Solved Assignment # 2 :Code # 1431 -aiou - Spring 2021

Solved Assignment # 2            Code # 1431                   aiou          Spring 2021
Question No 1:(a) What is meant by computer software? Differentiate between system software and application software?
Ans: Computer Software: 
A computer cannot do anything at its own rather than it must be provided some sequence-wise instructions and relevant data to perform its functions. This sequence of instructions is called a computer programm which is commonly referred to as computer software.
Software is a generic term used for collection of data and instructions given to the computers to perform specific tasks. It also refers to set of programs, procedures and associated documents designed for the working of computers. The software is logical part of the computer that user can not touch but use to make computer operate.
Computer software controls the operation of hardware or some other software by implementing the instructions given to it in an ordered way.
Hardware Devices:
hollowing are the main hardware devices in any computer system:
Input Devices i.e. Keyboards, Mouse, Microphones etc.
☆ Output Devices i.e. Printers, Speakers, Monitors etc.
Main Memory comprising of RAM and ROM .
I/O Device i.e. Driver, Terminals, Touch Screen etc.
Secondary Memory i.e. Hard disk, Floppy disk, Compact disk, Tape etc. -
☆ Inter-connectors i.e. Cables, Ports, Buses etc.
☆ Networking Devices i.e. Modem, Bridge, Router etc.
Software Classification:
Software can be classified into following main two categories:
1- System Software
2- Application Software 7- . System Software:
System software is used to control the usage and allocation of different hardware components and enables the other application programs to execute. For example,
☆ Operating Systems
☆ Utility Programs (Backup/Restore)
☆ Drivers
The system software may be a combination of many such programs.
2- Application Software:
entertainment to the users. It may be categorized as under:
'it Custom-built 
☆ Packaged
Custom-built Software:
This is the software that is designed and developed for a particular customer. -
Packaged software:
This software is the kind of off-the-shelf programs or components, developed for sale to the potential software developers/users for their use. The examples are: MS-Word, MS-Power point, Personal Oracle etc.
Question No 1:(b) What is meant by word processing? List key features provided by ..........
Ans: Word Processing Software: Word processor:
Word processor is an application program used for creating editing, storing, and printing personal and official documents.
Word processor became popular in 1970s and 1980 when the electric typewriter was merged with a dedicated processor (like a computer processor) for the editing of text. Since then different companies are developing Word Processor with new and enhanced features.
Standard Features of Word Processor / Key functions:
Word processors have several text manipulating features. The standard features include:
Text editing includes entering the text, cut I copy and paste the text, making insertions and deletions etc.
Word Wrap:
The cursor automatically moves to next line when the line is completed with the text.
Status Line:
Status line provides all the information about the current document.
Search and Replace:
Search and Replace allows the user to search for a particular word or expression and replace it with some other word or expression.
Headers, Footers, and Page Numbers:
It allows users to insert tailored headers and footers that the word processor will put at the top and bottom of every page. Similarly page numbers can also be inserted at top or bottom of the pages:
Spell Checker:
Spell checker allows the user to check the spelling of words. It spotlights any word that it does find in its dictionary.
Table..
Word processor allows inserting tables comprising of rows and columns.
Save and Print:
Once a document has been created, edited and formatted it can be saved and printed.
Some well known Word Processor includes the following:
iv. In Page (used for urdu typing) 
Question No 2:(a) What is meant by operating system? Define it in detail with the help of different examples.
Ans: Introduction:
An operating system is the most important and major program that  runs on a system (computer). Every computer system must have an operating system in order to run different programs. The operatingsystem is collection of softwares Which manage various computer hardware resources. It additionally provides common services to  different computer programs. An operating system performs several tasks such as:
1. Recognize input from a keyboard
2. Send output to a display screen (monitor)
3. Keep track of files as well as directories on a disk
4. Control various peripheral devices like hard drive, printer, video or sound card etc.
An operating system generally acts as an ” interaction" between computer user and computer hardware. The most observable feature of an operating-system is its interface. The operating system basically provides an environment where users can execute different programs. As soon as a user turn-on or boot a computer, the operating system is loaded into memoty automatically. The term booting basically refers to the complete process of loading any operating system into a .computer's memory. This process is usually done through a program (commonly known as boot-strap loader) which is permanently stored in a computer's electronic circuitry (generally on a ROM-chip).
Types of Operating System
The operating systems are generally categorized into two major types depending on the basis of numerous features such as Graphical User Interface (GUI) Operating- System and Command Line Operating-System. The description of these both types of operating systems is given below:
Graphical User Interface (GUI) Operating-System
A GUI operating-system basically provides a raphical-user-interfacc to its users in order to communicate with system/computer. In this interface, the icons, menus or graphical
. objects are being used for issuing commands. I he users of GUI operating systems don't need to memorize different commands while interacting with computer. The examples of GUI operating-system include:
Windows (I he windows (operating system) are very popular among all others).
Linux etc.
1 he best features of graphical-user-interface may include:
Easy to learn (As it is described above that the users of GUI don't need to memorize different commands while interacting with computer)
Simple to use (More User Friendly as compared to command line operating system) , j
More interactive
Efficient (It provides various shortcuts)
Multi-tasking (It easily enables users to view, control as well as manipulate multiple tasks at a time).
The drawbacks of the graphical-user-interface (GUI) operating-system may include:
It is not so faster as compared to command line operating-system.
It doesn't provide a powerful and significant scripting facility as compared to command line operating-system (but it provides various shortcuts).
It doesn't provide full/complete access, to computer- resources (It basically provides very less control to the file system as well as operating system).
In terms of use, it is slow as compared to command line operating system.
Command Line Operating-System
A command line operating-system basically provides a command-prompt in order to type different commands.The users use these commands while their interaction with computer.The users of command line operating systems need to memorize different commands for performing various tasks.Thc examples of command line operating-system include:
☆ DOS
54 Unix etc.
The features of command line operating-system may include:
'fr It is faster than GUI operating system.
☆ It provides a powerful and significant scripting facility.
'& It provides full/complete access to computer-resources.
There are also some drawbacks of the command line operating-system such as:
☆ Not very' easy to learn
☆ Not very simple to use
☆ Few' command line operating-systems provide the facility of multitasking (but it is very difficult to implement).
Question No 2:(b) Write Short notes on the following topics.
a. Popular Operating System
b. Network Connection and Ip-Setting
Ans: Commonly Used Operating System
The computer operating systems usually categorize by their different characteristics such as technology, working state, ownership, licensing as well as usage etc. There are number of operating systems which have become very famous at the time of their releases such as DOS (Disk Operating System), Windows 95, Windows NT (New Technology), UNIX, Linux, Macintosh Operating System, Windows 98, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows Me, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7, etc.
The use of these operating systems depends upon user's choice. Different users may use different types of computers with different operating systems. Main characteristics of commonly used operating systems may include:
1) System Reliability (It includes different functions such as windows error reporting, automated system recovery and improved system restore etc.)
2) Faster Start-Up
3) User Friendly Interface
4) Hardware support improvements (This support can be related to USB, Firewall, Windows image acquisition or Media transfer protocol etc.)
5) Remote Desktop Features (Those features which can allow users to connect with a system across a network and access their different applications like files or printers etc.)
6) Various improvements to "System Administration Tools" like Windows installer, Windows task manager, Disk defragmenter or Windows script host etc.)
7) Network Features (such as Windows firewall and Internet connection sharing)
8) Important Security Features (such as Encrypting file system improvement, Credential manager, Software restriction policies etc.)
The indows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 have emerged as very popular among the users of all ages which are described below in detail:
Windows XP
Windows XP is a famous and highly compatible operating system. It was produced by "Microsoft". It is one of the most famous versions of Window's. The name XP is mainly abbreviated as "eXPerience". It was released worldwide both in "home" and "professional" versions in 2001.
The Windows XP (a successor to "Windows-2000" and "WTndow's-Me") was basically a first consumer-oriented operating-system. _ This operating system is highly used and very well accepted by users. There are a number of characteristics of this popular operating system such as:
a) New Task Based GUI (Graphical User Interface)
b) Updated Start-menu and Taskbar
c) System Reliability
d) Faster Start-Up
e) User Friendly Interface
f) Hardware Support Improvements
g) Remote Desktop Features
h) Various improvements to "System Administration Tools
i) Network Features
j) Important Security Features.
Setting Up Network Connection
The purpose of setting up network connection is to use internet. To setup a "Network Connection" using "Network and Sharing Center" in Windows 7, follow the following steps:
1. Click "Start button" to view the "Start Menu" and then choose an option "Control Panel" as shown in the following image.
2. The"Control Panel" window opens up. Then click an option
"Network and Internet".
3. Then click another option "Network and Sharing Center".
4. After that just click "Set up a new connection or network".
5. Another window will be opened then click "Connect to the Internet".
Then press "Next".
Note: After the above step, if internet is working on your system then you will find a message
’’You are already connected to the internet’’.
It is simply meant that you can go to your internet browser and use internet.
Otherwise follow the next step below:
6. If internet facility is not available on your system then after step 5 you will find a window with this message "Ilow do you want to connect?" Here one can find different options such as Wireless or Broadband
7. Select any one option like Broadband.
8 After selecting this option, you will enter a user name and password (which you will get from "internet Service Provider (ISP)").
9 Then click "Connect". When it is connected successfully then the
IP-Setting
An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a numerical label. It is basically assigned to each computer which is being participated in a computer-network (that uses the "Internet Protocol" for communication). • In order to assign an IP-address to a system (with an operating system "Windows-7"), just follow the following steps:
' 1. Click "Start button" to view the "Start Menu" and then choose an option "Control Panel".
2. The"Control Panel" window opens up. Then click an option "Network and Internet".
3. Then click another option "Network and Sharing Center".
4. Then click an option "Local Area Connection".
5. A window will be opned then press a button "Properties".
6. Another window will be opened then select an option "Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)" and press button "Properties". After that another window will be opened immediately.
7. Here you will find two options which are described below:
☆ "Obtain an IP address automatically". Select this option and then press button "OK". Your system will automatically get an IP address and you will be able to use internet.
☆ On the.other hand if you will select the second option "Use the following IP address". Then you will give the following information (which you will get from "Internet Service Provider (ISP)"):
'fr IP address
☆ Subnet mask
☆ Default gateway
☆ Preferred DNS server
☆ Alternate DN S server
After giving this information, just press '"OK" and close all other
windows. Now you will be able to use internet.
Question No 3:(a) Identify basic elements of a communication system.
Ans: Data Communication:
Data communication is the flow of electronic data among two nodes (computers and other devices) through communication media.
In order to manage the communication, the nodes must be part of communication system and linked with each other via some media like cables or microwave. Furthermore the data communication software is used to transfer data from one node to another.
The communication system is governed by three fundamental principles that include deliver, accuracy and timeliness.
1- Delivery: The system must carry data to the correct end or destination. Data must be received by the correct recipient (device / user).
2- Accuracy: The system must deliver the data with accuracy. The altered or incomplete data is unusable, therefore it should be accurate as per sending format.
The node that is used for transferring data is called transmitter, source or sender. In recent digital communication system, the source is mostly a computer or a mobile device. ■ ' '
3- Medium:
Medium is the pathway through which data is sent from one point to another. If the receiver and transmitter are within a building, a wire can connect them. If they are located at different locations,- they may be connected through telephone lines, fiber optics or microwaves.
4- Reveiver:
The node that receives the data is called receiver. The receiver can be a computer, mobile device or a printer.
5- Protocols:
A protocol is set of rules which govern the data transmission between sender and receiver. Without protocol the information is useless for the
receiver as a person understanding only Urdu cannot understand English
messages. Therefore messages sent over through communication protocols can only be understood by the receiver.
Data Representations Forms:
Different kind of information can be sent over through a communication channel. It includes the
following:
Text and Numbers:
Text and numbers are sequence of bits (Os or Is). They are
represented by a set of bit patterns called code. The code is sent over the communication channel from a sender to a receiver.
2- Images:
Images are also characterized by spacial bit patterns. It is comprised of matrix of pixels (picture elements). The size of image is larger than that of te\t and numbers therefore data transmission speed is important for reliable and fast delivery of images.
3- Audio and Video:
Audio refers to the recording or broadcasting of music or sound and video refers to the recording or broadcasting of a movie or picture. They both are also sent over the communication system. Question No 3:(b) What are important types of communication media? Differentiate between analog and digital transmission.
2- Digital Transmission:
Digital is the transmission of data using distinct on and off electrical states. As you can switch on or off your light the data bit can have values 0 or 1. The combination of these bits actually forms the binary code. In this way the signals are converted into a binary code by grouping of binary numbers 0 (off) and 1 (on). The binary code forms the digital data. The data stored in computer memory is an example of digital data. It can be converted into digital signal where it is transferred from one computer to other. At the receiving end it is again converted into analog signal. Digital signals are represented by discrete or discontinuous values as shown in the figure.
Digital Transmission
Data Transmission Media:
Data Transmission Media is the pathway used to carry a communication signal from one system to another. It is the means of communication from sender to receiver. There are two types of transmission media:
☆ Guided Media: Use a physical path for communication  
Un-guided Media: Does not require any physical path for
Data Transmission Forms:
There are two forms of data transmission i.e. Analog and Digital.
7- Analog Transmission:
Analog is the transmission of data in a continuous wave form. Analog signals are represented by continuous signals which reflect the time varying quantities over a time interval. The human voice is an example of analog data. When someone talks, an analog wave is created in the air medium. The voice can be captured by a microphone and transformed to an analog signal. The outputs of many sensors, such as temperature and pressure sensors, are also examples of analog data. Analog signals are represented by continuous range of values as shown in the following figure.
Question No 4:(a) Write notes (in your own words) on the following.
a. Multimedia Kiosk
b. Multimedia Software
c. Multimedia presentation
d. Multimedia Conferencing
Multimedia Kiosk
Any type of big computer terminal which is mostly located in a public-place where people may use it for various purposes are generally referred to as kiosk.
The multimedia kiosk which can also be call6d interactive kiosk basically contains a physical structure which holds various essential hardware components like:
1) Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2) Touch Screen Monitor * ~
3) Stereo Speakers and
4) Printer etc.
The multimedia kiosk also contains different software applcations in order to store data, exchange mesages, administer transactions or dispense various products to customers etc.
In addition, the multimedia components like text, images, graphicas as well as animations make this important application of multimedia very attractive, useful and effective. With these-major multimedia components, the people can use this multimedia application effeciently and gain a lot of benefits.
The major and most important example of the multimedia kiosk is ATMs (Automatic Teller Machines). Almost every bank offers the facility of ATM. This facility provides a lot of benfits to the users and the users also engage in a self-service activity. Today, a lot of people use ATMs because it provides the facility of safe transaction and one can withdraw cash at any time without visiting bank(s).
The multimedia kiosks are mostly some major places like:
1) Supermarkets
2) Shopping Malls
3) Airports
4)Banks
5) Educational Areas
Overall, after viewing the above description, it Can be said that all
these multimedia applications play an important role in different areas and are very useful, valuable and effective.
2- Multimedia Software:
Educational software involves text, audio, video and animation also called multimedia software. These types of software can help learners (students) to learn easily and improve their learning skills regarding their education. Multimedia CDs are the best examples w here instructions are integrated through the form of text, images, audio, video, animations and graphics.
Multimedia Presentation
The multimedia presentation is one of the major multimedia applications. It includes almost every component of multimedia. There are many important features of this application such as.
1) It can be used almost everywhere such as educational areas, industrial areas or business sectors.
2) It is a best way to present different views to others. The presenter can deliver his/her ideas in a very good way with the help of different significant multimedia components.
3) The learners can understand different views easily with the help of images, audio, videos and animations.
4) Overall, these types of multimedia presentations put very fine and positive impact on target audience.
Multimedia Conferencing
The multimedia conferencing is an important and significant application of multimedia. It is basically a videoconferencing : which is a computer based multi modal medium called multimedia because it includes almost every multimedia component. It is a platform where two or more people can be linked together and can be interacted with each other with, the help of computer networks. A multi modal system is basically a system in which user is capable to use natural communication modalities which include voice, video, facial expressions and body movements. As in this system, the users can be able to utilize natural communication modalities, so they can interact with each other and the information can be exchanged easily between them.
The videoconferencing is a live connection that allows people in different locations to interact with one another for the purpose of communication by using computer networks. It includes both audio and moving video images. The most important part of videoconferencing is suitable network service. To provide predictable performance, a broadband or high speed internet connection is needed for videoconferencing. The videoconferencing requires adequate upload and download speeds from both sides, it requires significant bandwidth with minimal
delay in data transfer, jitter.(a distortion in digitally transmitted or  recorded sounds or images) and data loss. The inability to provide the suitable network service can be the big hurdle in the popularity and success of IP videoconferencing.
The videoconferencing is basically used for the purpose of communication by using computer networks. There are many advantages of this multimedia- application but the main feature of this application is defined as:
Persons or users interact with each other by using their communication modalities such as:
Voice
Video and
Facial expressions
Question No 5:(a) What is programming language? How computer program is related with a programming language?
Ans: Programming Language;
A computer cannot perform any operations at its own. It requires some instructions to perform a task. The computer executes these instructions in a sequence and performs the required job. Now the question is how to formulate the instructions that a computer can understand? The instructions are formulated according to a predefined  format and that format is based on the syntax and semantics of a programming language.
A computer language is an artificial language used for writing instructions or programs. A computer language is also known as programming language. A programming language provides a way of giving instructions to the computer. It is used to communicate and give commands to a computer.
Computer Program:.
A program is set of commands or instructions given to computer to perform a task. A program instructs the computer to perform the task and produce the required result. The computer executes these instructions and gives the desired output. A person who writes a program for computers is known as software programmer.
The process of writing set of instructions in a computer language is called programming. The purpose of programming is to create a set of instructions that computers can understand and execute to perform explicit operations in order to produce the desired results.
Question No 5:(b) What is the difference between Low level and High level Language?
Ans: Types of Programming Languages:
There is a large number of programming languages developed by different organizations and each language has its own characteristics and scope. The computer languages are divided into two broad categories. These are:
9.5.1 Low-Level Language
9.5.2 High-Level Language
9.5.1 Low Level Language: Low level language is a language that comprises of instructions directly understood by the computer. These languages are considered to be closer to computers. Programs and applications written in low-level language are directly executable on the computing hardware without any interpretation or translation. Therefore low level language programs run very quickly and use very small memory. There are two kinds of low level languages. These are: 1
Machine Language.
9.5.1.2 Assembly Language
9.5.1.1 Machine Language:
Machine language is the fundamental language of the computer. Originally, computer programs were written in machine language and the machine language was the only language the computer can use while giving instructions. Machine language statements are generally composed of a string of On, Off or Os and 1 s i.e. binary numbers.
The computer uses the.language directly during the processing. Today most programs are written in High Level Languages; however, all programs executed by the computer are actually processed in machine language.
Machine language instructions are composed  of and an operand. The operation code defines the function that the con^ut^ must perform. Typical operation involves reading, writing, addin J subtracting, and so on. The operand represents the variables or items of data involved in this function. Each instruction tells the control unit of the CPU what to do and the length and location of the data fields that are involved in the operations.
☆ Advantages of Machine Level Language:
• It has fast execution.
• It requires no translator to decode the instructions. Disadvantages of Machine Level Language:
• These languages are machine specific i.e. a particular machine language can be used on only one type of a system.
• A programmer has to know the details of computer hardware of the computer before writing a program.
• It is difficult to find errors in a program coded in machine language
• A programmer has to memorize large number of instructions to write a program. In case of any small mistake an error may be raised in the program.  A program becomes lengthy and creates difficulty for debugging.
Assembly language was developed by the programmers to overcome the drawbacks of the machine level language. It was a remarkable improvement over machine language.
Assembly language uses letters, words and symbols instead of binary digits. Assembly language is a little bit easier than machine language. Since; Assembly language is also machine dependent language, the programmers need to know many mnemonics for each computer. A mnemonic code is usually an abbreviation of words used in Assembly language. Examples of mnemonics include add, which add up the data items, and move, which moves data from one location to another. A program written in assembly language is called source program. This program is converted into machine code by an assembler.
The important elements of Assembly Language include Label, OP Code and Operand. The Label identifies each instruction and distinguishes instruction from another. The label is also referred to as the tag. code defines the computer operations to be performed. The mnemonics identifies specific operations and directs the computer to complete these
Operation
Defiued
Mnemonic
Code
Operation
Defined
Mnemonic
Code
Addition
Move data
MVC
Division
Multiplication
Store data
Subtraction Assembly Language Statements Advantages of Assembly Language:
• The programs written in machine language are replaced by mnemonics which are easier to remember.
• It is easy to make insertions and deletions in programs. -
• It requires fewer instructions than machine to accomplish the same result.
☆ Disadvantages of Assembly Language:
• The language Assemblers are exclusive to particular types of computers.
• The programs are not portable and therefore cannot be executed on other computers.
High Level Language:
High Level Language (HLL) is a type of computer language that uses
English and mathematical symbols for its program construction. They are also considered as third generation. In a HLL, each statement is equivalent to large number of assembly language commands or instructions that perform complex computing operations. The programmers concentrate only on the logic of applications without considering about the machine architecture. ' ,
•fr Advantages of High Level Language:
• The high level language is machine independent and program oriented.
• It is easy to learn and use.
• It requires less time and effort to write a program in a HLL.
• It provides better documentation of programs due to similarity
with natural language.
• The debugging of programs is also easy in HLL.
As a result high level languages are used more often than machine or
assembly language. However the programs written in high level language
need to be translated into machine language during execution process. For this purpose language translators and linkers are used for this purpose. Language translators include Compiler and Interpreter. High level < language comes with compilers and interpreters. 

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