1st Solved assignment 1431 aiou spring 2020

  1st  Solved assignment 1431  aiou spring 2020

Q.l: Define the term ICT? Describe with it with the help of proper examples?

ANS: ICT, or information and communications technology (or technologies), is the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing. Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is generally accepted to mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that combined allow people and organizations i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments and criminal enterprises) to interact in the digital world.
Components of an ICT system:ICT is sometimes used synonymously with IT  however, ICT is generally used to represent a broader, more comprehensive list of all components related to computer and digital technologies than IT. The list of ICT components is exhaustive, and it continues to grow. Some components, such as computers and telephones, have existed for decades. Others, such as smartphones, digital TVs and robots, are more recent entries.ICT commonly means more than its list of components, though. It also encompasses the application of all those various components. It's here that the real potential, power and danger of ICT can be found.
ICT's social and economic impact:
USING TECHNOLOGIES TO PROMOTE SOCIAL INCLUSION IN EDUCATION:

 The use of technologies to enhance educational outcomes and promote social inclusion in education takes two main forms. Firstly, is the use of technologies to promote social inclusion in terms of educational opportunities and outcomes.

 ICT  have long been promoted as a particularly apposite means of allowing citizens to play active roles in enhancing educational prospects .It crucially, offering ways in which 'previously marginalised' individuals "might better participate" in education . 

All told, "intrinsically equitable, decentralised and democratic" forms of education  are anticipated by many commentators. with individuals - especially young people - technologically re-positioned at its core rather than periphery. 

Secondly, though, is the use of education to ensure social inclusion in terms of technological opportunities and outcomes. In this sense educational institutions such as schools, colleges, libraries and museums are used to provide access to ICTs, which training in technology skills and expertise are seen to provide individuals with the information literacy required to make the most of ICTs.In terms of the use of technologies to promote social inclusion in terms of educational opportunities and outcomes the UK government has also pursued a range of policies over the past ten years.

 In this sense, as notes, "there is no question that government policy [has been] ambitious".

 In terms of substantive change the policies were designed to address three areas alongside the previously discussed resourcing of education institutions. These have been the continued integration of ICT into the national curriculum; the continued in their teaching; and the stimulating and supporting of the programs.Q:2 Write down the Advantages and disadvantages of "Information and Communication technology

 Advantages and disadvantages of "Information and Communication Technology" 

Information Communication Technology (ICT) “Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a term that describes types of technology that are used specifically for communications.” It is like Information Technology, but ICT focuses more on technologies that deal with communication, like cell phones, the Internet and wireless networks, among other things.

 Because of the convergence of the two technologies in the sense that we increasingly use digital data to communicate, a new term has been coined: information and communication technology (ITC). Today we use computers to call, each other and telephones to process data and send emails. 

Usage of ICT 

The field of Information Communication Technology has taken off in the last decade. Developed countries have a higher use of ICT, but developing countries have made significant increases in use over the last five years. At the end of 2008, the world had more than 4 billion mobile phone users, and close to one- fourth of the world's population had access to the Internet. 

Utilitarian Objectives 

One of the main aims of ICT is to help students to become competent and confident users who can use the basic knowledge and skills acquired to assist them in their daily lives. It is also supposed to prepare students for the world of tomorrow. It aims to help learners to have an open and flexible mind. This will help them to adjust to the inevitable future changes. 

Social Aims of ICT

 It aims to equip learners with the appropriate social skills required to cooperate with fellow ICT learners for a more productive learning experience. It enpowers students who are unable to use this technology outside the school premises by ensuring sufficient access to those students. Through this, it will also ensure equity among all learners, as they will all have the same opportunities to use the ICT facilities in school.

 Another social objective of ICT is to facilitate good communication between the students, thus promoting better social understanding. ICT aims to assist students to appreciate the beauty and diversity of culture. It also aims to help students become well-cultured citizens of the modern world. 

It achieves this as it facilitates the discovery and appreciation of various cultural heritages of different countries around the world. Personal Objectives ICT aims to assist students to grow personally by facilitating different methods of learning. Distance-learning programs are now provided by most colleges and universities. 

Many people are using these programs to get degrees that they would not have been able to receive without ICT. It also aims to allow the public to easily access the necessary information over the Internet. Regulations Americans enjoys relative freedom in the use of ICT, but other governments are struggling to regulate its use. 

Most recently, governments in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia decided to block features on Blackberry smart phones, which allow citizens to access the Internet without regulation. Starting Oct. 11, 2010, users will not be able to access email or the Internet through their BlackBerrys.

 Information Technology 

Information technology refers to devices (hardware) and algorithms or programs (software) used to store, retrieve and process data. In simple terms, it refers to all computer applications and devices. Communication Technology In the modern sense of the term, communication technology includes electronic systems used for communication between individuals or groups not physically present at the same location. 

It is about ways people can talk or write to each other and exchange messages, pictures or sounds. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has a major impact on business operations. Companies are able to utilize ICT to manage business operations from accounting to advertisement. With the rapid development of ICT, it is now possible to conduct more business transactions at a minimal cost compared to the previous era where ICT development was minimal.

 Business operators and the ICT department are now able to become innovative and discover new ways to make Information and Communication technology work for them. Information and communications technology refers to a vast network of computer terminals, fiber optic cables and server equipment that collect and present data. Stock market investors are familiar with the stock ticker, which streams stock price quotes between exchange trading floors and numerous data points across the globe. 

Media outlets, such as CNN and Bloomberg, present and analyze statistical information daily. Features Communications technology lowers expenses and improves liquidity for the overall market. Liquidity is synonymous with one’s ability to raise cash on demand. For example, stock traders place sell orders with information technology to quickly receive cash for their investments. 

Online trading enables smaller investors to bypass expensive financial advisers and coordinate their own trading strategies. Meanwhile, consumers search online for low- priced goods and read reviews to evaluate the quality of big-ticket items. Warning Criminals may exploit information technology to steal your identity and execute unauthorized money transfers and purchases. 

Because of this it's important to install antivirus software on your computers to protect personal information. 
Q:3 Differentiate between point and draw devices
Some point and draw devices are as follow: 

1. Mouse:

 A mouse is an input device that actually looks a little bit like a mouse. The mouse, which has a ball on its underside, is rolled on a flat surface, usually desk on which the computer sits. Usually a mouse has two button and right button, which can perform the following functions: 
The rolling movement causes a corresponding movement on the screen. Moving the allows you to reposition the pointer, or cursor, an indicator on the screen that shows where the next interaction with the computer take place. 
The cursor can also be moved by pressing various keyboard keys. You can communicate commands to the computer by pressing a button on top of the mouse. In particular, a mouse button is often used to click on an icon, a command to the computer so clicking the icon invokes the commands.

 Trackball: 

A variation on the mouse is the trackball. You may have used trackball to play a video game. The trackball is like an upside-down mouse, you roll the ball directly with your hand. The popularity of the trackball blast with the advent of laptop computers, when traveling users found themselves without a flat surface on which to role the traditional mouse. 
Trackballs are often built in on portable computers, but they can also be used as separate input devices with standard desktop computers. Many users prefer trackball because it requires less space when in operation. 

Joystick: 

A joystick is another cursor controlling device. Joystick look like a car's stick shift and are often used for computer games and for screen drawing and design tasks. The joysticks move the cursor in the direction the stick is pushed. Sensitive Screen : The two common forms of sensitive screens are light sensitive screen and touch sensitive screen.

  Light pen:

 A pen is used to input data via a light sensitive screen. The light pen is similar in shape to a ball point pen. When the pen is moved across the screen, its positioned is sensed because of the light it releases. It can be used to draw images on the screen. The images can then be printed, if desired. 
The light pen can also be used to make selection from a given list of menu items. The selection is made simply by pointing the pen at the selection required and pressing the button on the pen. Pointing device: A touch sensitive screen uses the human hand as the input medium. 
The effect is similar to that of light pen on a light sensitive screen, except that the pointing device is now finger. A common use is the selection of items or options from a given list. When a finger touches the screen, blocks out the light emitted from that portion of the screen. The screen then determines which part of the screen is being touched, and therefore which selection is required. 
Q: 4 List the hardware components of a computer .Explain at least 5 of them
Ans: Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features −

1. CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
2. CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
3. It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
4. It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.

CPU itself has following  components.

1. Memory or Storage Unit
2. Control Unit
3. ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
4. Memory 
5.  Storage Unit

This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or the main memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory (RAM).
Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit are

1. It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
2. It stores intermediate results of processing.
3. It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
4. All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.

Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual data processing operations.
Functions of control unit

1. It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a computer.
2. It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
3. It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the computer.
4. It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
5. It does not process or store data.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
This unit consists of two subsections namely,

1. Arithmetic Section
2. Logic Section

Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of the above operations.
Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching, and merging of data.
Q: 5 a)     Enlist Input and Output devices. Define each and differentiate them. (10)

         (b)     Elaborate the role of Central Processing Unit in working of Computer. (10)

Ans:

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