 1:(c) Internet is a well-know example of ICT. How it enables people to communicate easily through different communication mediums?.
Ans: ICT Application:
The ICT applications enable people to.communicate with each other in real time all over the world. The detail of some of the most important examples of ICT application is described below:
Computer and Internet:
Computer is most significant and major application of ICT which has gained an immense importance in our society. It is one of the basic needs of today's generation. While using computer, it can be easily observed that the people are highly involved in it. They use their minds in order to achieve the target whether the goal belongs to play video games or using any type of saftxyare or to solve any educational related proble,
A figure named as "Computer and its Acessories" (Figure 5) shows the various components of a computer:
With the help of computer and internet, people can communicate with each other through various ways. This improves their interaction with the whole world. In this way, they face different experiences which can be beneficial for them.
The computer and internet provide many important benefits to its users such as they can play games, listen music, watch videos, solve many problems related to their education as well as communicate with each other through email facility/socaial networking websites etc.
Computer in conjunction with internet is a well known social ICT application which enables people to communicate easily through different communication mediums such as face-book (a widely used social networking website) and electronic-mail (generally called email).
The internet has become basic need of everyone in the society. Following are few common advantages:
Online sale and purchase
Source of entertainment (movies/music)
Software’s and document’s downloading
☆ Searching through various search engines like Google or Yahoo
etc. . . ....
☆ People's communication through email, Skype or social networking websites (Face-Book, Linked-In or Twitter) etc.
Question No 2:(a) Explain the first four generations of computer with proper examples. Generations of Computers
Ans:
The computers of today find their roots in the second half of the twentieth century. Later as time progressed, we saw many technological improvements in physics and electronics. This has eventually led to revolutionary developments in the hardware and software of computers. In other words, soon the computer started to evolve. Each such technological advancement marks a generation of computers. Let us begin with the first one.
First Generation Of Computers
Computers developed between 1946-1959, are the first generation of computers. They were large and limited to basic calculations. They consisted of large devices like the vacuum tubes. The input method of these computers was a machine language known as the 1GL or the first generation language. The physical methods of using punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used to enter data into these computers.
Examples of the first generation computers include ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, and IBM-650. These computers were large and very unreliable. They would heat up and frequently shut down and could only be used for very basic computations.
Second Generation Of Computers
Computers developed between 1959-1965 the second generation computers. These computers were more reliable and in place of vacuum tubes, used transistors. This made them far more compact than the first generation computers. The input for these computers were higher level languages like COBOL, FORTRAN etc. In these computers, primary memory was stored on the magnetic cores and magnetic tape and they used magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
Examples of the second generation computers include IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, UNIVAC 1108. As a result, they worked on AC and therefore were faster than their predecessors.
Third Generation Of Computers
Computers developed during the period of 1965 - 1971, the third generation of computers. These computers differed from the first and the second generations simply by the fact that a new circuit element like IC's (Integrated Circuits) was used. An integrated circuit is a small device that can contain thousands and thousands of devices like transistors, resistances and other circuit elements that make up a computer. Jack Kilby is credited with the invention of the Integrated Circuit or the 1C chips. With the invention of IC's, it became possible to fit
thousands of circuit elements into a small region and hence the size of the computers eventually became smaller and smaller.
Another salient feature of these computers was that they were much more reliable and consumed far less power. The input languages for such computers were COBOL, FORTRAN-II up to FORTRAN-IV, PASCAL, ALGOL-68, BASIC, etc. These languages were much better and could represent more information. Consequently more and more complex calculations are possible
Examples of the third generation computers include IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), and IBM-370/168.
Fourth Generation Of Computers
Fourth Generation of computers was between 1971 - 1980. These computers used the VLSI technology or the Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits technology. Therefore they were also known as the microprocessors. Intel was the first company to develop a microprocessor. The first "personal computer" or PC developed by IBM, belonged to this generation. VLSI circuits had almost about 5000 transistors on a very small chip and were capable of performing many high-level tasks and computations. These computers were thus very compact and thereby required a small amount of electricity to run.
Examples are STAR 1000, CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer), DEC 10, PDP 11, CRAY-1. This generation of computers had the first "supercomputers" that could perform many calculations accurately. They were also used in networking and also used higher and more complicated languages as their inputs. The computer languages like languages like C, C+, C++, DBASE etc. were the input for these computers.
Fifth Generation Of Computers
This is the present generation of computers and is the most advanced one. The generation began somewhere around 1981 and is the present generation of computers. The methods of input include the modern high-level languages like Python, R, C#, Java etc. These are extremely reliable and employ the ULSI or the Ultra Large Scale Integration technology. These computers are at the frontiers of the modern scientific calculations and are used to develop the Artificial Intelligence or Al components that will have the ability to think for themselves.
Examples include: Intel P 4, i 3-ilO, AMD Athlon, etc.
Question No 2:(b) List the hardware components of a computer. Explain at least five of them in detail.
Hardware Components
1. Motherboard
2. RAM
3. Graphic Adapter
4. CPU
5. Optical Device
The Motherboard:
A complete digital system including microprocessor (ynP) , program memory (ROM), data memory (RAM), with other electrical components and input/output ports (I/O) housed in a system unit is called a microprocessor.
Storage devices
A motherboard containing a microprocessor and expanision slots.
In microcomputers CPO-board is called the main board or motherboard. Figure is a photograph of a Motherboard showing a microprocessor with basic circuitiy and other components such integrated circuits, transistors, diodes, resistors etc. Integrated circuits also called chips along with the microprocessor chip are required in a system unit to store and process data. Data moves from one chip to another along conducting lines called a bus.
Random Access Memory (RAM): . z
Random Access Memory (RAM) is major part of the main memory.
Any part of RAM is directly accessible to read/write data or- instructions on it. It is a fast memory but not permanent like ROM as it loses all of its data and instructions as soon as the computer is turned off. Thus RAM is
also called a volatile memory.
Primary memory is further divided into the following categories
☆ Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
A video adapter is a device that performs graphics processing. It is also called graphic card, display adapter, video card etc. It describes the resolution, refresh rate and number of colors to be displayed on the monitor. Currently the graphics circuits are built into the chipset.
An optical-disk storage system consists of a metallic or plastic disk coated with a highly reflective material. It uses laser beam technology for reading/writing of data from/to disk surface. Optical disks are also known, as laser disks or optical laser disks because they u>e laser beam technology for data read/write. Modem computer systems extensively LISC optical disks as a random access medium for high capacity secondary storage because of their capability to store very large amount of data in a limited space.
Types of optical disks:
All optical disks are round platters. They come in different sizes and capacities. Commonly used types of optical disks are CD-ROM, WORM (CD-R), CD-RW, and DVD. They are described below.
Ans: Control Unit (CU):
The Control unit is the most important part of the CPU. It controls and corrdinates the activities of all the units of a computer system.
4 Function:
It performs this function by issuing necessary commands to respective units of the computer.
Both the CU and the ALU require a small amount of temporary storage. These small temporary storages or internal memory units hold the instructions and data currently being processed. These small memory units are called registers. The control unit fetches an instruction from RAM and stores it in an instruction register and moves it to one of the ALU registers.
Question No 3:(a) Discuss the purpose of speech recognition device?
Ans: Speech Recognition Device:
Speech Recognition is an input device. Speech Recognita allows a person to input data to the computer through speaking J* voice. Speech Recognition device converts the human voice into text This device is especially helpful for the disable persons.
Speech recognition has the capability to first recognize words with the help of software or a device then convert into text or device readable format. \
1- Types of Speech Recognition System:
Single Word Speech Recognition System:
These systems recognize only single word like "Hello", "Yes", "No", at one time. • , .
Continuous Type of Words Speech Recognition
System:
This type of Speech Recognition System recognizes more than one word or a complete sentence. For example "hello how are you".
2- Uses of Speech Recognition System:
☆ Speech Recognition Systems are especially helpful for the disable
persons, who cannot write.
☆ It helps those persons who feel comforts to speak rather than to write.
☆ It facilitates a user in a situation where he / she is unable to edit & review a long text. It also helps the users, who are quite busy and don't want to type the data due to shortage of time.
Steps Involved in Speech Recognition:
I here arc. four basic steps involved in speech recognition.
1- Say the word. Current speech-recognition systems require users to dictate or enter commands in isolated or discrete speech. I hat is, words must be spoken such that there is a split second of dead space separating each spoken word.
2- Digitize the word. The sounds in each frequency are digitizedso they
can be manipulated by the computer. Speech-recognition systems actua lly recognize phonemes, unique sounds that are the basic building blocks of speech. Speech-recognition software identifies the phonemes and groups them into words. "
3- Match the word. I he digitized version of the word is matched against Mioilarly formed templates in the system's electronic dictionary. The digitized template is a form that can be stored and interpreted by computers (in Is and Os).
4- Dispiay the word or perform the command. When a match is found, the word is displayed with in current application during dictation or,
What is it that scanners actually read? OCR (optical character recognition) is the ability to read printed information into a computer system. Some of them can even read your handwriting. More commonly, scanners read bar codes. Bar codes represent alphanumeric data by varying *
the size of adjacent vertical lines. There are a variety of bar7coding systems. Compare the POSTNET bar codes on metered mail with those on packing labels and with those on consumer products.. One of the most visible bar-coding systems is the Universal Product Code (UPC). The UPC, originally used for supermarket items, is now being printed on other consumer goods.
The United States Postal Service relies on both OCR and bar code scanning to sort most mail. At the Postal Service, light-sensitive scanners read and interpret the ZIP code and POSTNET bar code on billions of envelopes each day. The ZIP information is then sent to computer-based sorting machines that route the envelopes to appropriate bins for distribution.. ' ’
OCR AND BAR CODE SCANNERS AND APPLICA TIONS:
Two types of OCR and bar code scanners - contact and laser - read information on labels and various types of documents. Both bounce a beam of light off an image, then measure the reflected light to interpret the image. Handhefd contact scanners make contact as they are brushed over the printed matter to be read. Laser-based scanners are more versatile and can read data passed near the scanning area. Scanners of both technologies can recognize printed characters and various types of bar codes. Scanners used for OCR or bar code applications can be classified into three basic categories.
Question No 4:(a) Differentiate between Dot Matrix Printer and Inkjet Printer. Explain it with the help of suitable examples.
3- Printer:
Printer is an output device. Normally a user displays its output on the screen but sometimes a user also needs to take the output in the form of a paper, which is possible with the help of a printer. Generally a printer may be black & white but color printers are also available. Printers are further categorized as:
1- Dot Matrix Printer:
Dot Matrix printers are the character printers, which print one character at a time. It uses a ribbon catridge to print characters on the paper. The speed of printing of dot matrix printer ranges from 30 to 550 characters per second (cps). It is also available in different sizes.
1- Characteristics:
☆ Dot matrix is low cost printer and consumes, less energy
2- Limitations:
☆ Dot matrix printers create noise during printing process.
☆ They prinit the text with low resolution.
☆ The font facility is limited and graphics quality is also not high.
2- Inkjet Printer:
Inkjet printers are the character printers used to print all kinds of images.Inkjet printer print one character at a time and uses ink bottles in different color combinations. Inkjet printer uses four ink cartridges. Graphic quality or text quality depends on the strength of the ink
  7- Characteristics:
ft Inkjet printers consume less energy
☆ The printing quality is high. r •
2- Limitations:
☆ Inkjet Printers are expensive because refilling bottles make a high cost.
Question No 4:(b) Explain the function of ATM Machine.
A TMs:
ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) is used us unattended device or a machine, which is used in the hunks for withdrawal of money without the need of any hank employee. ATM provides a very easy and,secure way for the money transactions. NCR is the one of the major distributor of ATMs machines in hanking sector all around the world.
These sorts of machines use real lime operating system. ATM monitors are specifically used for the money transactions with the following key features.
7- Characteristics:
☆ ATM provides instant cash withdrawal facility. Tr They are used to inquire quick balance.
☆ It is easy to operate.  The PIN number can be changed any time.
Question No 5: Write short notes on the following topics.
a. Secondary Storage Devices
b. Multimedia projector
c. Speech Synthesizer
d. Electronic Card Reader
2- Secondary Memory (Backing Storage):
Secondary memory also called as backing storage is used to
supplement the capacity of main memory. Secondary storages such as
Floppy disks, hard disks and CDs can store a buli< of daft information.
The data in secondary storage is first brought into the main memory before processing. ..
Ans: Multimedia Projector:
Multimedia projector is an output device, which is used to display in ormation iiom the computer on to a large screen. This device is specifically helpful in delivering lectures and presentations.
(Liquid Crystal Display)
Multimedia Projector: '
LCD Projector is also called digital multimedia projector. LCD' multimedia projector can adjust the brightness and contrast and produce
sharp images. t • BBB> B ’
Some popular LCD multimedia projectors are View Sonic PJ 862,
Sony etc. . -
2- DLP (Digital Light Processing) Projector:
DLP projectors are also called digital multimedia projectors. DLP projectors are lighter in weight and smaller in size. These projectors produce best quality video images. They are portable in size and lighter in weight. They have the capability to connect easily to other digital devices like DVD player, CD player etc
Speech Synthesizer:
A speech synthesize! converts text information into spoken sentences.
To produce speech, it combines basic sound units called phonemes. From a give-', text information, it combines the sequence of words into phonemes, amplifies it. and produces the output through a speaker.
Speech synthesizers are still in their infancy because currently they
can produce only limited unique sounds with limited vocal inflections and phrasing.
Appl ic ations:
However, several applications, including the following, use them:
I- l or reading out text infonnnlion to blind persons. For example, we can scan a recently published book using a scanner, convert it into text using OCR software, and then a speech synthesizer can read it out to blind persons. I bis allows blind persons to know the latest information published in a book ns soon as it is printed, rather than wait for the book to appear in Braille.
I or allowing those persons who cannot speak, to communicate effectively, l or example, a person with this type of disability simply types the information and the speech synthesizer converts it into
spoken words.
3- l or translation systems that convert an entered text into spoken words
in a selected language. For example, a foreign tourist in India may enter a text he/she wants to communicate to an Indian, and the speech synthesizer converts it into spoken words of the selected Indian
language
6-  Electronic Card Reader:
Electronic Card Reader is an input device which is used to scan e-cards / smart cards like visa card, bank credit cards etc.An electronic card reader reads the memory card of the ATM debit card or visa card etc. The memory card is in the form of a black strip, which is wiped through
an electronic device called an Electronic card Reader machine.