1st Solved Assignment 1426 English literature aiou spring 2020

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Question: 1: Unit 1 states tnat "literature is the reflection of society". Do you agree? Discuss with the help of examples form a literary text.
Ans: Literature is a mirror / reflection of a society:
That literature is a reflection of the society is a fact that has been widely acknowledged. Literature indeed reflects the society, its good values and its ills. In its corrective function, literature mirrors the ills of the society with a view to making the society realize its mistakes and make amends. It also projects the virtues or good values in the society for people to emulate. Literature, as an imitation of human action, often presents a picture of what people think, say and do in  the society. In literature, we find stories designed to portray human life and action through some characters who, by their words, action and reaction, convey certain messages for the purpose of education, information and entertainment. It is impossible to find a work of literature that excludes the attitudes, morale and values of the society, since no writer has been brought up completely unexposed to the world around him. What writers of literature do is to transport the real-life events in their society into fiction and present it to the society as a mirror with which people can look at themselves and make amends where necessary. Thus, literature is not only a reflection of the society but also  but also serves as mirror in when  members of the look at themselves and  find the need for positive change. Each literary work reflects the social, political, economic or religious situation of the society in which it is set. Literature is an imitation of human life and action; it is a reflection ot the human society. Literature not only reflects the society but serves as a mirror in which members of the
society can look at themselves and see the need for positive change.
Poetry is out and out a product of imagination, while prose is the fruit of intellect. The earlier from of poetry is the epic. In Italian, Greek, German, English or Indian epic we can find a clear reflection of the ancient social history of the countries.
Next to poetry, the drama is another mirror of society. The drama is partly a creation of imagination and partly of real life.
The plays of Marlowe, Ben Jonson, Shakespeare, Goethe, Aeschylus, Plautus, Seneca, Kalidas, Shaw and others are more or less reflections of their own times and peoples, although there is quite a good element of the works. it must contain some elements of real life, leaving aside the historical dramas, most of the other dramas in every country throw considerable light upon the social, political, moral and even economic life of the time and the people. The play of Shakuntala or the plays of Shaw are to a great extent a mirror o the society of the ancient and modern times of the Sub-continent and F.ngland.
 A few of the stories and novels deal exclusively with historical themes, and such works are essentially realistic and serve as the correct picture of society. The novels of Scott., Galsworthy, Prem Chand, Chekov, Turginev, Maupassant are of this type. Most of the modern stories and novels of Russia and France are realistic and they do reflect the society of the times of their countries, the stories and novels of America or France or even of England have still in them a great element of imagination, and therefore, they, are the best mirror of society.
It is imagination that makes thing colorful, while it is reality that makes thing rather charmless and even unpleasant, so it is the works of the imaginative writers that provide food for recreation to the readers because they allow the readers to have a temporary escape fro the realities of life,; while the works ot realistic writers serve as the mjrror of society and contemporary life and times.

Question: 2: What is plot in a story? Explain by giving example of the different stages of the plot of the story " Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen.

Answer:
events that the author describes from the beginning of the story to the end. Most plots follow a chronological order. In other words, they proceed in the order in which the events happen. There are different stages in a plot and these are:
(1) Exposition.
This is the where the story begins. At this stage, the characters and the setting are introduced. Most importantly, we are introduced to the main conflict (main problem).
(ii) Rising Action.
At this stage the story begins to develop, basically the conflict(s) become prominent. The expectations of the readers build and they take interest in the story. 
(iii) Climax.
This is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face to face with a conflict and most probably will change in some way.
(iv) Falling Action.
All loose ends of the plot are tied up. At this stage, the conflict(s) and climax are taken care of.
(v) Resolution.
The story comes to a reasonable ending. Putting It All Together
Q.3 What are the literary devices? Define and explain with the help of examples from any literary text that you have read. (10)
Answer:
Ans:Literary Devices or Figures of Speech:
Literary devices, figures of speech, figurative language, poetic devices are one of the same. Literary devices or figures of speech refer to specific aspects of literature, which expresses ideas through language and which we readers can recognise, identify, interpret or analyse.
 Literary devices or figures of speech are the means by which authors, who can be novelists, poets, dramatists or prose writers, create meaning through language, and by which readers can understand and that the person is very or extremely hungry.
(1) If some one says he is starving.Its not mean that he is dying by hunger. This is a simple example of a Figure of speech, where the word "starving" is used to heighten or exaggerate the state that the person is describing.
(ii) A greedy money lender is described as a "vulture". It does not mean that the person is actually the animal "vulture" but since the connotation of this word is very negative, calling a greedy person "vulture" exaggerates the image and this is what we call a figure of speech.
Now let us discuss some common types of literary devices or Figures of speech or Figurative Language that you will mostly find in poetry: 
 Alterative
(1) When two or more words in a poem begin with the same letter or sound. Read a the short poem to understand alliteration:
Hyperbole:
Hyperbole is exaggeration in literature especially in prose and poetry which is used to express humour and emphasize interesting and vibrant images. Read examples of hyperbole or exaggeration used for effect.
(j) He weighs a ton.
(ii) That building can touch the clouds.
(iii) I could eat a horse!
(iv) My school bag weighs a ton.
(v) The mountain of paperwork weighed heavily on the teacher's desk.
(vi) Their house was s big that it t took a week to walk from one end to the other.
(vii) The leaves danced in the summer breeze.
3. Imagery

the use of descriptive details that helps create images in the minds of readers. Imagery helps us see, hear, feel, smell, or taste. So we can say that imagery is the use of vivid description, usually rich in sensory words, to create pictures, or images, in the reader's mind. Creating poetry requires the use of imagery. Go back and read the poem "Daffodils" by Wordsworth. Here are a few lines from the poem to illustrate imagery in that poem:
A host of golden daffodils Beside the lake, beneath the trees Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay.
4. Irony:
It is a figure of speech which depicts contradiction, that is, the opposite of what is meant. It is a contradictory statement. We often use irony in our day-to-day lives, especially when it comes to passing a sarcastic remark to someone we don't like. there is a difference between what the statement means and what the speaker wants to convey. In other words the statement has a double meaning. Read a few examples of ironic statements:
 The water is as pure and transparent as the mud.
What is conveyed in this statement is the degree of impurity in the water.
I couldn't win the match, thanks to the correct decisions of the Umpire.
The statement clearly indicates that the player was not at all satisfied with the decisions made by the Umpire. The boy is so intelligent that he failed in all the subjects.
5-Metaphore
A metaphor is a comparison between two unrelated objects showing how they can be similar yet very different. A metaphor is a literary term that is used to relate two objects to one another by comparison.
subjects.
 Read some interesting examples of metaphors:
Behram ran like the wind. The sentence has a simile because it compares Behram to the wind using the word "like".
Behram is the racehorse. 
The sentence has metaphor because there is a comparison between two unrelated things or ideas, a person (Behram) and an animal (racehorse)
Life is a journey. 
This too is a metaphor.
The room was a refrigerator. A refrigerator is very cold. 
In this example, "refrigerator" is a metaphor because it is being applied to "the room" to imply that the room was very cold.
The teenage boy's stomach was a bottomless pit. A bottomless pit can never be filled.
 In this example, "bottomless pit" is a metaphor because it is being applied to "the teenage boy's stomach" to imply that his appetite could never be satisfied (that is, his stomach could never be filled).
Simile
.A simile is a comparison using "like" or "as". It usually compares two dissimilar objects. For
example:
☆ His feet were as big boats.
A metaphor states that one thing is something else. It is a comparison, but it does NOT use like or as to make / the comparison. Metaphors are comparisons that show how two things that are not alike in most ways are similar in one important way. Metaphors are a way to describe something. Authors use them to make their writing more interesting or entertaining. For example:
if Her hair is silk. The sentence is comparing (or stating) that hair is silk.
it The water is like the sun.
1- Her hair is silk.
The sentence is comparing (or stating) that hair is silk.
2-The water is like the sun.
Some students find it difficult to understand the difference between a metaphor and a simile. Metaphor and simile are quite different, but are commonly confused simply because they arc so very similar in nature.
3-A good book is like a good meal. 
This is a simile suggesting that a book may be as (mentally) nourishing and satisfying as a meal. metaphor suggesting that veins in our body are like a road network transporting blood to different parts of the body.
Read a few more examples of simile:

1. She swims like a fish.
2. He's as hairy as a gorilla.
3. The test was as easy as ABC.
4. I was embarrassed and my face was as red as a ripe tomato.
5. My love is like a red, red rose.
6. The world is like a stage.

Onomatopoeia:
Onomatopoeia is a word which imitates a n ise or action. Words such as buzz or murmur imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.  
The fly buzzed past.
 The word " buzzed" is a word which sounds like a fly flying.
Here are other onomatopoeia words:
☆ Boom, bane,lash,liirp,iirKlc,iieow, and woof.
Read poem that has
The fly buzzed past. The word " buzzed" is a word which sounds like a fly flying.
Read a short interesting and unusual poem that has onomatopoeia:
                                                                Cafeteria
                                                                 Boom!

                                                         Went the food trays.
                                                              Clap! Clap!
                                                        Goes the teacher. Rip!

                                                          Went the plastic bag.
                                                          Munch! Munch!
                                                    Go the students.
                                                           Slurp!!!

                                                   Went the straws.
                                                         Whisper
Is une half the kids
In the room
are doing
crunch
crunch
go
the candy bars
personification
Some times awriter gives human characteristics to a non human things.They may perform human actions. 1 his type of figurative language is called personification. It helps the writer create an exciting picture in the reader's mind. It is literary device or figure of speech literary artists especially poets use to attribute human characteristics to non-living objects, animals, or abstract ideas.
 Read the following examples that illustrate personification:
The sailboat danced gracefully past us. (how can a sailboat dance?)
The flames ate hungrily at the burning house.
The once-proud frees bent meekly before the storm. The broad, flat rock lay sunning itself by the stream.

Question: 4: "Poetry is the from of literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and emotional qualities". Elaborate. Answer:

Ans: 

1- Poetry:
In the words of William Wordsworth, "poetry is the  spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, recollected in tranquility". Poetry is a creative literary piece made up of specially arranged words in metre or free verse. The title of the poem and the first few lines can tell « you its message. Poetry is written to be heard, its meanings are conveyed through sound. 

When reading a poem, ask yourself the
☆ What is the occasion?
☆ What is the central purpose of the poem?
2- Devices of poetry:
The theme is the idea, point of view or perception presented in the poem. It expresses the poet's vision. The moral are lessons that the readers can leam from
the poem. The setting is the place where the poem takes place and the time when it is written. Setting also represents the social environment ot the time. Style refers to the way a poet uses language to express his/her ideas. The following are the literary devices commonly used by poets:
3-Imagery:
Imagery may be defined as the poet's words through which we percieve an idea or image that can appeal to all five smell and taste.
essentially unlike; in similes the comparison is expressed by the use of some word or phrase such as like, as, than, similar to, resembles or seems; in metaphors, the comparison is implied.
(4) Personification:
Personification is a technique of giving human qualities orlraits to an animal, object or a concept. When analysing poetry, we need to keep in mind the  following things:

1. The poet's background The time period the work was written
2. The title of the poem
3. Different poetic devices or figures of speech employed by the poet
4. The tone, mood, theme, message and subject, etc

Question:5 Describe how romantic novel differs from other types of novels? Also give exmaple of a romantic novel that you have read.

Answer:
Romantic Novel is a kind of novel that developed in the western cult mainly in English-speaking countries. Novels in this genre place thei primary focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people and have an "emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending". In Pakist, the following English  most acclaimed novels. It is a story of a young orphan, Jane tyre who suffers various hardships but ultimately falls love with the hero, Mr. Rochester. It is considered as a perfect romantic classic. "Pride and Prejudice" is a romantic novel written in 1813, by Jane Austen and is the most read novel worldwide. The novel tells the story about the initial misunderstanding between
" Wuthering Heights" by Emily Bronte, published in 1847 has long been one of the most popular and highly regarded romantic novels in English literature.
"Gone with the Wind" is a world famous American romantic novel which is still widely read. It was written by Margaret Mitchell in 1936.
In Pakistan, there are hundreds of famous writers who have written timeless classics. Here we would like to mention Razia Butt who is definitely considered one  of Pakistan's top most Urdu novelists. Her romantic novels not only entertain us but also carry lessons and hidden messages for. us to refine our character and broaden our thinking. The list of her romantic novels is endless, yet her novels "Naila", "Saiqa", "Najia" and many more are still extensively read all over the country. Similarly, A. R. Khatoon is one such novelist whose romantic novels are also considered enduring classics.
Question: 6: Who is the protagonist of Jane Eyre? Discuss how the protagonist is different from other characters.
Answer:
Jane Eyre is the protagonist and the main narrator of the novel. She grows into a highly sensitis e, independent woman. Her journey is filled with hardships as she faces stiff resistance from everyone she meets.
When the novel begins, she is an isolated, powerless ten-year-old living with an aunt and cousins who dislike her. As the novel progresses, she grows in strength. She distinguishes herself at Lowood School because of her hard work and strong intellectual abilities. As a governess at Thomfield, she leams of the pleasures and pains of love through her relationship with Edward Rochester. After being deceived by him, she goes to Marsh End, where she regains her spiritual focus and discovers her own strength when she rejects St. John River's marriage proposal. By novel's end she has become a powerful, independent woman, blissfully married to the man she loves, Rochester.
The development of Jane Eyre's character is central to the novel. From the beginning, Jane possesses a sense of her self-worth arid dignity, a commitment to justice and principle, a trust in God, and a passionate disposition. Interestingly, the most significant decision she makes - to leave Mr Rochester when he asks her to. become his mistress - goes directly against her romantic wishes. She wants to stay with Mr Rochester and freely admits that she still loves him, but She doesn't let her romantic feelings overwhelm all her other beliefs, so she passes this round.
Jane drives the plot forward at every lum. While a substantial amount of the romantic elements to the story arc arranged by Mr Rochester, Jane's decisions form the focal points of the novel. She is the one who decides where she goes and what she docs, and while other characters do influence her decisions, she still has an impact on the plot.
Jane has a number o'* jtationships with a wide range of female characters. She's terrified of the first Mrs Rochester, even though she rarely sees her. She gets on well with the servants at Thomficld Hall, has a sisterly relationship with her long-lost cousins, and has a mother-daughter relationship with her pupil, Adele. At the beginning of the novel she hates her guardian, Mrs Reed, and her two daughters, but as the novel goes on she forgives them and secs their flaws in a more dispassionate light.
She rejects the extremist models of Brocklehurst, Helen Bums, and St. John, and eventually settles on a spirituality of love and connection. The novel ends happily for Jane: not*only docs she maintain her independence and live with the man she loves, she is able to overcome the social constraints of her position as governess and become a heroine with which every reader can relate.
When the novel begins, she is an isolated, powerless tcn-ycar-old living with an aunt and cousins who dislike her. As the novel progresses, she grows in strength. She distinguishes herself at Lowood School because of her hard work and strong intellectual abilities. As a governess at Thornfield, she learns of the pleasures and pains of love through her relationship with Edward Rochester. After being deceived by him, she goes to Marsh End, where she regains her spiritual focus and discovers her own strength when she rejects St. John River's marriage proposal. By novel's end she has become a powerful, independent woman, blissfully married to the man she loves, Rochester.
The development of Jane Eyre's character is central to the novel From the beginning, Jane possesses a sense of her self-worth and dignity, a commitment to justice and principle, a trust in God, and a passionate disposition. Interestingly, the most significant decision she makes - to leave Mr Rochester when he asks her to become his mistress - goes directly against her romantic wishes She wants to stay with Mr Rochester and freely admits that she still loves him, but She doesn't let her romantic feelings overwhelm all her other wishes She wants to stajl^^^g^^clicster and freely admits that she still
loves him, but She doesn't let her romantic feelings overwhelm all her other
beliefs, so she passes this round.
Jane js a constantly progressing character. In the first pan of the novel we see ' her as a child, unloved by the aunt who took her in. She lashes out at her aunt and cousins and is prone to frequent rages, but eventually learns to control her  temper and forgive her adopted family. Over the course of the novel, we see her become a more confident character, secure in her own beliefs.
Jane drives the plot forward at every turn. While a substantial amount of the romantic elements to the story are arranged by Mr Rochester, Jane's decisions form the focal points of the novel. She is the one who decides where she goes and what she does, and while other characters do influence her decisions, she still has an impact on the plot.
Jane has a number of relationships with a wide range of female characters. She's terrified of the first Mrs Rochester, even though she rarely sees her.
She's terrified of the first Mrs Rochester, even though she rarely sees her. She gets on well with the servants at Thomfield Hall, has a.sisterly relationship with her long-lost cousins, and has a mother-daughter relationship with her pupil, Adele. At the beginning of the novel she hates her guardian. Mrs Reed, and her two daughters, but as the novel goes on she forgives them ar.d sees their flaws in a more dispassionate light.
She rejects the extremist models of Brocklehurst, Helen Bums, and St John, and eventually settles on a spirituality of love and connection. The novel ends happily for Jane: not only does she maintain her independence and live with the man she loves, she is able to overcome the social constraints of her positiou as governess and become a heroine with which every leader can relate.

Question: 7: Read the excerpt of "Jane Eyre" by charlotte Bronte and write the summary of the story in your own words. 

Answer:

Arts: Summary "Jane Eyre":
Jane Eyre is a young orphan being raised by Mrs. Reed, her cruel, wealthy aunt. A servant named Bessie provides Jane with some of the few kindnesses she re,ce\wesf telling her stories and singing songs to her. One day, as punishment for fighting with her bullying cousin John Reed, Jane's aunt imprisons Jane in the red-room, the room in which Jane's Uncle Reed died.
Once at the Lowood School, Jane finds that her life is far from idyllic.  The school's headmaster is Mr. Brocklehurst, a cruel, hypocritical, and abusive man. Brocklehurst preaches a doctrine of poverty to his students while using the school's funds to provide a wealthy and opulent lifestyle tor his own family. At Lowood, Jane befriends a young girl named Helen Bums, whose strong, martyr like attitude toward the school's miseries is both helpful and displeasing to Jane. A massive typhus epidemic sweeps Lowood, and Helen dies of tuberclosis. The epidemic also results in the departure of Mr. Brocklehurst by attracting attention to the miserable conditions at Brocklehurst's place. Jane's life improves dramatically She spends eight more years at Lowood, six as a student and two as a teacher.
After teaching for two years, Jane yearns for new experiences. She accepts a governess position at a manor called "Thomfield", where she teaches a lively French girl named Adele. The distinguished housekeeper Mrs. Fairfax presides over the estate.
French girl named Adele. The distinguished housekeeper Mrs. Fairfax presides over the estate. Jane's employer at Thomfield is a dark, emotional man named Rochester, with whom Jane finds herself falling secretly in love. She saves Rochester from a fire one night, which he claims was started by a drunken servant named Grace Poole. Jane sinks into sadness when Rochester brings home a beautiful but vicious woman named Blanche Ingram. Jane expects Rochester to propose to Blanche. But Rochester instead proposes to Jane, who accepts almost disbeiievtngly. 

The wedding day arrives, and as Jane and Mr. Rochester prepare to exchange their vows, the voice of Mr Mason cries out that Rochester already has a wif e. Mason introduces himself as the brother of that wife- a woman named Bertha. Mr. fAason testifies that Bertha, whom Rochester married when he was a young man in Jamaica, is still alive. Rochester does not deny Mason's claims, but he explains that Bertha
Thornfield. where they witness the insane Bertha Mason scurrying around on all fours and growling like an animal. Rochester keeps Bertha hidden on the third story of Thornfield and pays Grace Poole to keep his wife under control. Bertha was the real cause of the mysterious fire earlier in the story. Knowing that it is impossible for her to be with Rochester, Jane flees Thornfield:
Penniless and hungry, Jane is forced to sleep outdoors and beg for food. At last, three siblings who live in a manor called "Marsh End" or "Moor House". Their names are Mary. Diana, and St. John Rivers, and Jane quickly becomes friends with them. St, John is a clergyman, and he finds Jane a job tea

ching at a charity school in Morton. He surprises her one day by declaring that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her a large fortune: 20,000 pounds. When Jane asks how he received this news, he shocks her further by declaring that her uncle was also his uncle and they are cousins. Jane immediately decides to share her inheritance equally with her three newfound relatives. St. John decides to travel to India as a missionary, and lie urges Jane to accompany him-as his wife. Jane agrees to go to India but refuses to marry her cousin because she doc^ioHov^im^S^ohn pressures her
However, she realises that she cannot abandon forever the man she truly loves and then one night she hears Rochester's voice calling her name. Jane immediately
hurries back to Thomfteld and finds that it has been burned to the ground by Bertha Mason, who lost her life in the fire. Rochester saved the servants but lost
it has been  burned to the ground by Bertha Mason, who lost her life in the fire. Rochester saved the servants but lost his eyesight and one of his hands. Jane travels on to Rochester's new residence, Femdean, where he lives with two servants named John and Mary.
At Ferndean, Rochester and Jane rebuild their relationship and soon marry. At the end of her story, Jane writes that she has been married for ten blissful years and that she and Rochester enjoy perfect equality in their life together. She says that after two years of blindness, Rochester regained sight in one eye and was able to behold their f irst son at his birth.